Muaj ntau yam kab mob sib txawv hauv ntiaj teb. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv txawv ntawm ib leeg nyob rau hauv lub mechanisms ntawm tus kab mob, lub chav kawm ntawm tus kab mob thiab lwm yam nuances. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, kuv xav tham kom ntxaws txog clostridium botulinum, tus neeg sawv cev ntawm tus kab mob xws li botulism.
Txoj kev mob
Thaum pib, ob peb lo lus yuav tsum tau hais txog tus kab mob uas tus kab mob no ua rau. Yog li, botulism yog ib qho khoom noj khoom haus hnyav heev. Nws tshwm sim heev, feem ntau nrog lub hauv nruab nrab paj hlwb cuam tshuam, tuag tes tuag taw yuav tshwm sim. Muaj fecal-oral kis.
Lub hauv paus ntawm lub npe yuav nthuav. Botulism yog txhais los ntawm Latin li sausage (botulus). Thiab tag nrho vim tias thawj zaug cov kab mob pathogenic no tau pom nyob rau hauv cov khoom noj tshwj xeeb no (nrog rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov neeg tuag uas yav tas los noj cov hnyuv ntxwm paug). Feem ntau, tus kab mob no cuam tshuam nrog kev noj cov ntses ntsev thiab haus luam yeeb, nrog rau nqaij npua.
keeb kwm me ntsis
Thawj zaug, clostridium botulinum, tus kab mob ua rau tus kab mob botulism, tau piav qhia rov qab rau xyoo 1896 los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb E. van Ermengem. Nws tshwm sim tsuas yog thaum lub sijhawm muaj tus kabmob muaj zog tshaj plaws. Cas twbNws tau hais tias cov kab mob no tau cais tawm ntawm cov nqaij npua, thiab los ntawm lub cev ntawm cov neeg uas yav tas los noj nws. Ib me ntsis tom qab, nws tau pom tias cov kab mob muaj xws li 8 serovars, uas txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv antigenic co toxins (lawv kuj tsim lawv). Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov co toxins hu ua A, B thiab E. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsim nyog hais tias tag nrho cov co toxins tuaj yeem tsuas yog nruab nrab los ntawm homologous serum.
Zoo
Clostridium botulinum zoo li cas? Yog li ntawd, tus kab mob yog ib tug heev loj stick, qhov kawg ntawm uas yog me ntsis rounded. Nws qhov kwv yees loj yog 4-9x0.6-1.0 µm. Thoob plaws hauv lub cev, nws muaj kwv yees li 35 flagella, nyob peritrichously. Tej zaum tsim spores. Ib tug pas nrog ib tug spore yog me ntsis reminiscent ntawm lub tennis racket.
Ideal conditions
Dab tsi yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau clostridium botulinum? Yog li, qhov zoo tshaj plaws kub rau lawv txoj kev loj hlob yog li 35 ° C. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kab mob tseem tuaj yeem sib ntxiv hauv qhov kub ntawm 10 txog 55 ° C. Cov kab mob loj hlob zoo tshaj plaws:
- In the Kitt-Tarozzi ib puag ncig. Qhov no yog ib qho tshwj xeeb nqaij-peptone broth nrog ntxiv ntawm daim siab, minced nqaij thiab qabzib.
- Ntawm nqaij thiab ntses rho tawm.
- Qhov twg muaj cov tsiaj protein ntau ntau.
Cov kab mob kuj tuaj yeem sib ntxiv hauv ntau qhov chaw. Yog li, qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws yog cov piam thaj-ntshav agar (qhov no, cov kab mob zoo li daim lentils lossis paj rwb ntaub plaub). Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tuaj yeem tsim tawm hauv cov kua nruab nrab. Nyob rau hauv xws lirooj plaub, ib homogeneous turbidity yog tsim, thiab tom qab ib pliag ib tug tshwj xeeb precipitate ntog mus rau hauv qab ntawm lub raj.
Kev faib tawm
Clostridium botulinum nyob qhov twg? Yog li, koj tuaj yeem "tawm" rau lawv yuav luag txhua qhov chaw. Feem ntau, cov chaw hauv qab no raug xaiv rau Clostridium chaw nyob:
- Cov hnyuv ntawm ntses, tsiaj txhu thiab txawm tias shellfish.
- Soil (cov kab mob kis tau nrog quav).
- Khoom noj khoom haus. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txaus ntshai nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no rau tib neeg yog zaub, nceb, nqaij thiab ntses tais.
Spores muaj sia nyob zoo dua hauv av dua li cov kab mob vegetative. Spores tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov ziab kom ntev, khov rau -250 ° C, boiling ntawm ib mus rau rau teev. Thiab txawm tias nyob rau hauv ib qho kev daws ntawm phenol (5%), cov kab mob spores tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau ntev txog 1 hnub. Boiling rhuav tshem cov tshuaj lom hauv li 10 feeb.
Sustainability
Tus kab mob botulism tsis tu ncua li cas? Microbiology hais tias cov kab mob nws tus kheej coj txawv txawv, nyob hauv ntau lub xeev.
- Spore daim ntawv. Hauv qhov no, clostridia tiv taus ntau yam kev hloov pauv sab nraud. Ntawm qhov kub ntawm 6 ° C lawv tuaj yeem nyob tau txog li ib hlis, thaum boiled ntawm 100 ° C lawv tuag tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib teev, ntawm qhov kub ntawm 120 ° C - nyob rau hauv ib nrab ib teev. Spores yog resistant rau khov, raug rays, ziab. Raws li rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob, cov tshuaj formalin (20%) tuaj yeem tua cov kab mob hauv ob hnub, ethyl cawv - hauv ob lub hlis, thiab cov kua ntsev.acids (10%) - ib teev.
- Daim ntawv cog qoob loo. Clostridia yog qhov yooj yim heev hauv lub xeev no. Ntawm 80 ° C lawv tuaj yeem tuag hauv ib teev.
- Rau cov tshuaj lom, nws coj zoo ib yam li daim ntawv cog qoob loo. Ntawm 100 ° C rau 10 feeb, cov tshuaj lom tuaj yeem ua rau nruab nrab. Nyob ruaj khov nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig acidic, tab sis tuaj yeem nruab nrab hauv ib puag ncig alkaline. Nyob rau hauv lub plab zom mov, cov co toxins ho txo nws cov kev ua. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tshwj xeeb yog hom E botulism, uas, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, dhau los ua 10,000 npaug ntau dua hauv tib neeg txoj hnyuv.
Tus kab mob botulism kis mus rau qhov twg? Microbiology, tshuaj hais tias feem ntau cov neeg mob tau pom nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws uas cov neeg siv los noj cov kaus poom nqaij los yog ntses. Seasonality tsis muaj teeb meem nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no. Hnub nyoog, poj niam txiv neej, xim tawv nqaij ntawm ib tug neeg kuj tsis tseem ceeb. Leej twg tuaj yeem kis tau.
Pathogenesis
Botulism yog ib qho khoom noj khoom haus hnyav uas tuaj yeem txhim kho tom qab noj cov zaub mov uas kis nrog clostridia lossis lawv cov co toxins (cov tshuaj lom tau tso tawm thaum cov kab mob nkag mus rau hauv ib puag ncig anaerobic thiab pib nws cov active reproduction). Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug kab mob xws li botulism, yog precisely cov neurotoxin. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau hais tias nws yog nws tus uas muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm txhua yam tshuaj lom lom uas muaj nyob niaj hnub no. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, nws yog 375 npaug ntau yam tshuaj lom thiab muaj zog dua li rattlesnake venom. Yog tias cov tshuaj lom tau txais hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, tsuas yog 1 mg yuav muaj txog li 100 lab koob tshuaj tuag rau cov nas dawb. Raws li tus txiv neej muaj kev txhawj xeeb,Kev tuag tuaj yeem tshwm sim tom qab noj tsawg li 0.001 mg ntawm cov neurotoxin.
About neurotoxin
Raws li tau hais los saum no, cov kab mob clostridium botulinum zais qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws thiab txaus ntshai tshaj plaws neurotoxin, uas yog kev hem thawj tsis yog rau kev noj qab haus huv, tab sis kuj rau tib neeg lub neej. Nws tseem yuav tsum tau hais tias cov tshuaj no yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshav kub. Nws nkag mus rau hauv cov hnyuv hauv daim ntawv ntawm prototoxin, nws hloov mus rau hauv cov kab mob txaus ntshai tshaj plaws tom qab nws tau ua tiav los ntawm cov enzymes ntawm cov hnyuv. Nws tiv taus cov teebmeem ntawm digestive enzymes. Ib tug txawv feature: nws yog sai absorbed rau hauv cov ntshav, twb nyob rau hauv lub Uppermost seem ntawm lub plab hnyuv ib ntsuj av. Nrog cov ntshav nws kis thoob plaws hauv lub cev, nkag mus rau hauv cov neuromuscular synapses.
theem ntawm cov tshuaj lom
Nws tseem yuav tsum tau qhia tias botulinum toxin muaj peb theem ntawm kev ua:
- Reversible theem (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob). Cov neurotoxin khi rau ib qho receptor tshwj xeeb.
- Kev txav ntawm cov tshuaj lom mus rau qhov chaw aqueous ntawm neuromuscular junction cell. Qhov kub thiab txias yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov kauj ruam no. Lub theem nws tus kheej yog qhov nyuaj rau thim rov qab.
- The lytic stage. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov co toxins blocks cov hlab ntsha mus rau hauv cov leeg. Nov yog qhov uas cov tsos mob tseem ceeb ntawm botulism tshwm sim.
Type of botulism
Hauv kev kho mob, muaj plaub yam tseem ceeb ntawm botulism:
- Khoom noj khoom haus, lossis classic. Kev kis kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm kev noj zaub mov uas muaj cov tshuaj lom.
- Npaj. Hom kab mob no cuam tshuam nrog kev sib kis ntawm qhov txhab ntawm tus neeg.
- Botulism hauv cov menyuam mos. Qhov no yog kab mob pathological ntawm txoj hnyuv ntawm tus menyuam yug tshiab nrog cov kab mob.
- Kev faib tawm tsis tau txhais. Hauv qhov no, cov kws kho mob tsis tuaj yeem hais kom paub tseeb tias dab tsi ua rau tib neeg tus kab mob botulism.
About infection
Tus kab mob botulism tshwm sim hauv tib neeg li cas? Tus kab mob tshwm sim li cas? Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tau clostridium los ntawm ib tug neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kab mob no nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev los ntawm cov khoom noj uas muaj cov kab mob hauv av los yog quav. Ntxiv mus, rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob nws tus kheej, cov kab mob kuj yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb tej yam kev mob. Yog li, yog tias cov zaub mov yuav ua tiav ua ntej noj mov, cov kab mob tam sim ntawd hloov mus rau hauv daim ntawv spores, uas tiv taus qhov kub siab tshaj plaws. Tom qab ua noj ua haus, cov spores pib mus rau hauv ib lub xeev vegetative, thaum cov tshuaj tua kab mob tso tawm los ntawm Clostridium. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias cov kab mob yog ntshai ntawm qhib oxygen. Reheating zaub mov kuj tseem tsis tuaj yeem tua cov kab mob pathogenic (kom tua nws, xav tau qhov kub ntawm 750 ° C). Tom qab ntawd cov zaub mov tsis huv nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev, thiab tus kab mob tshwm sim sai sai.
Botulinum toxin tom qab nkag mus rau hauv lub cev pib ua tam sim ntawd. Qhov no tshwm sim thawj 8-22 teev tom qab noj cov zaub mov tsis huv. Txawm li cas los xij, lub sijhawm nruab nrab yog 10-12 teev.
daim duab kho mob ntawm tus kab mob
Yuav ua li cas rau tib neeg lub cev tom qab kis tus kab mob no? Yog li, thaum pib, cov tsos mob yuav zoo ib yam li gastroenteritis (tus txheej txheem inflammatory ntawm cov mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm cov hnyuv thiab plab). Cov tsos mob tseem ceeb uas ua rau cov kab mob botulism yog:
- Mob plab, feem ntau hauv lub plab. Qhov mob yuav nce, sib kis.
- Kub ntau zaus tsis nce.
- Cov quav tshwm sim txog 20 zaug hauv ib hnub. Tej zaum yuav muaj dej, copious, zoo li dej mov.
- Kev qaug zog ntawm lub cev.
- Vim.
ntuav thiab tso quav ntau zaus tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev qhuav dej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, convulsions yuav tshwm sim, cov nyhuv ntawm wrinkles ntawm lub ntsej muag thiab lwm yam tawv nqaij integuments tshwm sim. Feem ntau, tag nrho cov tsos mob ploj tom qab ob peb hnub. Thiab tus neeg xav tias nws tau raug mob plab hnyuv ib txwm muaj. Tab sis nws kuj tshwm sim tias tsis yog txhua yam xaus zoo thiab sai. Qee zaum, tus neeg yuav muaj quav thiab ntuav nrog ntshav, thiab tej zaum yuav mob hnyav heev. Txhua yam tuaj yeem xaus rau hauv kev tuag vim txoj hnyuv necrosis.
Kev tawm tsam
Qhov twg koj yuav kis tau tus kab mob zoo li botulism? Cov duab ntawm foci ntawm tus kab mob muaj ntau, tab sis feem ntau cov no yog cov chaw noj mov rau pej xeem, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias ib tus neeg noj cov proteins tsiaj.
Kev Tiv Thaiv
Kev ceev faj dab tsi tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tus neeg los ntawm kev kis tus kab mob no?
- Tau tua botulism boiling. Yog li, ua ntej noj cov kaus poom, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj kom boil nws li 15 feeb. Qhov no yuav cia cov tshuaj lom kom tawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis txhob noj cov kaus poom, lub hau yog o.
- Cov kab mob uas ua rau botulism tuag thaum qhov kub thiab txias. Yog tias ua tau, cov nqaij thiab ntses yuav tsum khov ua ntej ua noj. Nws tseem yog qhov zoo tshaj rau khaws cia rau hauv qhov kub ntawm +10 ° C.
- Nceb yuav tsum tau saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. Txij li thaum nws nyob ntawm lawv tias cov av uas muaj kab mob Clostridium tuaj yeem nyob.
- Cov neeg noj zaub mov zoo ib yam li cov neeg mob botulism yuav tsum nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm kws kho mob. Lawv kuj yuav tsum tau muab tshuaj amniotic anti-botulinum ntshav thiab enterosorbents raws li kev tiv thaiv.
Huab cua
Tus kab mob botulism yuav xaus li cas? Cov duab ntawm cov neeg mob yav dhau los txawv. Cov no yog ob tus neeg uas tau tshem tawm tag nrho cov kab mob, thiab lub cev ntawm cov neeg tuag. Qhov xwm txheej kawg tsuas yog ua tau yog tias tus neeg mob tsis tau txais kev pabcuam raws sijhawm. Yog tsis muaj kev kho mob, botulism yuav siv sij hawm ib tug neeg lub neej nyob rau hauv 30-60% ntawm cov neeg mob.
