Lub paj hlwb ua haujlwm vim muaj kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ob txoj haujlwm - excitation thiab inhibition. Ob leeg yog daim ntawv ntawm kev ua ntawm tag nrho cov neurons.
Kev ua siab ntev yog lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev. Outwardly, nws muaj peev xwm manifest nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev: piv txwv li, nqaij contraction, salivation, cov tub ntxhais kawm cov lus teb nyob rau hauv zaj lus qhia, thiab lwm yam Excitation ib txwm muab ib tug electronegative muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg excitation cheeb tsam. Nov yog nws qhov taw qhia.
Braking yog qhov ntxeev. Nws suab nthuav tias inhibition yog tshwm sim los ntawm excitation. Nrog nws, kev ntxhov siab ib ntus nres lossis tsis muaj zog. Thaum braking, lub peev xwm yog electropositive. Tib neeg kev coj cwj pwm yog ua raws li kev txhim kho ntawm conditioned reflexes (UR), kev khaws cia ntawm lawv cov kev sib txuas thiab kev hloov pauv. Qhov no yuav ua tau tsuas yog thaum muaj excitation thiab inhibition.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm excitation lossis inhibition tsim nws tus kheej tseem ceeb, uas tuaj yeem npog thaj tsam loj ntawm lub hlwb. Yuav ua li cas ua ntej? Thaum pib ntawm excitation, excitability ntawm lub paj hlwb cortex nce, uas yog txuam nrog ib tug tsis muaj zog ntawm cov txheej txheem.internal active braking. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub zog ib txwm hloov (theem xeev tshwm sim) thiab inhibition tsim.
Yuav ua li cas yog braking rau
Yog vim li cas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev xav tau raug ploj mus, inhibition thim nws cov txiaj ntsig. Nws yog li tiv thaiv cov hlwb ntawm lub cortex los ntawm kev ua ntawm irritants uas tau dhau mus rau hauv qeb ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab ua teeb meem. Yog vim li cas rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm inhibition nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias ib tug neuron muaj nws tus kheej muaj peev xwm ua hauj lwm txwv, tshaj qhov inhibition tshwm sim. Nws yog kev tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov xwm vim hais tias nws tiv thaiv paj hlwb substrates los ntawm kev puas tsuaj.
hom braking
Inhibition of conditioned reflexes (TUR) muab faib ua 2 hom: sab nraud thiab sab hauv. Sab nraud kuj hu ua innate, passive, unconditional. Internal - nquag, tau, muaj cai, nws lub ntsiab feature yog innate cim. Lub innate xwm ntawm unconditioned inhibition txhais tau hais tias rau nws cov tsos nws tsis yog tsim nyog los tsim tshwj xeeb thiab txhawb nws. Cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv txhua chav haujlwm ntawm lub hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb, suav nrog lub cortex.
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev txwv txwv tsis pub muaj qhov xwm txheej, piv txwv li, congenital. Nws tshwm sim tsis txuas nrog lub reflex arc ntawm inhibited reflex thiab nyob sab nraum nws. Cov xwm txheej inhibition yog tsim maj mam, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm SD tsim. Nws tsuas tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv cerebral cortex.
Sab nraud braking muab faib, tig, ua induction thiab tawm-ntawm-kev txwv braking. Internal nam suav nrog fading, ncua,sib txawv braking thiab conditional braking.
Thaum kev cuam tshuam sab nraud tshwm sim
Sab nraud inhibition tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm stimuli sab nraum lub chaw ua hauj lwm conditioned reflex. Lawv nyob sab nraum qhov kev paub ntawm qhov kev xav no, thaum xub thawj lawv tuaj yeem ua tau tshiab thiab muaj zog. Hauv kev teb rau lawv, qhov qhia tau hais tias yog thawj zaug tsim (lossis nws tseem hu ua reflex rau qhov tshiab). Cov lus teb yog kev zoo siab. Thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd nws yuav qeeb rau SD uas twb muaj lawm kom txog rau thaum qhov kev tawm dag zog ntxiv no yuav tsum tsis tu ncua thiab ploj mus.
Cov kev tawm dag zog zoo li no feem ntau tua sai sai thiab ua rau cov tub ntxhais hluas tsim tshiab URs nrog kev sib raug zoo tsis muaj zog. Muaj zog tsim reflexes yog extinguished maj mam. Fading inhibition kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim yog tias lub teeb liab ua kom lub zog tsis muaj zog ntxiv los ntawm qhov tsis zoo.
State expression
Ntau dhau inhibition hauv cerebral cortex yog qhia los ntawm qhov pib ntawm kev pw tsaug zog. Vim li cas qhov no tshwm sim? Kev mloog tsis muaj zog los ntawm monotony, thiab lub hlwb kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hlwb raug txo. M. I. Vinogradov kuj tau taw qhia tias monotony ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab sai.
Thaum txwv tsis pub nres tshwm
Nws tsuas yog txhim kho nrog stimuli tshaj qhov txwv ntawm neuron kev ua tau zoo - superstrong lossis ob peb lub zog tsis muaj zog nrog tag nrho cov haujlwm. Qhov no yog ua tau nrog ntev raug. Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim: lub sij hawm nervous excitementua txhaum txoj cai lij choj uas twb muaj lawm, uas tau hais tias qhov muaj zog ntawm cov teeb liab muaj zog, qhov muaj zog reflex arc tshwm. Ntawd yog, cov txheej txheem yog thawj zaug spurred rau. Thiab tam sim no ntxiv, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv reflex nrog kev nce ntxiv hauv lub zog maj mam poob. Tom qab hla dhau qhov txwv ntawm cov neuron, lawv tig tawm, tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej ntawm kev qaug zog thiab kev puas tsuaj.
Yog li, qhov kev npau taws zoo li no tshwm sim hauv cov xwm txheej hauv qab no:
- Kev ua ntawm ib txwm muaj kev txhawb zog rau lub sijhawm ntev.
- Ib qho khaus khaus ua rau lub sijhawm luv luv. Transmarginal inhibition tuaj yeem txhim kho nrog me ntsis stimuli. Yog tias lawv ua ib txhij, lossis lawv qhov zaus nce.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lom zem ntawm qhov tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam kev cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov hlwb hlwb tau muab nrog kev so, so, uas lawv xav tau phem heev, rau lawv cov haujlwm tom ntej. Cov paj hlwb ib txwm tsim los ua qhov hnyav tshaj plaws rau kev ua si, tab sis lawv kuj yog qhov ceev tshaj plaws rau log tsheb.
Examples
Piv txwv ntawm kev txwv tsis pub dhau: tus dev tau tsim, piv txwv li, salivary reflex rau lub suab tsis muaj zog, thiab tom qab ntawd pib maj mam nce hauv lub zog. Cov paj hlwb ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas zoo siab. Excitation thawj zaug nce, qhov no yuav qhia los ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov qaub ncaug secreted. Tab sis xws li nce yog pom tsuas yog mus txog ib qho kev txwv. Qee lub sij hawm, txawm tias lub suab nrov heev tsis ua rau qaub ncaug, nws yuav tsissawv tawm kiag.
Qhov kawg excitation tau hloov los ntawm inhibition - yog qhov nws yog. Qhov no yog ib tug heev inhibition ntawm conditioned reflexes. Tib daim duab yuav nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm me me stimuli, tab sis ntev. Nthuav khaus sai sai ua rau qaug zog. Tom qab ntawd cov hlwb neuron qeeb. Ib qho kev qhia ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog pw tsaug zog tom qab kev paub dhau los. Qhov no yog kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub paj hlwb.
Ib qho piv txwv: tus menyuam muaj 6 xyoos tau koom nrog hauv tsev neeg qhov xwm txheej uas nws tus viv ncaus yuam kev khob dej kub rau nws tus kheej. Muaj kev kub ntxhov hauv tsev, qw. Tus tub ntshai heev thiab tom qab lub sij hawm luv luv ntawm lub zog quaj nws mam li nco dheev tsaug zog ntawm qhov chaw thiab pw tsaug zog txhua hnub, txawm tias qhov kev poob siab tseem nyob rau yav sawv ntxov. Cov paj hlwb ntawm tus menyuam lub cortex tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus kev ntxhov siab ntau dhau - qhov no kuj yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev txwv tsis pub hla.
Yog tias koj ua ib ce ntev, ces nws tsis ua haujlwm ntxiv lawm. Thaum cov chav kawm ntev thiab nkees, thaum kawg nws cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav tsis teb kom raug txawm tias cov lus nug yooj yim uas lawv tsis muaj teeb meem kov yeej thaum xub thawj. Thiab nws tsis yog tub nkeeg. Cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm kev qhuab qhia pib tsaug zog thaum tus kws qhia lub suab tsis zoo lossis thaum nws hais nrov nrov. Xws li inertia ntawm cov txheej txheem cortical hais txog kev txhim kho ntawm kev txwv kev txwv. Rau qhov no, so thiab so ntawm ob niam txiv rau cov tub ntxhais kawm tau tsim hauv tsev kawm.
Qee lub sij hawm muaj kev ntxhov siab nyob rau hauv qee tus neeg tuaj yeem xaus rau hauv kev xav poob siab, ntxhov siab, thaum lawv dheev dhau los ua nruj thiab ntsiag to.
Nyob hauv tsev neeg muaj me nyuam me, tus poj niamqw qw thov kom coj cov me nyuam tawm mus taug kev, cov me nyuam ua suab nrov, qw thiab dhia ncig lub taub hau ntawm tsev neeg. Yuav ua li cas: nws yuav pw ntawm lub rooj zaum thiab tsaug zog. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev txwv tsis pub tshaj tuaj yeem yog qhov pib tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm tus neeg ncaws pob ua ntej kev sib tw hauv kev sib tw, uas yuav cuam tshuam rau qhov tshwm sim. Los ntawm nws cov xwm, qhov no inhibition yog pessimal. Overlimiting braking ua haujlwm tiv thaiv.
Dab tsi txiav txim siab ua haujlwm ntawm neurons
Qhov kev txwv excitability ntawm neurons tsis tas li. Tus nqi no kuj sib txawv. Nws txo qis nrog kev ua haujlwm ntau dhau, qaug zog, muaj mob, muaj hnub nyoog laus, cov nyhuv tshuaj lom, hypnotization, thiab lwm yam. Limiting inhibition kuj yog nyob ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb, ntawm tus cwj pwm thiab hom ntawm tib neeg lub paj hlwb, nws qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj hormones., thiab lwm yam. Qhov ntawd yog, lub zog ntawm kev txhawb nqa rau txhua tus neeg.
Yam ntawm sab nraud braking
Cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev hla dhau: apathy, tsaug zog thiab lethargy, ces kev nco qab yog cuam tshuam los ntawm hom twilight, qhov tshwm sim yog tsis nco qab lossis pw tsaug zog. Qhov kev nthuav qhia heev ntawm inhibition dhau los ua lub xeev ntawm stupor, unresponsiveness.
Induction braking
Induction inhibition (nruab tas mus li), lossis tsis zoo induction - thaum lub sijhawm tshwm sim ntawm ib qho kev ua ub no, ib qho kev txhawb siab tseem ceeb dheev tshwm, nws muaj zog thiab inhibits qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm tam sim no, piv txwv li, induction inhibition yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov reflex.
Ib qho piv txwv yuav yogCov ntaub ntawv thaum tus neeg sau xov xwm thaij duab ib tus neeg ncaws pob nqa lub barbell thiab nws lub qhov muag tsis pom lub qhov hnyav - nws nres nqa lub barbell tib lub sijhawm. Lub suab qw ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv ib ntus nres tus tub ntxhais kawm txoj kev xav - nres sab nraud. Qhov ntawd yog, qhov tseeb, ib qho tshiab, twb muaj zog reflex tau tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv tus xib fwb lub suab piv txwv, tus tub kawm ntawv muaj ib tug tiv thaiv reflex thaum tus me nyuam kawm ntawv tsom mus kov yeej txaus ntshai, thiab yog li ntawd muaj zog.
Ib qho piv txwv: ib tug neeg mob ntawm nws txhais caj npab thiab dheev tau mob hniav. Nws yuav kov yeej qhov txhab ntawm nws txhais caj npab, vim kev mob hniav yog qhov muaj zog dua.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no hu ua inductive (raws li qhov tsis zoo induction), nws yog qhov ruaj khov. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nws yuav nce thiab tsis ploj mus, txawm tias rov ua dua.
tsis nres
Lwm yam kev cuam tshuam sab nraud uas tshwm sim hauv daim ntawv ntawm SD tsub zuj zuj nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev taw qhia. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog ib ntus, thiab qhov ua rau sab nraud inhibition thaum pib ntawm qhov kev sim tsis ua haujlwm tom qab. Yog li ntawd, lub npe yog - fading.
Piv txwv: ib tug neeg tsis khoom nrog ib yam dab tsi, thiab khob qhov rooj ua ntej ua rau nws muaj kev cuam tshuam "leej twg nyob ntawd." Tab sis yog hais tias nws rov qab, tus neeg tsis teb rau nws. Thaum nkag mus rau qee qhov xwm txheej tshiab, nws nyuaj rau tus neeg los taw qhia nws tus kheej thaum xub thawj, tab sis, siv rau nws, nws tsis qeeb thaum ua haujlwm.
Kev txhim kho mechanism
Lub tshuab ntawm kev sib tsoo hnyav yog raws li hauv qab no - nrogib qho teeb meem extraneous nyob rau hauv lub paj hlwb cortex tshwm ib qho tshiab tsom ntawm excitation. Thiab nws, nrog monotony, depresses cov hauj lwm tam sim no ntawm conditioned reflex raws li lub tswv yim ntawm tus tseem ceeb. Nws muab dab tsi? Lub cev maj nrawm hloov mus rau cov xwm txheej ntawm ib puag ncig thiab ib puag ncig sab hauv thiab ua kom muaj peev xwm ua tau lwm yam dej num.
Phase of extreme braking
Phase Q - pib qeeb. Tus txiv neej kom deb li deb tsuas yog khov rau hauv kev cia siab tias muaj xwm txheej ntxiv. Lub teeb liab tau txais yuav ploj ntawm nws tus kheej.
Phase Q2 yog theem ntawm cov lus teb nquag, thaum tus neeg ua haujlwm thiab lub hom phiaj, teb txaus rau lub teeb liab thiab ua haujlwm. Ua tsaug.
Phase Q3 - kev txwv tsis pub dhau, lub teeb liab txuas ntxiv, qhov nyiaj tshuav tau cuam tshuam, thiab qhov excitation tau hloov los ntawm inhibition. Tus neeg ntawd tuag tes tuag taw thiab qaug zog. Tsis muaj hauj lwm ntxiv lawm. Nws ua inactive thiab passive. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yuav pib ua blunders lossis tsuas yog "tua". Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev xav, piv txwv li, rau cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm lub tswb. Cov teeb liab muaj zog heev yuav tsuas ua rau tus neeg teb xov tooj nres es tsis txhob ua haujlwm hnyav thiab ua haujlwm kub ntxhov.
Kev tsis txaus ntseeg tiv thaiv cov paj hlwb los ntawm kev qaug zog. Rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv, qhov kev txwv tsis pub muaj tshwm sim hauv zaj lus qhia thaum tus kws qhia ntawv piav qhia cov ntaub ntawv kev kawm txij thaum pib hauv lub suab nrov heev.
Physiology ntawm txheej txheem
Lub physiology ntawm transcendental inhibition yog tsim los ntawm irradiation, lub spillage ntawm inhibition nyob rau hauv lub paj hlwb cortex. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, feem ntau ntawm cov paj hlwb koom nrog. Excitation yog hloov los ntawm inhibition nyob rau hauv nws cov cheeb tsam uas nws kim heev. Tus heev transcendentinhibition yog lub hauv paus physiological ntawm kev cuam tshuam thawj zaug, thiab tom qab ntawd cov theem inhibitory ntawm qaug zog, piv txwv li, hauv cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv ib zaj lus qhia.
Tus nqi nres sab nraud
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov pauv thiab induction (sab nraud) braking yog txawv: induction yog ib txwm yoog raws, yoog raws. Nws muaj feem cuam tshuam rau tib neeg cov lus teb rau qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws sab nraud lossis sab hauv lub zog ntawm lub sijhawm, txawm tias nws tshaib plab lossis mob.
Kev yoog raws li qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau lub neej. Txhawm rau hnov qhov txawv ntawm qhov tsis muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog, ntawm no yog ib qho piv txwv: tus menyuam miv tau yooj yim ntes tau tus qaib thiab noj nws. Ib qho kev xav tau tsim, nws pib pov nws tus kheej ntawm txhua tus noog laus hauv tib qhov kev cia siab ntawm kev ntes nws. Qhov no ua tsis tiav - thiab nws hloov mus rau kev tshawb nrhiav tsiaj txhu ntawm lwm hom. Qhov tau txais kev xav tau raug tua.
Tus nqi ntawm qhov txwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm neuron txawm tias cov tsiaj ntawm tib hom tsis sib xws. Raws li cov neeg. Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj uas tsis muaj zog central paj hlwb, cov laus thiab castrated tsiaj, nws yog tsawg. Nws qhov txo qis kuj tau sau tseg hauv cov tsiaj hluas tom qab kev cob qhia ntev.
Yog li, kev txwv tsis pub hla dhau ua rau muaj kev loog ntawm tus tsiaj, kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ntawm inhibition ua rau pom tsis pom thaum muaj kev phom sij - qhov no yog lub ntsiab lus lom neeg ntawm cov txheej txheem no. Nws kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj uas lub hlwb tig tawm yuav luag tag nrho thaum xws li inhibition, txawm ua rau kev xav txog kev tuag. Cov tsiaj zoo li no tsis ua piv txwv, qhov ntshai tshaj plaws yuav dhau los ua kev nyuaj siab tshaj plaws, thiab lawv zoo li tuag.
