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Computed tomography ntawm lub taub hau: tshuaj xyuas ntawm tus txheej txheem

Computed tomography ntawm lub taub hau: tshuaj xyuas ntawm tus txheej txheem

Nws yog deb ntawm ib txwm muaj peev xwm ua kom kuaj tau raws li tus neeg mob cov lus tsis txaus siab ib leeg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias muaj teeb meem los ntawm lub paj hlwb. Txhawm rau tshawb xyuas nws tus mob tso cai suav tomography (tomogram) ntawm lub taub hau. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem niaj hnub ntawm kev kuaj mob, uas yog tsim rau cov neeg mob ntawm cov hnub nyoog sib txawv

TCDG ntawm cov hlab ntsha ntawm lub taub hau thiab caj dab: nta thiab kev txiav txim siab

TCDG ntawm cov hlab ntsha ntawm lub taub hau thiab caj dab: nta thiab kev txiav txim siab

Oxygen thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb rau lub neej los ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab cov leeg nkag mus rau lub hlwb hlwb ntawm lub taub hau thiab lwm yam kabmob. Nutrient deficiency cuam tshuam rau lub xeev ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Ultrasound dopplerography (dopplerography ntawm lub ncauj tsev menyuam hlab ntsha, ultrasound, doppleroscopy ntawm cerebral hlab ntsha, dopplerography ntawm cerebral hlab ntsha, transcranial dopplerography) yog ib txoj kev uas tsis yog-invasive rau kev ntsuam xyuas ntshav txaus

Head and neck veins - cev nqaij daim tawv

Head and neck veins - cev nqaij daim tawv

Raws li koj paub, lub hlwb xav tau cov khoom noj thiab cov pa oxygen kom ua haujlwm zoo. Qhov no piav qhia txog lub xub ntiag ntawm kev tsim cov hlab ntsha uas nqa ntshav mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg. Lub sijhawm tawm ntawm cov kua dej yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, yog li nws tsim nyog kuaj xyuas cov hlab ntsha tseem ceeb ntawm lub taub hau thiab caj dab

Ultrasonography ntawm lub raum cov hlab ntsha: piav qhia, nta thiab cov lus pom zoo

Ultrasonography ntawm lub raum cov hlab ntsha: piav qhia, nta thiab cov lus pom zoo

Lub npe tag nrho ntawm kev kawm ntawm ultrasound ntawm lub raum cov hlab ntsha suab zoo li "ultrasound triplex dopplerography". Qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev niaj hnub ntawm kev kuaj mob, uas yog siv los tsim kev ua txhaum ntawm cov ntshav ntws hauv cov hlab ntsha. Cov nyhuv yog ua raws li kev xav ntawm ultrasonic nthwv dej los ntawm cov qe ntshav liab, uas tso cai rau koj pom cov hlab ntsha hauv qhov kev txiav txim los ntawm sab hauv

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tooj liab rau tib neeg lub cev: cov cim qhia ntawm kev lom, cov tsos mob, kev kho mob

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tooj liab rau tib neeg lub cev: cov cim qhia ntawm kev lom, cov tsos mob, kev kho mob

Kev ua ntawm tooj liab yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg lub cev - txuas mus rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Tooj liab yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij, kev loj hlob ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab lwm yam kev cuam tshuam. Lub biochemistry ntawm tooj liab muaj nyob rau hauv nws kev koom tes nyob rau hauv enzymatic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li ib tug catalyzing tivthaiv

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm txoj hnyuv loj, nws cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm txoj hnyuv loj, nws cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm

Tib neeg lub plab zom mov yog qhov nyuaj heev thiab muaj ntau lub chaw haujlwm uas ua haujlwm ntau yam tseem ceeb. Thiab cov hnyuv loj yog tsis muaj kev zam, vim tias nws pab, ntawm lwm yam, kom tshem tawm feem ntau ntawm lub cev cov khoom pov tseg

Kev phais ntawm cov hnyuv sigmoid: cov lus qhia rau kev phais, nta, qhov tshwm sim

Kev phais ntawm cov hnyuv sigmoid: cov lus qhia rau kev phais, nta, qhov tshwm sim

Kev phais ntawm cov hnyuv sigmoid yog ua rau kev raug mob thiab cov qog uas ua rau cov hnyuv loj. Feem ntau, xws li kev phais yog ua sai sai. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los ua qhov haujlwm no. Feem ntau nws yog ua los ntawm Mikulich lossis Hartmann txoj kev

Tso zis ceev. Deciphering lub general tsom xam ntawm cov zis

Tso zis ceev. Deciphering lub general tsom xam ntawm cov zis

Ua tiav urinalysis tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas lub cev tsis ua haujlwm los ntawm kev txiav txim siab dav dav ntawm cov zis thiab microscopy ntawm cov urinary sediment. Kev tsom xam yog raug sau tseg nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob ntawm lub urinary system, txiav txim lub dynamics ntawm lub chav kawm ntawm tus kab mob thiab tswj nws

MRI: contraindications rau cov txheej txheem

MRI: contraindications rau cov txheej txheem

Txawm hais tias tus nqi kuaj mob siab, qee zaum nws yog qhov zoo dua tsis kam lees qhov kev kuaj mob xws li MRI. Contraindications rau kev ntsuam xyuas yog txheeb ze thiab kiag li. Feem ntau lawv cuam tshuam nrog kev muaj cov hlau txawv teb chaws hauv lub cev thiab qee yam ntawm lub cev

CT ntawm lub plawv thiab cov hlab ntsha coronary - nta, piav qhia ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab cov lus qhia

CT ntawm lub plawv thiab cov hlab ntsha coronary - nta, piav qhia ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab cov lus qhia

Lub plawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm tib neeg lub cev, yog li nws txoj haujlwm yuav tsum tau saib xyuas tas li txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau ua haujlwm tsis zoo thiab pib kho thaum muaj kab mob. Niaj hnub no, muaj ntau ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb sib txawv. Ntawm lawv, qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog CT ntawm lub plawv

MRI nrog qhov sib txawv: tawm tswv yim, kev npaj. MRI ntawm lub hlwb ua li cas nrog qhov sib txawv?

MRI nrog qhov sib txawv: tawm tswv yim, kev npaj. MRI ntawm lub hlwb ua li cas nrog qhov sib txawv?

Qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov tshuaj niaj hnub no ua rau nws tuaj yeem kuaj pom cov qog hlwb ntawm cov theem pib. MRI nrog qhov sib txawv yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev kuaj xyuas cov kab mob zoo sib xws. Txoj kev tshawb no tsis nrog cov hluav taws xob raug rau lub cev thiab ua tiav sai heev

CT coronary angiography ntawm cov hlab ntsha ntawm lub plawv: piav qhia, kev tshawb fawb, qhia thiab contraindications, tshuaj xyuas

CT coronary angiography ntawm cov hlab ntsha ntawm lub plawv: piav qhia, kev tshawb fawb, qhia thiab contraindications, tshuaj xyuas

Dab tsi yog coronary angiography? Ntau yam ntawm cov txheej txheem - txheem, xaiv, MSCT. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm CT coronary angiography. indications rau txheej txheem. Contraindications - kiag li thiab txheeb ze. Yuav npaj li cas rau kev xeem? Nws ua li cas?

APTT nce: vim li cas qhov no tshwm sim? Nce APTT thaum cev xeeb tub

APTT nce: vim li cas qhov no tshwm sim? Nce APTT thaum cev xeeb tub

APTT (lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ib nrab ntawm thromboplastin) yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntshav txhaws, uas tso cai rau koj los txiav txim seb qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov ntshav txhaws lossis los ntshav

Platelet hemostasis: theem, tsos mob, ua rau thiab qhov tshwm sim

Platelet hemostasis: theem, tsos mob, ua rau thiab qhov tshwm sim

Tib neeg lub cev yog ib qho cuab yeej nyuaj thiab nthuav dav, suav nrog ntau lub tshuab lom neeg. Cov platelet txuas ntawm hemostasis tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov kab ke uas nws lub luag haujlwm suav nrog kev tswj hwm cov khoom tseem ceeb thiab cov qauv ntawm lub cev

Cov khoom ntawm lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation thiab kab mob plawv

Cov khoom ntawm lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation thiab kab mob plawv

Kev kawm ntawm lipid peroxidation ua rau nws muaj peev xwm piav qhia txog pathophysiology ntawm cov kab mob xws li atherosclerosis thiab kab mob plawv, qhia txog cov kev sib txuas hauv cov txheej txheem no thiab tsim cov tshuaj

Kho mob hlau spatula: txheej txheem cej luam, hom thiab piav qhia

Kho mob hlau spatula: txheej txheem cej luam, hom thiab piav qhia

Kev kho mob hlau spatula feem ntau yog siv rau kev hais lus kho mob zaws, suab tsim. Cov cuab yeej no muaj lwm yam kev siv thiab. Piv txwv li, lawv tau siv thaum kuaj tus neeg mob, nrog rau kev siv tshuaj pleev ib ce

Cov chaw kho tsiaj nrov nrov (Izhevsk)

Cov chaw kho tsiaj nrov nrov (Izhevsk)

Multipurpose Veterinary Clinics (Izhevsk) "Great Dais", "Bim", "Irbis" yog suav tias yog nrov heev thiab nquag tuaj xyuas, vim tias cov chaw kho mob tau nruab nrog cov khoom tsim nyog thiab cov tshuaj zoo rau kev kho mob thiab kuaj mob. cov tsiaj

Vim li cas ib tug neeg qaug cawv? Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua ntawm cov dej cawv ntawm lub cev

Vim li cas ib tug neeg qaug cawv? Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua ntawm cov dej cawv ntawm lub cev

Nws nyuam qhuav tshwm sim, tab sis rau ntau txhiab xyoo, tib neeg koom nrog ib hnub so nrog haus cawv. Cov neeg txhawb nqa txoj kev noj qab haus huv yuav tsis pom zoo nrog qhov no, thiab tseem feem ntau ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv peb lub ntiaj teb haus cawv, thiab qee qhov feem ntau

"Langes" (syrup): cov lus qhia rau menyuam yaus, tshuaj xyuas

"Langes" (syrup): cov lus qhia rau menyuam yaus, tshuaj xyuas

Hnoos yog ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub cev mus rau qhov khaus. Nws tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm tus kab mob los yog kab mob ntawm cov kab mob ua pa, ua xua, ua xua ntawm lub larynx, nasopharyngeal mucosa, nkag mus rau lub cev txawv teb chaws, thiab lwm yam. Niaj hnub nimno pharmacology muaj ntau tshaj li kaum ob hom tshuaj sib txawv rau kev kho mob ntawm cov tsos mob no. Hnub no tsab xov xwm yuav qhia koj txog ib tug ntawm cov: "Langes" - hnoos syrup

Tawv nqaij khaus: yuav ua li cas?

Tawv nqaij khaus: yuav ua li cas?

Nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb no niaj hnub no, ib tug neeg raug kev kub ntxhov ib puag ncig, yog li nws nyuaj heev los tswj koj lub cev kom zoo. Feem ntau peb tsis to taub dab tsi ua rau tawv nqaij khaus thiab yuav ua li cas nrog nws. Kev pabcuam tseem ceeb hauv qhov xwm txheej no tsuas yog muab los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij uas tsim nyog

Blastocyst hloov hauv IVF. Kev xav ntawm kev vam meej blastocyst hloov

Blastocyst hloov hauv IVF. Kev xav ntawm kev vam meej blastocyst hloov

Thaum nyob rau hauv vitro fertilization, poj niam lub cev raug kho hormonal. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog kev hloov pauv ntawm blastocyst. Nws yog hais txog nws uas yuav tau tham hauv tsab xov xwm. Koj yuav kawm tau li cas blastocyst hloov mus rau hauv cryoprotocol, luv raws tu qauv lossis ntev raws tu qauv. Tsis tas li nrhiav seb qhov kev xav uas tus poj niam yuav ntsib tom qab nws

Yuav ua li cas ua pa txias los ntawm nebulizer? Cov tshuaj zoo tshaj plaws, cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev siv

Yuav ua li cas ua pa txias los ntawm nebulizer? Cov tshuaj zoo tshaj plaws, cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev siv

Kev kho mob nrog lub tshuab nqus tsev tuaj yeem pib ntawm txhua theem ntawm qhov ntswg qhov ntswg. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no tshem tawm cov hnoos qeev thiab tso cai rau koj tsis txhob siv cov tshuaj muaj zog. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau qhov ntswg qhov ntswg ua pa saline los ntawm ib tug nebulizer rau cov neeg laus thiab cov me nyuam

Silicone tube: daim ntawv thov thiab cov khoom

Silicone tube: daim ntawv thov thiab cov khoom

Lub raj silicone yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv txhim khu kev qha - silicone, uas tseem ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, tiv taus cov dej kub npau npau, dej hiav txwv, cawv, roj ntxhia, acids thiab alkalis

Yog vim li cas hlau hauv cov ntshav siab

Yog vim li cas hlau hauv cov ntshav siab

Microelements yog qhov tsim nyog rau tib neeg lub cev, lawv koom nrog txhua tus txheej txheem ntawm nws lub neej. Hnub no peb yuav tham txog hlau. Yog tias tsis muaj cov khoom no, uas koom nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm hematopoiesis, tsim cov hemoglobin thiab cov qe ntshav liab, nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov kabmob nrog oxygen. Iron deficiency ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob loj heev

Cadmium: cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cev. Heavy hlau lom

Cadmium: cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cev. Heavy hlau lom

Cadmium yog dab tsi? Nws yog cov hlau hnyav uas tau los ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm lwm cov hlau xws li zinc, tooj liab lossis txhuas. Nws yog dav siv rau kev tsim cov nickel-cadmium roj teeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov pa luam yeeb kuj muaj xws li cov khoom. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau cadmium, cov kab mob loj heev ntawm lub ntsws thiab lub raum tshwm sim

Vim li cas cov zis liab tom qab beets?

Vim li cas cov zis liab tom qab beets?

Ntau tus neeg xav tias nws yog ib txwm muaj cov zis liab tom qab noj beets. Lwm tus neeg muaj kev xav tias cov zis yuav tsum tsis txhob hloov xim tom qab noj cov zaub zoo li no, thiab qhov xwm txheej no qhia txog kev ua txhaum ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev

Mob zais zis hauv cov txiv neej: piav qhia, ua rau thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev kho mob

Mob zais zis hauv cov txiv neej: piav qhia, ua rau thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev kho mob

Lub zais zis yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev excretory system. Nws lub hom phiaj yog tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov zis rau nws tom ntej excretion. Heev feem ntau, qhov mob tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nws, uas tej zaum yuav qhia tau hais tias muaj ib tug pathological txheej txheem. Feem ntau qhov mob ntawm lub zais zis hauv cov txiv neej yog nrog cov kab mob xws li urolithiasis, cystitis, qog, prostatitis thiab raug mob

Osteosynthesis - yog dab tsi? Surgical reposition ntawm cov pob txha fragments siv ntau yam fixation lug

Osteosynthesis - yog dab tsi? Surgical reposition ntawm cov pob txha fragments siv ntau yam fixation lug

Kev sib txuas ntawm cov pob txha tawg nrog kev pab cuam ntawm kev phais tau nrawm rau ob qho tib si txheej txheem kho thiab kho cov neeg mob nrog cov pob txha nyuaj. Thawj thawj zaug, xws li cov txheej txheem osteosynthesis ntawm cov pob txha tau ua rov qab rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, tab sis vim muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov teeb meem loj heev ntawm cov kab mob purulent, cov kws kho mob raug yuam kom tsis txhob ua. Rov ua dua kev sim tom qab kev qhia txog kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob thiab kev kho aseptic rau hauv kev xyaum

Cov qauv thiab lub neej voj voog ntawm kab mob dysentery amoeba

Cov qauv thiab lub neej voj voog ntawm kab mob dysentery amoeba

Dysenteric amoeba yog cov kab mob unicellular yooj yim tshaj plaws. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias nws qhov loj me me, nws ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau tib neeg. Koj yuav kawm txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv thiab lub neej ntawm amoeba ntawm hom no los ntawm peb tsab xov xwm

Perforation ntawm qhov ntswg septum: ua rau, tsos mob, kev kho mob thiab qhov tshwm sim

Perforation ntawm qhov ntswg septum: ua rau, tsos mob, kev kho mob thiab qhov tshwm sim

Perforation ntawm qhov ntswg septum yog los ntawm qhov ntawm qhov ntswg septum (nws cov pob txha lossis pob txha mos), uas tshwm sim tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm nws cov khoom puas tsuaj lossis cov kab mob txuas ntxiv mus. Rau ib lub sij hawm ntev, xws li pathology yuav tsis tshwm sim nws tus kheej, tab sis tag nrho lub sij hawm no yuav muaj teeb meem ua pa los yog kis kab mob

Squamous epithelium: ua haujlwm thiab kuaj tus nqi

Squamous epithelium: ua haujlwm thiab kuaj tus nqi

Epithelial cov ntaub so ntswg ua rau feem ntau ntawm tib neeg lub cev, vim nws kab tag nrho cov kabmob, tsim cov qog ntawm sab nraud thiab sab hauv, nrog rau lub hauv paus ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Tsis tas li ntawd, vim yog qhov siab ntawm kev rov tsim dua tshiab, nws tiv thaiv cov txheej hauv qab los ntawm kev puas tsuaj

Goblet cell: cov yam ntxwv nta, kev xaiv npe thiab qhov chaw

Goblet cell: cov yam ntxwv nta, kev xaiv npe thiab qhov chaw

Variants ntawm lub npe ntawm goblet cell. Qhov chaw thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm goblet cells. goblet cell antibodies

Paranasal sinuses: lub cev, ua tau pathologies thiab kab mob

Paranasal sinuses: lub cev, ua tau pathologies thiab kab mob

Paranasal sinuses yog appendages ntawm qhov ntswg kab noj hniav, sawv cev los ntawm cov pob txha recesses nyob rau hauv lub pob txha taub hau, them los ntawm sab hauv nrog ib tug mucous daim nyias nyias. Lawv txuas nrog lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav thiab pab kom moisten, huv si thiab sov cov pa nqus pa. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, kuv xav piav qhia txog lub cev ntawm xws li appendages

Kev phais - yog dab tsi? Hom thiab theem ntawm kev phais

Kev phais - yog dab tsi? Hom thiab theem ntawm kev phais

Kev phais mob tau ua tiav ua ntej peb lub sijhawm. Niaj hnub no, cov kws tshaj lij hauv lawv daim teb tuaj yeem kho tsis tau tsuas yog yuav luag txhua yam kab mob, tab sis kuj ua haujlwm tsis muaj ntshav, vuam cov ntaub so ntswg nrog lub laser thiab hloov ntsej muag

Tus kheej-absorbable sutures: hom, kho lub sijhawm

Tus kheej-absorbable sutures: hom, kho lub sijhawm

Ntau yam seams. Thaum twg yog tus kheej-absorbable sutures siv? Qhov nrov tshaj plaws tus kheej-absorbable threads, lawv lub sij hawm dissolution, raws li zoo raws li cov cheeb tsam ntawm daim ntawv thov. Thaum twg yog tus kheej-absorbable sutures xav tau?

Kev xav. Cov pob txha mos ntawm qhov ntswg

Kev xav. Cov pob txha mos ntawm qhov ntswg

Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias pob txha mos ntawm qhov ntswg tuaj yeem pib mob rau ntau yam laj thawj, ob qho tib si los ntawm kev raug mob thiab ua rau muaj teeb meem los ntawm ntau yam kab mob loj. Hauv qhov no, cov laj thawj feem ntau nyob ntawm seb qhov twg ntawm qhov ntswg qhov ntswg puas

Kev xav. kab mob carotid artery

Kev xav. kab mob carotid artery

Cov hlab ntsha carotid uas muaj nyob hauv cov hlab ntsha yog ib khub ntawm cov hlab ntsha uas muab ntshav rau tag nrho cov kabmob thiab cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub taub hau thiab caj dab, feem ntau ntawm lub hlwb thiab qhov muag. Tab sis peb paub dab tsi txog nws? Tej zaum, tsuas yog qhov kev xav los rau hauv siab tias los ntawm nias nrog koj cov ntiv tes nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas nws nyob (ntawm caj pas, ntawm lub trachea), koj tuaj yeem hnov mem tes yooj yim

Npaj npaim lymphatic. tib neeg lymphatic hlab ntsha. Cov kab mob ntawm cov hlab ntsha lymphatic

Npaj npaim lymphatic. tib neeg lymphatic hlab ntsha. Cov kab mob ntawm cov hlab ntsha lymphatic

Tib neeg cov hlab ntsha lymphatic yog sawv cev los ntawm cov qauv sib txawv uas ua haujlwm qee yam. Lub zog ntawm lymph los ntawm cov hlab ntsha lymphatic yog nqa tawm los ntawm lub ncauj tsev menyuam mus rau hauv lub txaj venous

Tib neeg lub cev ua pa. Cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua pa

Tib neeg lub cev ua pa. Cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua pa

Dab tsi tuaj yeem hu ua qhov taw qhia tseem ceeb ntawm kev muaj peev xwm ntawm tib neeg? Tau kawg, peb tab tom tham txog kev ua pa. Ib tug neeg tuaj yeem mus yam tsis muaj zaub mov thiab dej ib ntus. Yog tsis muaj huab cua, kev ua neej tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau txhua

Kev khiav haujlwm ntawm txoj hnyuv loj: kev faib tawm, hom, qhia txog kev phais, kev ua haujlwm, kev kho mob thiab kev kho mob tom qab phais

Kev khiav haujlwm ntawm txoj hnyuv loj: kev faib tawm, hom, qhia txog kev phais, kev ua haujlwm, kev kho mob thiab kev kho mob tom qab phais

Hauv kev xyaum phais, ntau yam haujlwm tau ua nyob rau ntawm txoj hnyuv loj. Lawv txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab nplai. Nrog rau qhov mob me me, kev cuam tshuam endoscopic tau ua uas tsis cuam tshuam rau tus neeg mob tus mob. Kab mob plab hnyuv yog ib qho qhia rau kev tshem tawm ntawm feem ntau ntawm lub cev