Tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tshuaj lom neeg uas pab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv ntau yam kab mob. Medical Immunology Centers ntawm Lavxias Federation qhia kom txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv menyuam yaus txij thaum yau. Kev txhaj tshuaj thawj zaug (rau kab mob siab) yog muab rau thawj 12 teev ntawm tus menyuam lub neej, thiab tom qab ntawd txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li lub sijhawm ntawm daim ntawv pov thawj txhaj tshuaj uas txhua tus muaj.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv qab no yog qhov txawv:
- live;
- inactivated;
- toxoids;
- Ybiosynthetic.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj sia
Cov khoom xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj no suav nrog cov kab mob tsis muaj zog. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio, mumps, tuberculosis, qhua pias thiab rubella. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob yog qhov muaj feem ntau ntawm kev tsis haum tshuaj, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem loj thiab qhov tshwm sim.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog
Lawv muab faib ua ob hom. Cov qub suav nrog cov uas muaj cov kab mob tua kab mob, xws li kab mob pertussis, kab mob siab A, lossis tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob vwm. Qhov tsis zoo yog tias lawv qhov kev ua tsis tau ntev tshaj li ib xyoos. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no tej zaum yuavtechnological denaturation ntawm antigens.
Hom thib ob yog cov tshuaj uas muaj cov khoom siv ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm tes lossis lwm qhov zoo siab ntawm lub cev. Cov no suav nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob pertussis lossis meningitis.
Anatoxins
Raws li ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj no muaj cov tshuaj lom (ib qho tshuaj tsis ua haujlwm) tsim los ntawm cov kab mob tshwj xeeb. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob diphtheria lossis tetanus yog nyob rau hauv pawg no. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tuaj yeem kav ntev txog tsib xyoos.
YBiosynthetic
Cov tshuaj no tau txais los ntawm kev siv tshuaj genetic engineering. Piv txwv li, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab B poob rau hauv pawg no.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj thiab siv sijhawm ntau uas yuav tsum tau siv zog ntau thiab suav cov lus tseeb.
Tshuaj tiv thaiv qhov sib txawv
Hom tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov txawv ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov antigens uas nyob hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Qhov sib txawv yog tsim los ntawm monovaccines thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv polyvalent.
Tseem muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm hom kab mob: kab mob, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab rickettsial.
Tsis ntev los no, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshiab tau tsim uas tau txais kev muaj koob npe nrov. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev siv zog ntau los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov neeg tsim tawm mus rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv hluavtaws, tshuaj tiv thaiv idiotypic lossis cov tshuaj recombinant.
Phages
Phages yog cov kab mob uas nkag mus rau hauv cov kab mob ntawm tes thiab rov ua dua nyob rau ntawd. Vim li ntawd, lub cev kub ntawm tus neeg mob kub taub hau txo qis thiab lysis tshwm sim.
Raws li cov phages no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim cov kab mob bacteriophages uassiv rau phage prophylaxis lossis phage kho. Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm kev kho phage yog lub peev xwm los xaiv lyse ntau cov kab mob microbes.
Bacteriophages muaj ntau qhov kev ua haujlwm thiab kho cov kab mob hauv qab no:
- kab mob plab;
- dysbacteriosis;
- pancreatitis;
- kab mob purulent.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv
Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia qee yam tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Qee lub sij hawm tib neeg tau txais ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv ib zaug uas sib haum nrog ib leeg. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev npaj tau tsim los ua ke sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv. Ib qho piv txwv zoo tshaj yog kev txhaj tshuaj DPT, uas tau muab rau cov menyuam yaus hauv thawj lub hlis ntawm lub neej. Nws muaj peev xwm tsim kev tiv thaiv kab mob hnoos hawb pob, diphtheria thiab tetanus tib lub sijhawm.
Tseem muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo tam sim ntawd; lwm tus yuav tsum tau rov ua dua. Cov txheej txheem no yog hu ua revaccination (rov qhia txog ib koob tshuaj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv antigenic rau hauv tib neeg lub cev).
daim ntawv qhia hnub txhaj tshuaj
Rau kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, muaj cov sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tshwj xeeb uas muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv pov thawj txhaj tshuaj. Tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab cov npe ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raug sau tseg ntawm no. Txawm li cas los xij, daim ntawv pov thawj tsis suav nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua ntej mus rau txawv teb chaws lossis thaum npaj cev xeeb tub.
Txoj Cai Ua Haujlwm
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov ntawdtias tom qab kev qhia txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv lub cev, nws cov khoom raug lees paub, kawm, nco, thiab tom qab ntawd cov tshuaj pib tsim tawm uas rhuav tshem tag nrho cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog txhawm rau cob qhia lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab npaj nws los tawm tsam kev kis tus kab mob tag nrho thaum muaj kev sib kis.
theem kawg ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tias tom qab nkag mus rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov kab mob tiag tiag, lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob nws tus kheej tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev tsim.
Introduction method
Cov lus qhia siv tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem sib txawv heev. Feem ntau thiab nquag ntsib txoj kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog kev txhaj tshuaj intramuscular. Kev txhaj tshuaj kuj tseem ua tau subcutaneously thiab cutaneously. Qee qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog muab los ntawm qhov ncauj lossis qhov ntswg.
YContraindications
Txhua qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj contraindications. Cov feem ntau yog:
- tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis haum los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yav dhau los;
- ua xua rau ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv;
- tus neeg mob kub siab;
- mob ntshav siab;
- tachycardia;
- kab mob rheumatic.
Tshuaj "Nobivak"
Raws li txoj cai, txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis yog rau tib neeg nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj rau tsiaj. Rau dev thiab miv, tshuaj "Nobivak" yog siv. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog kev tiv thaiv kab mob plague, parainfluenza, parvovirus enteritis, panleukopenia, bordetellosis thiab lwm yam kab mob hauv cov tsiaj.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv "Nobivak" muaj ntau yam nta,xav txog.
- Tus tsiaj yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog peb lub hlis thiab noj qab nyob zoo.
- Tus tsiaj yuav tsum tsis muaj yoov, worms, pob ntseg.
- Cov tshuaj tsis nyob ntawm qhov hnyav: ib koob yog xam rau ib tus tsiaj.
- Yuav tsum txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog tias koj npaj yuav taug kev los ntawm huab cua lossis tsheb ciav hlau. Txwv tsis pub, tus miv lossis dev yuav tsis raug tso cai rau hauv lub dav hlau lossis tsheb ciav hlau.
- Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv qee zaum tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Hauv qhov no, koj yuav tsum tau npaj ua ntej rau qhov kev npaj txhij txog ntawm cov xwm txheej (piv txwv li, anaphylactic shock) thiab yuav cov ntsiav tshuaj Suprastin. Tsis tas li ntawd, tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, thawj 40 feeb yuav tsum tau siv hauv tsev kho tsiaj.
xav tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv
Raws li twb tau hais lawm, tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg uas pab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv ntau yam kab mob loj. Txawm li cas los xij, kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua, thiab txhua tus neeg muaj cai xaiv. Ntau tus niam txiv tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab tsis txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv lawv cov menyuam. Hauv qhov no, tsab ntawv txiav txim kho mob raug tshaj tawm qhia tias yog vim li cas rau qhov tsis kam.
Cov neeg feem coob tsis tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv vim lawv ntshai tsam qhov tshwm sim loj uas yuav tshwm sim. Tsis txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav ua rau muaj kab mob ntau zaus. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub chav kawm ntawm tus kab mob yuav muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov teeb meem, uas nyob rau hauv tsawg zaus txawm ua rau tuag. Piv txwv li, koob tshuaj DTP tiv thaiv menyuam yaus los ntawm kab mob hawb pob. Qhov kawg, nyob rau hauv lem, ua rau tuag nyob rau hauv ib tug teeb meem ntawm vib nas this.feeb.
Hnub no, cov kws kho mob tsuas muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv pov thawj hauv lawv cov arsenal uas suav hais tias ntseeg tau thiab nyab xeeb. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua yam kabmob muaj nws tus kheej tus yam ntxwv, uas tuaj yeem ua rau tsis lees txais tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau ua cov txheej txheem npaj ua ntej ob peb hnub ua ntej txhaj tshuaj. Lawv yuav txo tau txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsis lees paub thiab kev mob tshwm sim.
Dhau li ntawm qhov no, muaj cov xwm txheej thaum txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Feem ntau qhov no siv rau tib neeg cov kab mob hnyav thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob hnyav.
Tshuaj tiv thaiv rau menyuam yaus
Tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog yog hom tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau menyuam yaus.
Nyob rau thawj xyoo ntawm tus menyuam lub neej, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau sau tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua tiav rau hauv daim ntawv qhia hnub tshwj xeeb, vim tias cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav xav tau ntau yam xwm txheej (mus saib hauv kindergarten, pas dej da dej).
Kev txhaj tshuaj thawj zaug hauv tus menyuam lub neej yog txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab B. Tom ntej no, cov kws kho mob xaiv lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj ntxiv:
- Yog tias qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm tus kab mob siab B tau txiav txim siab thaum cev xeeb tub, tom qab ntawd cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus menyuam tom ntej yuav raug muab rau ntawm 1 lub hlis, ntawm 2 hlis, ntawm 12 lub hlis, thiab cov tswv yim yuav zoo li 0-1-2- 12 sib.
- Yog tus me nyuam tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo thiab tsis muaj qhov txawv txav thaum cev xeeb tub, ces txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv thaum 1 thiab 6 lub hlis (xws li: 0-1-6).
Hnub peb ntawm lub neej, txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntsws (feem ntau hauv tsev kho mob maternity). Revaccination tshwm sim ntawm 7 thiab 14 xyoo (nyob ntawmniam txiv lub siab nyiam thiab kev xav tau tshwj xeeb). Nws yog qhov paub zoo dua li kev txhaj tshuaj BCG, uas yuav tsum yog qhov tsis zoo Mantoux cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Kev txhaj tshuaj yog ua tiav nyob rau sab sauv thib peb ntawm lub xub pwg. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj yuav yog ib qho caws pliav me me ntawm qhov loj ntawm 0.3 mus rau 0.5 cm. Ua ntej nws tshwm sim, yuav muaj redness, ib qho abscess, uas tom qab ntawd hloov mus rau hauv daim tawv nqaij thiab ploj mus.
Tom ntej no yog tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio. Nws yog ua tiav 3 zaug: thaum muaj hnub nyoog 3, 4, 5 thiab 6 lub hlis. Kev rov qhia txog cov tshuaj yuav tsum tau ua thaum muaj hnub nyoog 12.5 xyoo, nrog rau ntawm 14 xyoo. Feem ntau, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog muab rau hauv tus ncej puab lossis pob tw. Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov menyuam yaus, muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio muaj raws li tee, uas tau noj 1 teev ua ntej noj mov, 4 tee. Nrog rau qhov kev qhia no, nws yog txwv tsis pub haus cov tshuaj nrog dej.
Ua raws li tus kab mob hnoos hawb pob, kab mob diphtheria, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tetanus, hom npe uas yog DPT. Txij li nws lub hom phiaj yog txhawm rau tua peb cov kab mob loj hauv ib zaug, nws muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob pertussis, cov kab mob diphtheria thiab tetanus toxoids. Ua qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv no ntawm 3 lub hlis, tom qab ntawd ntawm 4.5 lub hlis thiab thaum muaj hnub nyoog rau lub hlis. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tom ntej no yog 2, 5 xyoos, 6 xyoo, 7 thiab 14 xyoo. Tom qab ntawd, qhov zaus ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj yog ib zaug txhua 10 xyoo, tab sis tom qab ntawd cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj cov kab mob hnoos hawb pob ntxiv lawm. Tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, tej zaum yuav muaj qhov tshwm sim peb hnub nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
Tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv saum toj no yuav tsum tau muab rau tus menyuam yam tsis tau poob. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias tus menyuam muaj mob hnyav, cestau txais daim ntawv xaj kho mob.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib yam tshuaj uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tus neeg los ntawm kab mob thiab pab txhawb kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub cev. Yog li ntawd, yog tias menyuam yaus lossis ib tus neeg laus tsis muaj teebmeem kev noj qab haus huv, koj yuav tsum tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv koj tus kheej thiab cov neeg koj hlub los ntawm cov kab mob uas ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim loj.
