Kev hloov ntawm lub cev mus rau qhov hnyav ib puag ncig yog qhov tseem ceeb uas paub qhov txawv ntawm bionts. Adaptive peev xwm muaj xws li phenomena ntawm heredity, mus rau- thiab phylogeny, kev hloov pauv hloov pauv. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev hloov kho cov txheej txheem yog qhov zoo, vim tias lawv txoj kev loj hlob tsis txaus ua rau tag nrho cov tsiaj tuag.
Yuav ua li cas them nyiaj rov qab
Hauv kev txiav txim siab dav dav, xws li lub tswv yim tau nkag siab tias yog kev txhim kho ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv reflex thiab kev hloov pauv hauv lub cev hauv cov lus teb rau kev puas tsuaj. Cov no yuav yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev mob nkeeg, kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig lossis kev puas tsuaj rau txhua yam.
Cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv-nyiaj them nyiaj tau tsim los txo cov kev puas tsuaj ntawm tus kab mob, ua raws li kev tiv thaiv lub cev. Tshaj tawm ntawm txhua qib: molecular, cellular, ntaub so ntswg.
Kev hloov pauv muaj xws li:
- regeneration;
- hypertrophy;
- hyperplasia;
- atrophy;
- metaplasia;
- dysplasia;
- tissue rearrangement;
- organization.
Nws tsim nyog xav txog qhov nthuav dav ntau yam ntawm cov txheej txheem them nyiaj-kev hloov pauv thiab lawv qhov kev ua.
Type of compensatory-adaptive reactions
Regeneration yog ib qho kev hloov ntawm lub cev, uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov hlwb tshiab los yog cov ntaub so ntswg, es tsis txhob tuag los yog puas. Kev rov qab los ntawm qib cellular suav nrog kev tsim tawm ntawm cov hlwb, ntawm qib intracellular - nce hauv cellular qauv.
Nyob ntawm qhov ua rau thiab cov txheej txheem, kev tsim kho dua tshiab tau muab faib ua lub cev nqaij daim tawv (kho rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov kab mob epidermal lossis cov mucous membranes), kho thiab kho dua tshiab (kho ntawm qhov chaw puas) thiab pathological (mob qog noj ntshav lossis cov ntaub so ntswg degeneration).
Hypertrophy thiab hyperplasia - cov lus teb ntawm cov khoom nruab nrog rau qhov nce ntxiv, tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv kev nce hauv cell loj hauv thawj kis, lossis nce ntawm cov cell hauv qhov thib ob. Ua hauj lwm hypertrophy feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv lub plawv myocardium nrog kub siab, hais txog cov nyiaj them poob haujlwm ntawm lub plawv.
Atrophy yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txo qhov loj thiab siv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev thiab cov ntaub so ntswg, qhov thauj khoom uas tsis tuaj yeem mus ntev. Yog li, nrog kev tuag tes tuag taw ntawm qis extremities, muaj qhov pom tsis muaj zog thiab txo qis ntawm cov leeg nqaij. Cov txheej txheem no cuam tshuam nrog kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov cell trophism: qhov tsawg zog yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev lossis cov ntaub so ntswg, cov khoom noj tsawg dua raunws ua.
Metaplasia yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg mus rau lwm hom. Qhov tshwm sim yog yam ntxwv ntawm lub epithelium, nyob rau hauv uas kev hloov ntawm cov hlwb los ntawm ib tug prismatic daim ntawv mus rau ib tug tiaj tus tshwm sim. Nws kuj tseem pom nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas. Cov qog kuj tshwm sim tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm metaplasia.
Cov txheej txheem them nyiaj uas kev loj hlob ntawm cov hlwb, cov ntaub so ntswg lossis cov kabmob mus rau qhov tsis raug yog hu ua dysplasia. Muaj ob hom: cellular thiab ntaub so ntswg. Cellular dysplasia yog hais txog cov mob precancerous thiab yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov duab, qhov loj thiab cov qauv ntawm cov cell vim yog kev ua txhaum ntawm nws qhov sib txawv. Tissue dysplasia yog ib qho kev ua txhaum ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg, lub cev los yog ib feem ntawm nws, uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm cev xeeb tub.
Tissue reorganization yog lwm qhov kev hloov pauv, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv hloov pauv hauv cov ntaub so ntswg nyob rau hauv cov kab mob. Ib qho piv txwv yog kev hloov kho ntawm qhov flattened alveolar epithelium, uas siv lub cubic zoo nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm cov pa oxygen tsis txaus.
Lub koom haum yog hloov pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub cev, uas qhov chaw necrotic lossis puas cov ntaub so ntswg hloov los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. Ib qho piv txwv tseem ceeb yog encapsulation thiab kho qhov txhab.
Cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv kev them nyiaj
Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv hloov pauv yog qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem. Muaj peb theem dynamic:
- Ua yog hom kev kub ntxhov, uas muajib tug ntse tso tawm ntawm lub zog los ntawm lub mitochondria ntawm lub hlwb ntawm ib tug nruab nrog cev uas nqa ib tug nce load vim tsis zoo tej yam kev mob. Mitochondrial hyperfunction ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cristae thiab tom qab lub zog tsis txaus - lub hauv paus ntawm theem no. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm lub zog tsis muaj peev xwm, lub functional cia ntawm lub cev yog launched, thiab adaptive reactions tsim.
- nyiaj them ruaj khov. Cov theem yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm hyperplasia ntawm cov qauv cellular uas txhim kho cell hypertrophy thiab hyperplasia kom txo qis zog. Yog tias qhov kev puas tsuaj tsis raug tshem tawm, feem ntau ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes lub zog yuav raug coj mus tas li kom tiv thaiv cov khoom sab nraud kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev rov ua dua ntawm intracellular cristae. Qhov no yuav inevitably ua rau decompensation.
- Decompensation, thaum muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev lwj ntawm cov txheej txheem intracellular tshaj lawv cov kev kho dua tshiab. Yuav luag tag nrho cov hlwb nyob rau hauv lub cev uas tau undergone pathogenesis pib tawg, poob lub peev xwm los kho. Qhov no yog vim lub hlwb tsis tau txais lub sijhawm los nres kev ua haujlwm, uas yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev rov zoo li qub. Vim qhov txo qis hauv cov qauv ua haujlwm ib txwm tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm lawv qhov kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua, cov ntaub so ntswg hypoxia txhim kho, hloov pauv metabolic thiab, thaum kawg, dystrophy, ua rau decompensation.
Kev txhim kho ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyiaj laus yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev yoog raws tus kab mob. Piv txwv li, kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm cov hlab plawv tau coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau cov txheej txheem them nyiaj hauv lub cev.
Tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv ntawm lub siab
Txhua hom kev qaug zog ntawm lub plawv ua rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem hloov kho uas tswj xyuas cov ntshav ncig hauv lub cev. Muaj peb hom kev hloov pauv uas tshwm sim ncaj qha hauv lub siab:
- volumetric hloov hauv lub plawv cuam tshuam nrog lawv cov tonogenic dilatation - cov kab noj hniav ntawm lub plawv thiab nws cov hlab ntsha ntim nce;
- hloov pauv hauv lub plawv dhia hauv kev taw qhia nrawm, ua rau tachycardia;
- hypertrophic hloov pauv hauv myocardium.
Vim pauv thiab tachycardia txhim kho sai, tsis zoo li myocardial hypertrophy, uas yuav siv sijhawm los tsim. Qhov no nce qhov loj ntawm lub plawv cov leeg. Phab ntsa thickening tshwm sim nyob rau hauv peb theem:
- Kev kub ntxhov - hauv kev teb rau qhov nce ntxiv, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem myocardial yog txhim kho, ua rau normalization ntawm lub plawv muaj nuj nqi.
- txheeb ze ruaj khov hyperfunction. Nyob rau theem no, qhov sib npaug ntawm lub zog tsim tawm ntawm myocardium tiav.
- Kev mob plawv thiab qaug zog. Vim lub sijhawm ntev hyperfunction, lub tshuab ua haujlwm ntawm lub plawv txo qis.
Dhau li ntawm cov txheej txheem them nyiaj rau lub plawv, muaj cov txheej txheem uas tsis yog lub plawv lossis lub plawv ntxiv uas suav nrog:
- nce ntshav ntim;
- nce cov qe ntshav liab;
- ua kom cov enzymes uas siv oxygen;
- nce peripheral tsis kam;
- ua kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb ntawm lub paj hlwb.
Cov txheej txheem them nyiaj uas tau teev tseg ua raunormalization ntawm lub cev cov ntshav ncig.
Mechanisms of adaptive defense of the psyche
Ntxiv rau cov hlwb, cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov kabmob, tib neeg lub siab kuj raug hloov pauv. Txij li thaum qhov nce ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ua tiav, qhov teeb meem ntawm cov qauv ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub neej thiab kev xav ntawm kev ntxhov siab ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv zog ua raws li kev puas tsuaj, kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev puas siab puas ntsws tshwm sim. Ntawm cov txheej txheem them nyiaj tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv kev puas siab puas ntsws, muaj:
- sublimation;
- repressing ntshaw;
- tsis lees;
- rationalization;
- inversions;
- regressions;
- replacement;
- projections;
- identification;
- kev txawj ntse;
- introjections;
- kev cais.
cov txheej txheem no yog txhawm rau txo lossis tshem tawm cov xwm txheej raug mob, uas suav nrog cov kev paub tsis zoo.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem them nyiaj hauv tib neeg evolution
Kev hloov pauv hloov pauv tau pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb pom tias yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm kev hloov pauv-kev hloov pauv. Cov nyiaj them rov qab mechanism yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub cev hloov mus rau kev hloov ib puag ncig. Tag nrho cov kev hloov pauv yog tsom rau kev khaws cov hom tag nrho. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau overestimate lub luag hauj lwm ntawm compensatory txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lub evolution ntawm hom.
