Hauv kev tshuaj, nitrofuran derivatives tau siv dav. Lawv muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem purulent thiab o.
Cov tshuaj nto moo tshaj plaws
Nitrofuran derivatives hauv qab no yog siv dav hauv kev kho mob niaj hnub no:
- Furagin.
- YFurazolidone.
- YFuracilin.
Txhua cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem siv los ua tshuaj tua kab mob hauv zos, cov ntaub ntawv qhov ncauj tau tsim. Kev npaj tau los ntawm nitrofuran tau pom zoo siv, suav nrog cov neeg mob uas tsis kam ua rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob, sulfonamides.
yam tseem ceeb
5-nitrofuran derivatives qhia tau hais tias cov nyhuv bacteriostatic. Koj tuaj yeem muab cov khoom zoo li no nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv qab no:
- tetracycline series;
- erythromycin;
- tshuaj ntawm oleandomycin.
Nitrofuran derivatives tsis yog npaj rau kev kho mob ntawm cov neeg uas tau kho nrog:
- levomycetin;
- tshuaj muaj ristomycin;
- tshuaj nrog sulfonamides.
Qhov no yog vim li casnce qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov kab mob hematopoietic ntawm lub cev.
Nws ua haujlwm li cas?
Nitrofuran derivatives feem ntau siv los kho cystitis. Qhov no yog vim qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov metabolism hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob: kev ua haujlwm poob rau lub raum, uas cov tshuaj accumulates. Qhov no ua rau nws zoo tawm tsam ntau yam kab mob tshwj xeeb rau cov zis. Cov tshuaj tua kab mob no pab tau zoo nrog ntau hom pyelonephritis.
Tsis txhob siv ib txhij siv nitrofuran derivatives thiab tshuaj tua kab mob tsim nrog kev koom tes ntawm nalidixic acid, vim tias ob cov tshuaj no inhibit qhov kev ua ntawm ib leeg. Cov lus qhia uroantiseptic yog muag los ntawm cov npe:
- Nevigramon.
- "Negro".
Kev kho mob
Antiseptics (nitrofuran derivatives) feem ntau yog siv peb zaug ib hnub twg ntawm 0.1 g. Lub sijhawm ntawm qhov kev zov me nyuam sib txawv: tsawg kawg 10 hnub, tab sis tsis pub ntau tshaj ob lub lis piam. Nws yog paub tias nyob rau hauv kev kho mob ntawm Proteus, ntxeem tau ntawm Pseudomonas aeruginosa, cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj yog kuj tsis tshua muaj, tab sis ib tug pronounced nyhuv yog pom thaum lub teeb meem coccal flora raug tshem tawm.
Yog tias tus kab mob cuam tshuam nrog kev noj cov gram-negative microscopic life forms, nws raug nquahu kom siv nalidixic acid. Cov kev kho mob kav ntev li ntawm 10 mus rau 12 hnub, cov tshuaj yog siv txhua hnub nrog ib koob tshuaj ob-gram. Txoj kev kho no raug tso cai yog tias xav tau. Kev kho cov kab mob tua kab mob ntawm cov ducts.
Puas muaj lwm txoj?
Koj tuaj yeem hloov 5-nitrofuran derivatives nrog lwm cov tshuaj hluavtaws uas tuaj yeem tua cov kab mob microflora. Feem ntau siv:
- ua nrog 8-hydroxyquinoline;
- raws li quinoxaline;
- Cov khoom uas muaj bis-quarter ammonium compounds.
Ntawm qhov muag, cov pab pawg no tau sawv cev los ntawm cov npe:
- "5-NOC".
- Mexaform.
- YDioxidine.
- Dekamin.
Y "Enteroseptol".
Hais txog cov tshuaj uas tau piav qhia, cov tshuaj no muaj cov qauv tshuaj sib txawv thiab cov qauv sib txawv. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov neeg pib kis tus kab mob zoo ib yam. Nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, kev kho yog tsim nyog los ntawm qhov tsis muaj kev sib tw. Koj tuaj yeem siv cov tshuaj no yog tias tus neeg mob muaj kev tsis haum rau nitrofuran derivatives.
Kev kho mob ntawm fungal ntxeem tau
Kom ua tiav qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws, nitrofuran derivatives tau ua ke nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm xws li:
- Nystatin.
- Levorin.
Kev noj tshuaj yog tib yam li xaiv rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Koj tseem tuaj yeem siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob "Dekamin".
Thaum kuaj pom tus kab mob candidiasis dav dav, nitrofuran derivatives tau txhim kho nrog levrine sodium ntsev, siv ob zaug lossis peb zaug ib hnub. Lwm qhov kev xaiv yog siv Amphoglucamine qhov ncauj, Amphotericin B parenterally.
Yuav xaiv li cas?
Tus kws kho mob xaiv cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb, tsom mus rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus kab mob tshwj xeeb thiab nyiam ua rau qee cov tshuaj siv hauv tshuaj. Tsis yog txhua tus kab mob qhia tau hais tias muaj kev txaus siab txaus rau nitrofuran derivatives kom qhov kev xaiv ntawm pawg no yeej ib txwm muaj kev ncaj ncees. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account lub toxicity ntawm ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov tshuaj thiab muaj peev xwm muab faib nyob rau hauv lub cev nqaij daim tawv, uas txawv heev nyob ntawm seb lub npe.
Nitrofuran derivatives feem ntau sib xws nrog lwm cov tshuaj, tab sis thaum cov neeg mob tau txais kev kho mob, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom ceeb toom rau tus kws kho mob txog tag nrho cov tshuaj noj rau qhov kev hloov kho ntawm qhov kev pab cuam. Tag nrho cov kev tsis haum tshuaj thiab tshuaj lom cov yam ntxwv ntawm nitrofuran derivatives raug kaw. Ib phau ntawv qhia tshwj xeeb tau raug tso tawm rau cov kws kho mob, piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas txo cov txiaj ntsig tsis zoo ntawm kev siv.
Qhov Teeb Meem
Nitrofuran derivatives muaj xws li Furadonin, tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj. Muaj ob txoj kev xaiv: 0.05 g thiab ob zaug ntau dua. Pom zoo siv nyob rau hauv ib chav kawm ntev 5-8 hnub. Thov peb los yog plaub zaug ib hnub twg.
"Furazolidone" ntawm kev muag khoom yog sawv cev los ntawm daim ntawv rau kev tswj hwm qhov ncauj, ntau npaum li cas - 0.05 g. Pom zoo siv rau hauv ib lub sijhawm ntevlos ntawm tsib hnub mus rau ob zaug ntev. Txhua hnub, kev kho mob tau noj 4 zaug.
Furagin tseem yog cov tshuaj nitrofuran derivatives. Daim ntawv yog cov ntsiav tshuaj, cov koob tshuaj zoo ib yam li tau piav qhia saum toj no - 0.05 g. Lub sijhawm ntawm chav kawm, zaus ntawm kev tswj hwm ib hnub kuj zoo ib yam.
Thaum kawg, Solafur. Hauv khw muag tshuaj, koj tuaj yeem yuav ampoules nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj nquag hauv cov tshuaj ntawm 0.1%. Qhov ntim ntawm ib ampoule txawv ntawm 25 mus rau 100 ml. Cov tshuaj yog npaj rau kev siv los ntawm ib tug dropper, lub sij hawm ntawm chav kawm yog mus txog rau xya infusions (tab sis tsis tsawg tshaj li tsib), ib lub ntim yog 300-500 ml. Nws raug nquahu kom muab cov tshuaj txhuam hniav txhua hnub lossis txhua hnub.
Txhua yam tshuaj uas tau teev tseg yog nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm ntau qhov kev ua tau zoo, tawm hauv cov zis, thaum tua cov kab mob uas cov tshuaj tawm hauv lub cev. Nws paub tias noj cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem ua rau dyspepsia, ua xua. Ib qho txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yog qhov tau txais qeeb heev ntawm kev tiv thaiv los ntawm microflora rau tag nrho cov nitrofuran derivatives. Ntxiv nrog rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob, cov tshuaj no muaj cov tshuaj chemotherapeutic.
Technical yam
Luv luv, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua ntawm nitrofuran derivatives tuaj yeem piav qhia raws li hauv qab no: cov tshuaj nquag inhibits cov enzymes lub luag haujlwm rau kev caij tsheb kauj vab ntawm tricarboxylic acids, thaum NADH raug thaiv. Nyob rau hauv lub cell ntawm microbe, ob qho tib si aerobic oxidative txheej txheem nrog kev koom tes ntawm carbohydrate tebchaw thiab anaerobic sawv daws yuav sib npaug thaiv. Ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj siab ntawm cov tshuaj hauv lub cev, cov nyhuv bacteriostatic tau pom. Nce cov koob tshuajCov kab mob bactericidal.
Tshuaj hauv kev kho hniav
Cov lus qhia rau kev siv nitrofuran derivatives hauv kev kho hniav:
- stomatitis (ulcerative, aphthous);
- muaj carious kab noj hniav xav tau kev kho mob;
- xav kom tshem tawm ntawm cov kwj dej hauv paus.
Pab pawg ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob tau siv tau zoo hauv kev kho mob tsis yog caries xwb, tab sis kuj muaj teeb meem tshwm sim los ntawm nws. Cov tshuaj no yog siv yog tias daim ntawv microscopic life forms xav tias yuav tiv taus sulfonamides thiab lwm yam tshuaj tua kab mob.
Cov kws kho hniav siv nitrofuran derivatives los tua kab mob ntawm qhov ncauj mucosa, hnab ris los ntawm kab mob hauv lub cev, kab noj hniav provoked los ntawm caries. Xws li kev kho mob yog tsim nyog thaum lub qhov txhab, kis kab mob. Cov khoom siv sab nraud yog siv los ntawm kev daws teeb meem nrog cov khoom xyaw nquag ntawm 0.02%.
Qee yam
Thaum siv sab nraud, nitrofuran derivatives tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo, tab sis hauv kev xyaum, qhov no tau pom nyob rau hauv ib feem me me ntawm cov neeg mob. Muaj kev ua xua. Yog hais tias ib tug neeg mob yog hypersensitive rau ib yam tshuaj los ntawm cov pab pawg neeg ntawm nitrofuran derivatives, cov chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj no yuav siv tsis tau.
Ntawm kev muag khoom, cov khoom tau nthuav tawm tsis yog nrog cov kev daws teeb meem, cov ntsiav tshuaj, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov tshuaj pleev nrog cov tshuaj nquag ntawm 0.2%. Txhua qhov kev npaj yog npaj rau khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw tiv thaiv los ntawm tshav ntuj thiabkev cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Cov tshuaj aqueous ntawm nitrofuran derivatives khaws nws cov tshuaj tua kab mob rau lub sijhawm ntev heev.
Quality control
Tam sim no, qhov teeb meem ntawm cov tshuaj cuav yog qhov mob hnyav heev, suav nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob nrov. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau, taug qab cov txiaj ntsig. Cov txiaj ntsig classical paub rau pawg no thaum cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj sib txawv. Rau cov tshuaj ib leeg, kuj tseem muaj cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb rau kev kuaj pom zoo.
Txhawm rau ua pov thawj qhov tseeb ntawm 5-nitrofuran derivatives, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov tshuaj alkali yog txiav txim siab. Txoj kev no belongs rau cov pab pawg neeg dav dav thiab suav tias yog qhov yooj yim. Raws li txoj cai, qhov sib tov tig liab, me ntsis tsawg dua - liab nrog lub txiv kab ntxwv tint. Qhov xwm thiab kev siv ntawm cov xim yog txiav txim los ntawm cov khoom siv tam sim no hauv cov tub ntxhais furan. Nws paub tias ntau cov tshuaj muab kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov ntxoov ntxoo tsuas yog ntawm qhov ntsuas alkaline siab heev, lwm tus tuaj yeem pom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog qhov kub thiab txias, thiab lwm tus - nrog kev txo qis.
Ib qho lwm pab pawg thoob plaws txoj hauv kev - tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov tshuaj alkaline, uas yuav tsum ua rau kev tso tawm ntawm ammonia. Ua li no, ua kom kub thiab siv cov hmoov av zinc, ua cov qauv ntawm kev npaj nrog nws.
Txoj kev ntiag tug
Txoj kev siv dav tshaj plaws yog los tsim cov kua dej nrog cov ntsev ntsev hnyav. Cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke muaj cov xim tshwj xeeb uas hloov pauv thaum lub sijhawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Furacilin, thaum ua ke nrog kaum feem pua ntawm tooj liab sulfate tov, yuav muab ib tug tsaus liab precipitate, furadonin yuav qhia nws tus kheej raws li ib tug xim av precipitate, thiab furazolidone - ntsuab.
Alkaline cawv daws tsim siv cov kuab tshuaj organic tuaj yeem siv los txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb (muaj ntau yam sib xyaw raug tso cai). Cov kuab tshuaj ntau tshaj plaws yog:
- dimethylformamide;
- acetone.
Txhua nitrofuran derivatives nyob rau hauv xws li tshuaj yaj sai sai thiab zoo, thiab ntxoov ntxoo hloov rau txhua yam tshuaj. Qhov saturation ntawm cov xim thiab qhov ceev ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog nyob ntawm qhov concentration ntawm cov alkaline compound, cov tshuaj raug kuaj.
Tshuaj: Lawv tshwm sim li cas?
Tam sim no, kev faib tawm ntawm nitrofuran derivatives yog raws li kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj no, lawv paub qhov txawv cov tshuaj uas zoo thiab tsis zoo nqus los ntawm txoj hnyuv, nrog rau kev sib xyaw ua ke, uas muaj nitrofuran-based Cheebtsam suav nrog. ib tug ntawm cov ntsiab ntawm ib tug complex system. Tiamsis yeej tsis yog li ntawd. Thawj qhov kev txhim kho ntawm cov xwm txheej, raws li paub los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raug cai, tau tshwm sim rov qab rau xyoo pua cuaj, thaum cov organic chemistry tseem nyob rau hauv nws cov me nyuam mos, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem nws yog tsim nyog los tsim lub tswv yim rau xws li ib qhov uas nws tau los ua cov tshuaj zoo. Nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, qhov no tau yooj yim los ntawm Butlerov txoj kev xav, ntawm lub hauv paus uas nws muaj peev xwm tsim heterocycles nrog tsib lub ntsiab lus. Nyob rau lub sijhawm notag nrho cov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau kev ua hauj lwm nrog furan tebchaw.
Ua tiav, thawj qhov kev sib txuas ua tiav ntawm furan compounds tau sau tseg hauv xyoo 1818, thaum ua haujlwm ntawm mucic acid. Ib qho khoom siv los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv cov kua tau txais, kho, tab sis tsis tshawb xyuas, yog li qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm furan tsis tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd - tib neeg tau tos ntau tshaj li ib nrab xyoo pua. Nyob rau hauv 1832 Dobereiner heev nrhiav tau furfural thaum sim ua formic acid siv suab thaj thiab starch. Manganese dioxide thiab sulfuric acid tau koom nrog hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Furfural tau tshawb pom hauv xyoo 1840. Lub sijhawm no, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau ua dhau los ntawm oatmeal, uas tau kho nrog tib lub sulfuric acid. Qhov thib ob sim cais cov tshuaj no ua kom muaj ntau txaus los pib tshawb fawb, thiab nws yog tom qab ntawd Stenhouse tsim cov qauv qhia pom, thiab tseem tuaj yeem tshawb pom cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj tshiab rau cov kws tshuaj.
Tsev lus thiab keeb kwm
Xyoo 1845, furfural tau raug lees paub los ntawm bran, thiab lub npe siv rau niaj hnub no tau muab rau cov khoom siv tshiab. Nws yog tsim los ntawm Latin lo lus "bran", "roj" thiab yog npaj los cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem tsim, tshwj xeeb sab nrauv khoom. Furfural yog lo lus los ntawm lo lus "furan", "furfuran" thiab lwm yam derivatives los ntawm.
Chemists txuas ntxiv mus sim kom pom dab tsi tuaj yeem siv los rho tawm cov khoom siv tshiab. Nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov aldehyde derivatives nrog kev koom tes ntawm ammonia hauv kev kuaj mob. Lawv tau muaj npe"furfurin", "furfuramide". Xyoo 1870, cov kws tshawb fawb tau rov ua qhov kev sim ntawm 1818 dua, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau furan. Xya xyoo tom qab, Bayer tau tsim nws cov qauv cyclic rau furan.
Physics thiab chemistry: cov khoom ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag
Furan yog cov hmoov tsim los ntawm cov xim tsis muaj kob. Melted thaum rhuab mus rau 85 degrees Celsius, boils ntawm 32 degrees. Qhov no yog cov lus hais acidophob, thaum cuam tshuam nrog sulfuric acid nyob rau hauv ib qho kev nce siab, pom muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv polymerization. Yog hais tias cov kua qaub yog siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv dilute, lub nplhaib furan yog cleaved, ua rau lub tsim ntawm 1,4-dicarbonyl tebchaw. Cov tshuaj muaj ib tug nyiam rau electrophilic hloov. Kev sim tau pom tias furan nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no yooj yim dua thiab yooj yim dua li benzene.
Kev tsim tawm ntawm furan tam sim no yog kev sib txuas raws li furfural. Qhov sib xyaw no tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm cov khoom lag luam pheej yig - cov khoom pov tseg ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb. Lub hauv paus classic yog sunflower husks los yog pob kws cobs.
zoo li cas?
Ib txwm, nitrofuran derivatives yog hmoov tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv lead ua. Lawv tsis muaj saj los yog iab me ntsis. Cov ntxoov ntxoo yog yellowish, txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov saw hlau sab. Qee cov tebchaw yog lub teeb daj lossis txawm txiv kab ntxwv, thaum lwm tus yog xim av nrog kov ntawm daj. Lawv feem ntau yaj tsis zoo hauv dej, tab sis qhov peev xwm no tuaj yeem nce los ntawm kev sib xyaw kom sov.
Nws paub tias nitrofuran derivatives yog soluble cawv heev. Koj tuaj yeem siv cov koobLwm cov organic tshuaj, suav nrog dimethylformamide, propylene glycol. Cov tshuaj yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nkag siab zoo rau lub hnub ci, yog li txawm tias dej, cawv (thiab lwm yam) cov tshuaj yuav tsum tau muab zais los ntawm nruab hnub nrig. Cov txiaj ntsig tsis zoo yog pom los ntawm cov hluav taws xob ultraviolet - cov molecule yuav luag tam sim ntawd puas. Qhov no txwv cov kev xaiv cia: nruj me ntsis iav ntim ntim siv.
"Furagin": daim ntawv thov nta
Cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem raug suav nrog cov npe nrov tshaj plaws ntawm nitrofuran hauv peb lub sijhawm. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim muaj kev sib txuas nrog lwm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Cov cuab yeej qhia tau hais tias muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntxeem tau:
- staphylococci;
- Klebsiell;
- shigella.
Cov tshuaj nquag ua rau tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov kab mob protein, vim tias DNA molecules tsis tuaj yeem tsim, cov txheej txheem ua pa cuam tshuam. Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no, microbe uas provoked tus kab mob tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov co toxins tib yam li lub cell noj qab haus huv, uas sai sai ua rau kev txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv. Cov kws kho mob saib xyuas: nws tsis tuaj yeem tso tseg kev kho mob ua ntej chav kawm pom zoo los ntawm tus kws kho mob ua tiav, vim kev noj qab haus huv tsis yog qhov qhia txog kev tshem tawm cov kab mob microflora.
