Ib tshuaj tiv thaiv (inactivated) yog cov tshuaj uas muaj cov kab mob loj hlob hauv kab lis kev cai uas tau raug rhuav tshem los ntawm txoj kev kho cua sov thiab kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj lom cellular (formaldehyde). Cov kab mob no tau coj mus rau hauv ib puag ncig hauv chav kuaj kom txo tau cov kab mob antigenicity thiab suav tias tsis muaj kab mob (tsis muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kab mob). Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tua tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob, tab sis thaum muab zaum ob, lawv tsim muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo heev.
Yuav ua li cas txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv
Tsim kom muaj lawv, raws li txoj cai, cov kab mob phem epizootic tau siv, uas tau ua kom huv si maj mam (inactivation), ua rau tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam ntawm tus kab mob no cuam tshuam rau kev tsim tawm (ntau ntau), tab sis tib lub sijhawm, nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. thiab cov yam ntxwv antigenic tau khaws cia. Yog li ntawd, cov nucleic acid (viral genome) uas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj (inactivated) yuav tsum raug tua - qhov no yog ib puag ncig uas nws reproduces zoo.
Polysaccharides, cov proteins thiab glycoproteins ntawm tus kab mob yuav tsum tsis hloov, vim tias cov tshuaj tiv thaivnyob ntawm cov khoom ntawm capsid ntawm tus kab mob. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis muaj peev xwm rov tsim dua thiab kis kab mob, tab sis khaws cia qhov cuam tshuam rau kev ua kom cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg.
Drug Manufacturing Technology
Kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog pib nrog kev xaiv ntawm cov kab mob ntau lawm, cog qoob loo, thiab nws cov tsub zuj zuj hauv cov kab mob rhiab heev (cov kab lis kev cai ntawm tes, tsiaj txhu, noog embryos). Tom qab ntawd cov ntaub ntawv nyoos uas muaj tus kab mob no raug ntxuav thiab ua ke hauv ntau txoj hauv kev (ultra-, centrifugation, pom, thiab lwm yam).
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (tsis ua haujlwm) kuj yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua kom lub cev qhuav dej, ntxuav cov kab mob. Cov txheej txheem no tseem ceeb heev, vim tias tus kab mob uas raug puas tsuaj tsis kis mus rau hauv lub cev, thiab thiaj li yuav tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj zog, yuav tsum tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntau heev. Kev ncua ntawm tus kab mob yuav tsum tau ua tiav los ntawm cov khoom siv ballast (lipids, seem ntawm cov qauv ntawm tes, cov protein tsis muaj kab mob), uas ua rau lub nra ntxiv ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab txo qis kev siv zog thiab tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas tau txais tom qab saturation thiab purification yog raug rau inactivation. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tshwj xeeb aggressive viruses, inactivation precedes cov kev kho mob. Hauv qhov no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account tias cov tshuaj ballast cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem inactivation.
Thaum txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob khaub thuas (inactivated) tau tsim, piv txwv li, ib qho tseem ceeb heevyog qhov kev xaiv ntawm ib qho inactivator, nrog rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws inactivation nruab nrab uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom tag nrho cov kab mob ntawm kev sib kis thaum khaws cia antigenicity mus rau qhov loj tshaj plaws. Tab sis qhov tsim ntawm inactivating cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog to taub tsis zoo, thiab lawv siv feem ntau sim.
Txoj Cai ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog
Rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob kis tau zoo, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tau siv tau zoo, uas muaj ntau yam zoo dua li cov neeg nyob. Ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau muaj rau lawv cov khoom tsim tau yog qhov zoo thiab qhov ntau ntawm cov kab mob antigen, xaiv cov inactivator thiab tsim nyog rau inactivation. Lo lus "inactivated" yog hais txog cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tov.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob thiab tsis ua haujlwm feem ntau yog npaj los ntawm cov kab mob phem, rhuav tshem cov tshuaj lom los ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg thaum tswj kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Cov tshuaj no yuav tsum tsis muaj teeb meem thiab muaj ntau tus kab mob antigen txhawm rau txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov chav kawm niaj hnub ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj thawj zaug yog 2-3 txhaj tshuaj. Yav tom ntej, yuav tsum tau txhawb nqa los txhawb kev tiv thaiv.
Yuav ua li cas lawv muaj qhov tsis zoo
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog tuaj yeem ruaj khov thiab nyab xeeb dua. Lawv feem ntau yog siv rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv kev lag luam thiab thaj chaw muaj kev phom sij. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj no muaj qee qhov tsis zoo:
- thev naus laus zis ntawm lawv cov khoom siv yog qhov nyuaj heev, thiab qhov no yog vim qhov xav tau kom tau txaisTus naj npawb tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj tus kab mob, saturation, antigen purification, inactivation ntawm tus kab mob genome, nrog rau kev koom tes ntawm adjuvants nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv;
- tej zaum yuav ua rau muaj kev tsis haum tshuaj raws li kev txhaj tshuaj thib ob;
- koj yuav tsum txhaj tshuaj ntau dua ib zaug thiab ntau npaum li cas;
- tshuaj tiv thaiv (tsis ua haujlwm) tseem yog qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv, hauv qhov no, qhov ua haujlwm ntawm lub plab zom mov thiab cov mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm cov kab mob ua pa sab saud tsis tshua muaj suab nrov dua tom qab siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob;
- lawv tsuas siv tau rau niam txiv xwb;
- yeeb tshuaj ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog ntev thiab tiv thaiv kab mob ntau dua li txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv.
polio yog dab tsi thiab nws tshwm sim li cas?
Polio yog tus kab mob kis mob hnyav uas cuam tshuam rau lub paj hlwb (cov khoom tsis muaj xim ntawm tus txha caj qaum). Flaccid paralysis pib tshwm sim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv qis extremities. Cov mob hnyav dua ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau tus txha caj qaum ua rau ua pa nres. Thiab ntawm no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio uas twb muaj lawm yuav tsis pab.
Kho mob, xws li kab mob no tuaj yeem nrog qhov kub thiab txias, cov leeg thiab mob taub hau nrog kev tsim ntawm kev tsis tuaj yeem. Tus kab mob kis tau los ntawm ib tus neeg mus rau lwm tus thaum txham, hais lus, los ntawm dej, khoom qias neeg, thiab zaub mov. Cov neeg mob raug suav hais tias yog qhov ua rau kis tus kab mob. Tus kab mob kis tau sai sai, tab sis qhov kev xav tias tus mob polio tau teeb tsa tshwm sim thaum nws twb kho lawmthawj kis ntawm tus tuag tes tuag taw.
Lub sij hawm incubation ntawm tus kab mob los ntawm qhov pib ntawm tus kab mob mus rau qhov pib ntawm thawj cov tsos mob yuav siv sij hawm 1-2 lub lis piam, nws kuj yog los ntawm 4 mus rau 40 hnub. Cov kab mob nkag mus rau hauv lub cev los ntawm cov mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm txoj hnyuv los yog nasopharynx, yog bred nyob rau ntawd, thiab ces nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, mus txog rau lub paj hlwb ntawm tus txha caj qaum thiab lub hlwb thiab puas. Yog li, tuag tes tuag taw tshwm.
Tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio rau menyuam yaus
Nws yuav tsum tau muab coj mus rau hauv tus account tias tus kab mob no yog kis kab mob thiab tsis muaj kev kho tshwj xeeb uas cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob no xwb. Tib yam tshuaj uas siv tau los tiv thaiv kev mob yog txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Ob lub cuab yeej siv los tiv thaiv tus mob polio:
- tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio inactivated (IPV), uas muaj cov kab mob qus tuag ntawm tus kab mob thiab muab los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj;
- tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio hauv qhov ncauj (OPV) nrog cov kab mob tsis muaj zog hloov kho (kua ntws rau hauv qhov ncauj).
Cov tshuaj no muaj 3 hom kab mob polio, uas yog, lawv tiv thaiv txhua yam muaj nyob ntawm tus kab mob no. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio tseem tsis tau tsim nyob rau hauv Russia, tab sis muaj cov tshuaj txawv teb chaws, Imovax Polio, uas yog siv tau zoo rau kev txhaj tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio inactivated yog ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj Tetrakok (ib qho tshuaj sib xyaw rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob khaub thuas, kab mob diphtheria thiab tetanus). Ob qho no txhais tau tias yog siv yam tsis tau ua txhaum txoj cai ntawm kev lag luam thiab ntawm kev thov ntawm cov niam txiv. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tuaj yeem muab rau tib lub sijhawmimmunoglobulin.
Cov lus qhia tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob
Ntau hom tshuaj no yog tsim ua kua, lub ntim yog nyob rau hauv 0.5 ml dosing syringes. Txoj kev tswj hwm yog kev txhaj tshuaj. Cov menyuam mos hnub nyoog qis dua 18 hli tau txhaj tshuaj subcutaneously rau hauv subscapularis, xub pwg lossis ncej puab intramuscularly. Cov menyuam yaus - tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xub pwg nyom. Tsis muaj contraindications rau lub sijhawm thiab haus, tsis muaj zaub mov.
Nyob zoo rau lub cev
Tom qab qhia txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio, 5-8% ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv zos (qhov no tsis yog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj) hauv daim ntawv liab thiab o, tsis ntau tshaj 10 cm inch. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1-5% ntawm cov neeg mob yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas pom tau tias qhov kub thiab txias me ntsis nce ib ntus, ntxhov siab ntawm tus menyuam 1-2 hnub tom qab txhaj tshuaj.
Imovax Polio
Cov cuab yeej zoo li no tau siv hauv tebchaws Russia. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog muab rau cov menyuam yaus uas muaj mob plab hnyuv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio (inactivated) tau muab faib ua 4 theem: ntawm 3, 4 thiab 6 lub hlis. Revaccination ntawm 18.
Tus menyuam mos uas txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis suav tias yog kis mus rau lwm tus. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem pom zoo kom txo qis nws qhov chaw nyob hauv cov neeg coob coob rau ib lub lis piam tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, vim tias tus me nyuam tsis muaj zog los ntawm tus kab mob tuaj yeem kis mus rau lwm tus. Kev txhaj tshuaj yog muab rau hauv tus ncej puab lossis lub xub pwg. Redness ntawm thaj chawKev taw qhia ntawm "Imovax" yog tus qauv, thiab qhov kub ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem ncav cuag 39 degrees thiab siab dua.
Tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio Inactivated: teeb meem
Qee qhov teeb meem tau pom tias tshwm sim tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov tshuaj complex Infanrix Hexa, Pentaxim, Infanrix IPV, Tetrakok:
- otitis media;
- tsis muaj zog;
- mob hniav thiab stomatitis;
- ntau cov qog nqaij hlav;
- xov xwm;
- daim tawv nqaij pob khaus;
- anaphylactic shock;
- mob thiab nruj hauv qhov chaw txhaj tshuaj;
- pw tsis tsaug zog;
- kab mob ntawm txoj hlab ntsws sab sauv;
- ua npaws thiab spasms ntawm nws theem;
- Quicke's edema;
- nausea;
- mob plab;
- ntua;
- atypical quaj;
- nce lub cev kub.
Cov teeb meem feem ntau tshwm sim thiab tus me nyuam txoj kev tiv thaiv tau ntxhov siab thaum muab polio thiab DPT. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem kuaj pom ob qho tib si los ntawm tee thiab los ntawm kab mob pertussis-tetanus.
YContraindications
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio tsis yog tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (inactivated) rabies uas yog tsim los tiv thaiv tus kab mob rabies hauv cov tsiaj. Nws yog ib qho tshuaj uas tiv thaiv tus menyuam los ntawm kev tuag tes tuag taw ntxiv, thiab tej zaum yuav tuag. Txoj cai ua ntej txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, koj yuav tsum mus ntsib kws kho mob menyuam yaus kom coj cov lus qhia los ntawm nws rau kev kuaj zis thiab ntshav, tom qab ntawd coj lawv mus rau chaw kho mob. Raws li kev txheeb xyuas thiabTom qab kuaj tus menyuam, tus kws kho mob yuav qhia seb nws puas tuaj yeem tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tam sim no. Kev txwv kev txhaj tshuaj muaj xws li:
- Txhob Cia Siab.
- Tus kab mob hnyav lossis mob hnyav zuj zus.
- Teeb.
- Immunodeficiency (cov qe ntshav dawb tsawg).
- Hypersensitivity rau cov khoom xyaw.
- Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mob hnyav ntawm ib feem ntawm lub cev lossis nws qhov exacerbation.
- Neoplasms ntawm hematopoietic thiab lymphoid cov ntaub so ntswg.
Tom qab muaj mob hnyav lossis hnyav dua, tus menyuam tuaj yeem txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis pub dhau 14 hnub tom qab kho nrog cov ntshav suav. Tib yam contraindications muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas tus me nyuam noj qab nyob zoo, tab sis ib tug neeg ntawm tsev neeg tau kis tus kab mob. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev qhia txog cov tshuaj (thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv twg tsis ua haujlwm - txhua tus neeg tej zaum twb paub lawm), tus menyuam yuav tsum tsis txhob qhia cov khoom noj ntxiv rau ib lub lim tiam.
yuav tsum ceev faj
Cov neeg uas tsis tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio (tsis hais hnub nyoog li cas), thaum muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob, tuaj yeem kis tau los ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab mob nrog tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio (VAP). Muaj cov xwm txheej thaum cov niam txiv uas muaj AIDS lossis HIV tau kis los ntawm tus menyuam txhaj tshuaj, nrog rau cov txheeb ze uas muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob thawj zaug lossis cov neeg noj tshuaj uas ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob (hauv kev kho mob oncological).
Ib tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob xws li polio, yog tsim kom raug thiab raws li txhua tus qauv, yuav pab tau tus me nyuam mostiv thaiv kab mob txaus ntshai thiab mob hnyav. Thiab, yog li ntawd, nws yuav ua rau tus menyuam muaj zog, ntxiv dag zog rau nws lub cev thiab tiv thaiv cov niam txiv los ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov teeb meem, kev paub uas, raws li txoj cai, tsev neeg ntawm tus menyuam mob hnyav yuav tsum tau ntsib.
