Polio: Lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv rau menyuam yaus

Cov txheej txheem:

Polio: Lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv rau menyuam yaus
Polio: Lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv rau menyuam yaus

Video: Polio: Lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv rau menyuam yaus

Video: Polio: Lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv rau menyuam yaus
Video: KEV CAI YOO MOV ll Nkauj Ntseeg Tawm Tshiab 2021 & Niam Txooj Tuam 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Polio yog ib qho kab mob kis tau yooj yim uas tus kab mob kis tau cov teeb meem grey ntawm tus txha caj qaum thiab medulla oblongata. Nws qhov tshwm sim yog tuag tes tuag taw, ua rau muaj kev tsis taus mus ib txhis. Nws ntseeg tau tias nyob rau hauv Russia, cov teb chaws Europe thiab Amelikas, tus kab mob txaus ntshai no tau kov yeej, thiab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio pab ua qhov no. Lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Russia muab rau lawv siv nyob rau hauv thawj lub hlis ntawm ib tug me nyuam lub neej.

Polio

Polio - lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv
Polio - lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv

Polio yog ib qho mob hnyav tshwm sim los ntawm tus kab mob uas muaj peb hom kab mob. Lub hauv paus ntawm tus kab mob yog cov neeg mob thiab cov neeg nqa tus kab mob. Tus kab mob kis tau los ntawm fecal-oral thiab droplet txoj kev. Qhov ntawd yog, koj tuaj yeem kis tau los ntawm kev sib cuag, los ntawm dej, tais diav, khoom lag luam uas tau kis tus kabmob. Nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig sab nraud, nws yog qhov ruaj khov txaus uas nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib kis. Cov me nyuam los ntawm 3 lub hlis mus rau 5 xyoos yog qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam rau nws qhov kev ua. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus kab mob polio, tus kab mob kis rau lub cev muaj zog ntawm lub hlwb thiab qaum qaum. Clinically, qhov no yog qhia los ntawm meningitis, los yog los ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tuag tes tuag taw, paresis, thiab nqaij atrophy. Tus kab mob kuj tseem yuav asymptomatic lossislwv daim ntawv. Kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig yog tswj hwm los ntawm tus neeg uas muaj tus mob polio. Lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tso cai rau koj los tsim kev tiv thaiv kab mob rau tus kab mob no txij thaum yau. Tab sis koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias thaum tsis muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, txawm tias tom qab muaj tus kab mob polio, ib tus neeg tuaj yeem kis tus kab mob ntxiv, tab sis lwm hom kab mob yuav ua rau tus kab mob.

Type of vaccines

Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob Polio rau cov menyuam yaus
Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob Polio rau cov menyuam yaus

Txog hnub no, tau tsim ob hom tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov sib txawv yog tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio nyob qhov ncauj (OPV) thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio inactivated (IPV). Nyob rau hauv Russia, nyob rau theem ntawm lub xeev, tag nrho cov kev ntsuas tau raug coj los txo qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov pejxeem, thiab tsim kom muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob xws li poliomyelitis. Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv (lub sijhawm teem sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav qhia hauv qab no) tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog OPV thiab IPV. Ob hom tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj tag nrho peb hom kab mob uas ua rau tus kab mob. Hauv peb lub tebchaws, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob thiab tsis siv neeg raug tso cai siv. Tsis tas li ntawd, tom kawg yog ib feem ntawm kev npaj ua ke "Tetrakok", uas yog siv nrog kev txhaj tshuaj ib txhij tiv thaiv kab mob xws li kab mob diphtheria, tetanus, hnoos hawb pob, poliomyelitis. Lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm tom kawg tso cai rau ob lub tswv yim. Ib tug ntawm lawv siv IPV rau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab OPV rau revaccination, thaum lwm yam koom nrog kev qhia txog IPV nkaus xwb.

tshuaj tiv thaiv qhov ncauj

Lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio
Lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio

OPV tau tsim tawm xyoo 1955 los ntawm American virologist A. Sabin. Nws muaj tus kab mob nyob tab sis tsis muaj zog. Sab nraudCov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog cov kua liab nrog ib qho iab saj. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog muab los ntawm lub qhov ncauj, los ntawm instillation, nyob ntawm seb nws concentration, los ntawm 2 mus rau 4 tee. Lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua ib xyoos pom zoo kom muab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau ntawm tus nplaig kom tsis txhob nto qaub ncaug. Hauv cov neeg laus, nws yog instilled rau hauv palatine tonsil. Tom qab cov txheej txheem, cov zaub mov thiab dej haus yuav tsum raug cais tawm rau ib teev. Yog hais tias tus me nyuam burp, yuav tau txhaj tib koob ntxiv.

Los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg lymphoid ntawm lub pharynx, tus kab mob uas tsis muaj zog nkag mus rau hauv cov hnyuv, qhov chaw uas nws pib sib faib, nyob rau hauv cov lus teb uas lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob pib tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, ua tsaug rau lub cev tiv thaiv tsim. Thaum kis tus kab mob polio tiag tiag, lawv tau qhib, kom tus kab mob tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim lossis kis mus rau hauv ib qho me me, tsis ua rau paresis thiab tuag tes tuag taw.

tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog

Ua ntej me ntsis, xyoo 1950, J. Salk tau thov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog uas muaj tus kab mob tua. Nws yog siv los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj thiab muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov koob txhaj tshuaj pov tseg, cov ntsiab lus uas yog ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio. Lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj feem ntau pom zoo kom siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog rau kev txhaj tshuaj. IPV yog muab intramuscularly nyob rau hauv tus ncej puab lossis lub xub pwg nyom. Tsis tas yuav tsum tsis txhob noj thiab haus thaum siv.

Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau lees paub tias ob qho tshuaj tiv thaiv muab kev tiv thaiv zoo thiab ruaj khov rau cov kab mob xws li polio. Lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tso cai siv ib lossis lwm qhovtshuaj tiv thaiv, nyob ntawm tus kheej tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus me nyuam. Qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov no feem ntau yog ua los ntawm tus kws kho menyuam yaus, yav dhau los ua kev kuaj mob thiab sau cov ncauj lus ntxaws ntxaws. Tsuas yog tom qab tus menyuam lossis tus neeg laus tau kuaj xyuas kom zoo, nws tso cai rau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob xws li polio (kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob).

sijhawm txhaj tshuaj

Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio - lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv Russia
Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio - lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv Russia

Daim ntawv txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, uas yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tswj lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov pej xeem hauv peb lub tebchaws, tau tshaj tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio hauv ntau theem. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thawj zaug ntawm lawv (kev txhaj tshuaj), cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog yog siv, thiab hauv cov tom ntej (revaccination), ib qho kev ua neej nyob yog siv. Cov tswv yim zoo li no suav tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws kom tau txais kev tiv thaiv kab mob kom ruaj khov.

Thawj zaug txhaj tshuaj polio (cov sijhawm txhaj tshuaj yuav pab cov niam txiv tshiab taug kev) yog muab los ntawm IPV thaum muaj hnub nyoog 3 hlis. Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tom ntej no kuj tau ua nrog IPV ntawm 4.5 lub hlis, qhov thib peb (OPV) ntawm 6 lub hlis. Tom qab ntawd kev txhaj tshuaj rov ua dua, uas kuj tshwm sim hauv peb theem:

  • 18 lub hlis (OPV);
  • 20 lub hlis (OPV);
  • 14 xyoo (OPV).

Tseem muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas tsuas yog siv cov tshuaj tsis muaj zog. Hauv qhov no, txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv dhau:

  • 3 lub hlis;
  • 4, 5 lub hlis;
  • 6 hli.

Ua raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio, lub sijhawm txhawb nqa uas suav nrog cov hnub hauv qab no:

  • 18 lub hlis;
  • 6 xyoo.

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, thaum siv IPV, lub sijhawm txo qis me ntsis. Cov tswv yim zoo li no tau siv los ntawm ntau lub tebchaws, thiab nws tsis txwv hauv Russia ib yam.

Polio (kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob), lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj
Polio (kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob), lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj

Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias yog vim li cas lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj hloov pauv, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob tsis kam txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tom ntej. 45 hnub, uas tau muab tso ua ntu ntu ntawm cov txheej txheem, yog lub sijhawm tsawg kawg nkaus, thiab yog tias nws nce ntxiv, ces tsis muaj dab tsi txaus ntshai yuav tshwm sim. Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsis tso tseg thaum lub sijhawm no, thiab koj yuav tsis tau pib txhaj tshuaj ntxiv. Qhov ntawd yog, yog tias ib theem ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tau, tom qab ntawd los ntawm cov kab mob xws li polio, lub sijhawm tshuaj tiv thaiv tsuas yog txuas ntxiv raws li lub tswv yim, thiab koj yuav tsis tas yuav pib txhaj tshuaj ntxiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias OPV thiab IPV yog cov tshuaj sib pauv tau.

Ntxiv rau cov haujlwm npaj rau menyuam yaus, kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov neeg laus kuj tau ua hauv Russia. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum tus neeg mus rau thaj chaw uas muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob no ntau, lossis ua kev tiv thaiv thaum muaj kev sib kis.

Tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob

Txawm hais tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv niaj hnub no feem ntau zam tau zoo, hauv kev teb rau kev txhaj tshuaj, ib tus neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub cev tuaj yeem ua raws. Raws li txoj cai, nws tshwm sim nws tus kheej ntau zog hauv OPV. Qhov no tuaj yeem qhia tau tias qhov kub nce mus txog 37, 0-37, 5 ° hauv lub lim tiam thib ob tom qab txhaj tshuaj. Tej zaum kuj yuav muaj raws plab me me rau ob hnub. Txawm tias qhov no tshwm simyog qhov tsawg heev, nws yog ib txwm muaj thiab tsis xav tau kev kho mob tshwj xeeb. Raws li txoj cai, tag nrho cov teeb meem no ploj mus ntawm lawv tus kheej.

Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio, lub sijhawm rov ua dua
Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio, lub sijhawm rov ua dua

Thaum IPV txhaj, tej zaum yuav muaj o me ntsis ntawm qhov chaw txhaj tshuaj, nce me ntsis hauv lub cev kub, tsis qab los noj mov, ntxhov siab.

Kev nyuaj siab

Qhov teeb meem loj ntawm qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob paralytic poliomyelitis - VAPP. Hmoov zoo, nws yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus. Raws li txoj cai, nws tshwm sim tom qab thawj zaug siv OPV (tsawg dua - nrog rau kev txhaj tshuaj thib ob) thiab ua tiav nrog tag nrho cov tsos mob ntawm tus mob poliomyelitis tiag tiag (paresis, tuag tes tuag taw, leeg nqaij atrophy). Qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm VAPP yog siab rau cov menyuam yaus uas muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob HIV lossis AIDS uas tau txhaj tshuaj OPV. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj teeb meem rau tus kab mob no, tsuas yog siv IPV rau kev txhaj tshuaj.

Thov nco ntsoov - tus neeg tsis tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv (tsis hais hnub nyoog li cas), raug kev tiv thaiv qis (HIV, AIDS) lossis noj tshuaj uas txwv tsis pub, tuaj yeem kis tus kab mob VAPP los ntawm tus menyuam txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv OPV, raws li nws zais tus kab mob mus rau hauv ib puag ncig.

YContraindications

Lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio
Lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio

Lub Sijhawm Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob Polio rau Menyuam Yaus qhia txog cov hauv qab no contraindications rau kev txhaj tshuaj:

  • kab mob hnyav lossis mob hnyav ntawm cov kab mob ntev - txhaj tshuaj tiv thaivncua mus txog 4 lub lis piam tom qab rov zoo, yog tias mob SARS me me, txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem ua tiav tom qab qhov kub thiab txias rov qab los;
  • tshuaj tiv thaiv hnyav rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv;
  • immunodeficiency, malignancy, immunosuppressive mob;
  • mob hlwb los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj yav dhau los.

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