Cov tshuaj calcium zoo tshaj plaws rau kev mob pob txha: cov npe, cov qauv, cov lus pom zoo rau kev siv

Cov txheej txheem:

Cov tshuaj calcium zoo tshaj plaws rau kev mob pob txha: cov npe, cov qauv, cov lus pom zoo rau kev siv
Cov tshuaj calcium zoo tshaj plaws rau kev mob pob txha: cov npe, cov qauv, cov lus pom zoo rau kev siv

Video: Cov tshuaj calcium zoo tshaj plaws rau kev mob pob txha: cov npe, cov qauv, cov lus pom zoo rau kev siv

Video: Cov tshuaj calcium zoo tshaj plaws rau kev mob pob txha: cov npe, cov qauv, cov lus pom zoo rau kev siv
Video: Tshuaj theem vim li cas thiaj tau nqi ?/ Siv kho mob dab tsi?/paris polyphylla use for? 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Osteoporosis yog ib yam kab mob txaus ntshai uas cov pob txha ntawm tus txha nqaj qaum, nrog rau lub plab thiab lub dab teg, cuam tshuam. Cov kab mob no cuam tshuam rau tib neeg ntawm txhua lub hnub nyoog, tab sis cov poj niam hnub nyoog nruab nrab thaum cev xeeb tub yuav ua rau muaj ntau zaus, thiab cov tshuaj calcium uas pab tiv thaiv kab mob.

Tus kab mob tsis tuaj yeem kuaj pom ntxov ntxov, nws tuaj yeem paub tsuas yog tom qab pob txha. Tom qab ntawd, kev ntsuam xyuas yog ua rau pob txha ntom thiab nws cov ntxhia hauv cov ntxhia. Cov tshuaj calcium uas tsim nyog rau cov pob txha pob txha yog qhov tsim nyog vim lawv kho cov pob txha ceev thiab pab ntxiv dag zog rau lawv. Kev npaj calcium zoo rau pob txha pob txha yog dab tsi?

calcium ntxiv rau osteoporosis
calcium ntxiv rau osteoporosis

Calcium rau osteoporosis

Cov kws kho mob pom zoo kom noj cov tshuaj calcium. Xws li kev ntxiv rau tus neeg mob laus yuav tsum tau 1000 milligrams ib hnub, nkaus xwbNws yuav tsum tau siv sib npaug, txij li cov tshuaj tau nqus hauv cov koob me me ua ke nrog zaub mov.

Yuav ua li cas calcium npaj rau kev tiv thaiv pob txha ntawm cov poj niam muaj? Raws li txoj cai, calcium carbonate yog tshuaj rau tus kab mob no. Nws qhov concentration nyob ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm tus kab mob. Lwm cov tshuaj muaj calcium lactate los yog calcium citrate, nrog rau coral calcium.

Yog tias koj yuav tsum tau siv cov tshuaj calcium tas li hauv cov pob txha pob txha, ces tus neeg mob txoj kev noj qab haus huv yuav zoo dua.

Nws paub tias cov ntxhia muaj nyob hauv ntau yam khoom noj, piv txwv li, xws li:

  • khoom noj;
  • txiv kab ntxwv tshiab;
  • ntses ntses;
  • soybeans.

Txhawm rau tshem tawm pob txha, cov tshuaj calcium yog siv rau hauv cov xwm txheej cais:

  1. Thaum poj niam pib menopause.
  2. Yog ib tug neeg qis dua.
  3. Thaum cev xeeb tub thiab thaum pub niam mis.
  4. Thaum lub cev loj tuaj.

Thaum pob txha pob txha twb tau teeb tsa lawm, cov tshuaj calcium nkaus xwb tsis ua haujlwm zoo ntawm lawv tus kheej. Lawv yeej xav tau kev pab.

Nrog rau cov tshuaj pharmacological, macroelement plays lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev uas rov tsim cov pob txha. Cov tshuaj calcium uas muaj cov tshuaj ua kom tsis muaj zog hauv cov pob txha. Nws yooj yim absorbed nrog kev pab ntawm cholecalciferol. Yuav ua li cas calcium npaj rau kev tiv thaiv osteoporosis nyob rau hauv cov poj niam muaj, ntau txaus siab.

Cov tsos mob Osteoporosis

Rau cov cim qhia ntawm kev txhim kho tus kabmobxa mus rau qhov mob ntawm pob qij txha, uas hnyav heev thaum hmo ntuj.

Tsuas yog cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem kuaj mob osteochondrosis los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas nws los ntawm cov cim hauv qab no:

  1. ntse hniav lwj.
  2. Fragility ntawm tes thiab plaub hau tsim.
  3. Zoo tshaj qhov nchuav menyuam.
  4. Late gestosis ntawm cov poj niam cev xeeb tub.
  5. Severe ntxov toxicosis.
  6. Risk ntawm nchuav menyuam.
  7. Kuv muaj kev ntxhov siab ntau ntxiv thiab kev ntxhov siab.
  8. Stenosis nyob rau hauv qis extremities.
  9. Muscle tone nce.
  10. Pib tsis muaj zog ntawm kev ua haujlwm.

Yuav ua li cas calcium npaj rau pob txha pob txha rau cov neeg laus yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, peb yuav saib ntxiv.

tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob osteoporosis

Xim li kaum lossis nees nkaum xyoo dhau los, cov tshuaj tseem ceeb tau pom zoo rau kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj pob txha thiab pob txha pob txha yog calcium gluconate. Tab sis cov kws tshaj lij niaj hnub ntseeg tias hauv daim ntawv no, macronutrient absorbed tsis zoo.

Cov tshuaj calcium uas zoo tshaj plaws rau pob txha pob txha yuav yog dab tsi? Cov khw muag tshuaj muaj kev xaiv ntau ntawm cov khoom rau cov neeg ntawm txhua lub hnub nyoog:

  1. "Roc altrol".
  2. "Osteogenon".
  3. "Alpha D3-Teva".
  4. "Oxidevit".
  5. "Alphadol"
  6. "Tevabon".
  7. "Natemille".
  8. "Complivit Calcium-D3".
  9. "Calcium D3 Nycomed".
  10. "Calcium with vitamin D3Vitrum"
  11. "Vitrum Osteomag".
  12. "Osteoplus".
  13. "Calcemin Ua Ntej"
  14. "Marine calcium biobalance"
  15. "Calcium citrate"
  16. "Calcium lactate"
  17. "Vitacalcin".
  18. Calcium-Sandoz.
  19. "Scorallight".
  20. "Ntxiv Calcium".

Alfadol-Sa

calcium npaj rau kev tiv thaiv osteoporosis
calcium npaj rau kev tiv thaiv osteoporosis

Qhov no yog tus tswj hwm ntawm calcium-phosphorus metabolism. Nws pab txhawb rau qhov tsis muaj vitamin D3. Nrog kev ceev faj heev, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau siv cov calcium npaj rau cov pob txha pob txha hauv cov neeg mob nephrolithiasis, nrog rau mob plawv tsis ua hauj lwm, sarcoidosis lossis lwm yam granulomatosis, muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 3 xyoos.

Siv thaum cev xeeb tub tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kho tus niam tshaj qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev nce siab rau vitamin D hauv tus menyuam hauv plab, nrog rau aortic stenosis, kev puas hlwb.

Txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim ntawm hypercalcemia, qhov koob tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj yuav tsum raug txo tom qab qhov concentration ntawm alkaline phosphatase hauv cov ntshav tau ruaj khov. Raws li txoj cai, stabilization ntawm qib calcium hauv plasma tshwm sim tom qab ib lub lim tiam so.

Rov kho dua tshiab nrog 1/2 koob tshuaj. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias vim qhov tsis sib xws rhiab heev rau vitamin D nyob rau hauv cov neeg sib txawv, qhov tshwm sim ntawm hypervitaminosis tuaj yeem tshwm sim.provoke kev siv ntawm txawm pharmacological concentrations. Kev noj zaub mov kom zoo yog suav tias yog kev tiv thaiv.

Calcium nrog vitamin D3 Vitrum

calcium npaj rau kev tiv thaiv osteoporosis ntawm cov poj niam
calcium npaj rau kev tiv thaiv osteoporosis ntawm cov poj niam

Vitamin complex tswj kev nqus hauv lub cev ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas tsim nyog rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov hlab ntsha musculoskeletal. Cov tshuaj pab ua kom cov hniav thiab ntxiv dag zog rau cov enamel.

Nws txo qis kev tsim cov tshuaj parathyroid, qhov ntau dhau uas ua rau pob txha decalcification. Vitamins nce pob txha ceev. Yuav noj cov tshuaj calcium li cas rau cov pob txha?

Rau lub hom phiaj tiv thaiv, txhawm rau tiv thaiv pob txha pob txha, cov tib neeg tau qhia kom noj 1-2 ntsiav tshuaj ib hnub ib zaug.

Kev kho ntawm cov txheej txheem pathological no yuav tsum tau xaiv tus neeg siv tshuaj. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj ib hnub yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 4 daim. Txhawm rau kom nqus tau cov calcium zoo dua, tsis txhob siv dej, nws yog qhov zoo dua los haus dej qab zib. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los siv cov tshuaj tam sim tom qab noj mov lossis ncaj qha thaum lub sijhawm nws. Lub sijhawm kho yog txiav txim los ntawm tus kws kho mob.

Calcium-Sandoz

zoo tshaj plaws calcium ntxiv rau osteoporosis
zoo tshaj plaws calcium ntxiv rau osteoporosis

Tshuaj siv los them nyiaj rau qhov tsis muaj calcium. Cov tshuaj yog noj ntawm qhov ncauj. Calcium yog cov ntxhia tseem ceeb thiab yuav tsum tau tswj kom muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm electrolytes hauv lub cev thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau yam kev tswj hwm.

"Calcium-Sandoz"pab ua kom tsis muaj ib qho tseem ceeb. Cov tshuaj muaj anti-rachitic, antihistamine thiab anti-inflammatory teebmeem. Koj tuaj yeem siv qhov kev npaj calcium no los tiv thaiv kev mob pob txha thaum lub caij nyoog laus.

Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg suav nrog lactogluconate thiab calcium carbonate, uas tam sim yaj hauv dej. Cov tshuaj yog npaj rau kev kho mob thiab tiv thaiv tus mob los yog mob tsis txaus ntawm macronutrient hauv lub cev, nrog rau kev tshem tawm ntau yam kev mob metabolic hauv cov pob txha.

Nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob uas mob me me hypercalciuria, nruab nrab los yog lub raum tsis zoo, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau txo lossis txiav cov tshuaj yog tias tsim nyog. Cov neeg mob uas nyiam ua pob zeb hauv qhov tso zis yuav tsum nce lawv cov kua dej ntau ntxiv.

Vitacalcin

Cov tshuaj stabilizes cov electrolyte tshuav, thiab kuj tswj cov tsim ntawm cov pob txha cov ntaub so ntswg, txheej txheem ntawm cov ntshav coagulation, lub ua hauj lwm ntawm lub plawv.

"Vitacalcin" yog ib qho kev npaj ntawm calcium thiab vitamin D, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev mob pob txha. Nws txo qhov nqus ntawm tetracycline tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj fluorine, nrog rau quinolone derivatives, thiab ua rau cov nyhuv arrhythmogenic ntawm digoxin. Vitamin D pab txhawb kev nqus, thiazide diuretics pab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm hypercalcemia.

Nrog rau kev kho kom ntev, qhov concentration ntawm cov ntxhia hauv cov ntshav thiab zis yuav tsum tau saib xyuas. Cov concentration ntau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab noj mis nyuj noj, tuaj yeem ua rau hypercalcemia lossis mis-alkaline syndrome.

Calcemin Ua Ntej

Cov tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov vitamin-mineral complex yog ua raws li kev ntxiv ntawm cov reserves ntawm no thiab lwm yam macronutrients nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj no, phosphorus-calcium metabolism yog stabilized.

Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov vitamin-mineral complex - calcium yog suav tias yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb ntawm cov pob txha. Cov tshuaj koom nrog hauv kev ua ntawm cov paj hlwb, thiab tseem suav tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntshav txhaws. Kev npaj calcium yog npaj rau kev kho mob pob txha.

Calcium citrate, uas yog ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj, pab tiv thaiv kev tsim pob zeb hauv cov kabmob ntawm cov zis. Nws kuj tswj kev tsim cov tshuaj hormones parathyroid.

Vitamin D3 pab txhim kho kev nqus ntawm calcium los ntawm lub cev, thiab tseem koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov pob txha thiab cov txheej txheem rov qab.

Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kas fes thiab tshuaj yej dub tuaj yeem txo qhov nqus ntawm calcium hauv lub plab zom mov, yog li koj yuav tsum tsis txhob haus lawv thaum siv tshuaj kho.

Rau cov neeg uas lub raum tsis ua haujlwm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau mus ntsib kws kho mob thiab kuaj ua ntej pib siv cov tshuaj.

Vitrum Osteomag

dab tsi calcium npaj yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau osteoporosis
dab tsi calcium npaj yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau osteoporosis

Nov yog ib qho multivitamin complex nrog cov tshuaj uas tswj cov metabolism ntawm phosphorus thiab calcium.

"Vitrum Osteomag" yog suav tias yog ib qho tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke uas tswj hwmpauv calcium. Nws cov nyhuv kho yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag:

  1. Colecalciferol pab tswj kev sib pauv ntawm phosphorus thiab calcium hauv lub cev, thiab tseem pab tswj cov pob txha, koom nrog kev tsim cov pob txha pob txha. Tsis tas li ntawd, vitamin D txhim kho txoj hnyuv nqus ntawm macronutrient hauv nqe lus nug.
  2. Calcium xav tau rau kev tsim cov pob txha, nrog rau kev tswj ntshav siab, txheej txheem ntawm cov ntshav txhaws. Cov tshuaj pab tsim cov hniav, pob txha, tswj lub cev noj qab haus huv ntawm daim tawv nqaij, ua kom cov pob txha ceev. Calcium pab txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov leeg nqaij thiab lub paj hlwb. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm osteoporosis.
  3. Magnesium cuam tshuam nrog vitamin D kom pab txhawb kev nqus calcium. Cov macronutrient koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov pob txha thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov pob txha, thiab tseem tiv thaiv cov pob zeb calcium oxalate.

Ob ntsiav tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj calcium uas muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob osteoporosis ntxiv cov kev xav tau niaj hnub rau vitamin D 3, nrog rau magnesium thiab calcium. Hauv qhov kev sib txuas no, nws tsis pom zoo kom tshaj qhov pom zoo kom noj ntau npaum li cas. Thaum siv cov concentrations siab, nws yuav tsum tau tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub raum. Nrog rau kev kho mob mus sij hawm ntev, nws yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas cov calcium uas tawm hauv cov zis.

Calcium D3 Nycomed

calcium npaj tau zoo nyob rau hauv osteoporosis
calcium npaj tau zoo nyob rau hauv osteoporosis

Ib tshuaj uas cuam tshuam cov metabolism hauv cov zaub mov hauv lub cev, suav nrog calcium thiab phosphorus. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauvKev kho mob nyuaj ntawm pathologies uas tau nrog kev ua txhaum ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus hauv lub cev, nrog rau cov vitamin D tsis txaus.

Nrog kev pab ntawm calcium thiab cholecalciferol, cov ntsiav tshuaj chewable muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lawv cov metabolism hauv lub cev, uas muaj cov teebmeem hauv qab no:

  1. Kev txo qis hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov pob txha cov ntaub so ntswg, uas muaj xws li ntxuav tawm ntawm cov ntxhia ntsev thiab txo qis hauv nws cov mineralization, uas ua rau txo qis zog.
  2. Rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov qib calcium uas xav tau hauv lub cev, uas yog ib feem ntawm cov pob txha pob txha, koom nrog hauv cov ntshav txhaws.
  3. Ntau qhov kev siv ntawm cov ntxhia nqus cov txheej txheem los ntawm txoj hnyuv lumen rau hauv kev ncig.
  4. Txo cov teebmeem ntawm cov tshuaj parathyroid, uas txhawb nqa cov calcium leaching ntawm cov pob txha, thiab nws cov concentration hauv lub cev.

Tom qab siv cov tshuaj "Calcium D3 Nycomed" cov khoom nquag tau nqus mus rau hauv cov ntshav los ntawm txoj hnyuv tsis sib xws. Ntau vitamin D yog absorbed, me ntsis calcium tsawg.

Ua ntej kho, koj yuav tsum nyeem cov lus piav qhia rau cov tshuaj. Muaj ntau tus yam ntxwv, uas suav nrog:

  1. Kev kho txuas ntxiv yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas cov ntshav plasma calcium thiab creatinine qib.
  2. Cov tshuaj cuam tshuam nrog qee cov tshuaj ntawm lwm pab pawg kho mob, yog li yog tias koj siv lwm yam tshuaj, koj yuav tsum qhia tus kws kho mob txog qhov no.
  3. kab mob raum yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas lawv cov haujlwm nrogKev txiav txim siab ntawm calcium, nrog rau creatinine thiab ntshav phosphates.
  4. Siv tshuaj rau lub raum puas tuaj yeem ua rau calcification ntawm cov nqaij mos ntawm lub cev.

Oxidevit

Nws yog tus tswj hwm ntawm calcium-phosphorus metabolism. Cov tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev daws. Cov tshuaj tswj cov metabolism ntawm phosphorus thiab calcium, them nyiaj rau qhov tsis muaj vitamin D3. "Oksidevit" yog suav hais tias yog lub ntuj metabolite ntawm vitamin D, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub raum. Cov tshuaj tsub kom qhov nqus ntawm calcium thiab phosphates nyob rau hauv txoj hnyuv, txhim kho pob txha mineralization, activates lub synthesis ntawm osteocalcin.

"Oxidevit" txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob, normalizes kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov leeg nqaij. Hauv cov neeg uas muaj calcium malabsorption syndrome, cov tshuaj kho cov calcium uas tshuav. Nws txo qhov kev siv ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov pob txha, yog li txo qhov tshwm sim ntawm pob txha. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tshem tawm cov mob pob txha, uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm phosphorus-calcium metabolism. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm "Oxidevit" kav 48 teev.

Thaum siv cov tshuaj, nws raug nquahu kom saib xyuas cov qib calcium hauv cov ntshav thiab zis tas li txhawm rau zam qhov tshwm sim ntawm hypercalcemia thiab hypercalciuria. Cov tshuaj nquag ntawm cov tshuaj tsis yog metabolized nyob rau hauv lub raum. Muaj pov thawj ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm "Oksidevit" hauv hyperparathyroidism, provoked los ntawm lub raum tsis ua haujlwm.

Complivit Calcium-D3

yuav ua li cas noj calcium ntxiv rau osteoporosis
yuav ua li cas noj calcium ntxiv rau osteoporosis

Ib tshuaj uas tswj kev sib pauv ntawm calcium thiab phosphorus. "Complivit calcium-D3" yog suav tias yog ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke. Nws lub hwj chim yog vim muaj cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke. Cov tshuaj no cuam tshuam cov metabolism ntawm calcium thiab phosphorus, thiab tseem pab kom pob txha ceev.

Dhau li ntawm no, "Complivit Calcium-D 3" tawm tsam qhov tsis muaj calcium thiab vitamin D 3 hauv lub cev, txhawb kev nqus ntawm macronutrient los ntawm txoj hnyuv. Yog li ntawd, pob txha mineralization nce.

Calcium koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov pob txha cov ntaub so ntswg, nrog rau cov ntshav txhaws, ua haujlwm ntawm lub plawv thiab capillary tone, kev nkag mus ntawm lub zog ntawm cov hlab ntsha.

Vitamin D txhawb nqa kev nqus ntawm macronutrient hauv plab hnyuv, thiab tseem pab cov pob txha thiab cov hniav.

Kev siv cov calcium thiab cholecalciferol ua rau txo qis kev tso tawm ntawm cov tshuaj parathyroid, uas txo cov txheej txheem kev puas tsuaj hauv cov pob txha.

Kev kho mob nrog "Complivit Calcium-D 3" yuav tsum tau nrog los ntawm kev tswj xyuas cov dej tawm ntawm lub raum.

Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev noj tshuaj ntau dhau, nws yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov yuav tsum tau noj ntawm macronutrient los ntawm lwm qhov chaw. "Complivit Calcium-D 3" yuav tsum tsis txhob siv thaum muaj kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm lub raum.

Zoo kawg

Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev txhim kho pob txha pob txha, hmoov tsis, tsis txaus them. Rau ib tus neeg uas thawj zaug ntsib qhov txo qis ntawm pob txha pob txha, nws dhau los ua qhov tseebxav tsis thoob los ntawm qhov xwm txheej hnyav. Tus kab mob no feem ntau pom los ntawm cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb thaum kho cov pob txha uas twb muaj lawm, txij li pob txha pob txha tshwm sim thawj zaug yam tsis muaj tsos mob, thiab tom qab ntawd nrog cov duab tsis meej pem ntawm qhov tshwm sim.

Feem ntau ntawm cov cim qhia tib neeg tsis txawm koom nrog tus kab mob no: qhov tshwm sim ntawm ob txhais ceg, nrog rau qhov tsis muaj zog thiab lamination ntawm tus ntsia thawv phaj, qaug zog, plaub hau grey thaum tseem hluas, thiab txawm tias muaj cov quav hniav ntxiv.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nws paub tias yuav tsum muaj calcium ntxiv rau cov laus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov neeg sawv cev zoo nkauj ib nrab ntawm tib neeg. Qhov no yog vim qhov txo qis hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj hormones uas tswj nws cov metabolism, thiab tsim nyog rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov vitamin D. Cov txheej txheem no cuam tshuam kev nqus ntawm calcium, thiab tib lub sijhawm, nws leaching ntawm lub cev nce.

Pom zoo: