Kev kuaj mob ntawm yuav luag txhua yam kab mob kis tau raws li kev kuaj pom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv tus neeg mob cov ntshav, uas yog tsim tawm tsam cov kab mob antigens, los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv serological. Lawv tau nkag mus rau kev kho mob txij thaum lig cuaj caum txog thaum ntxov xyoo pua nees nkaum.
Kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb tau pab txiav txim siab cov qauv antigenic ntawm microbes thiab cov qauv tshuaj ntawm lawv cov co toxins. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim tsis tau tsuas yog kho, tab sis kuj diagnostic sera. Lawv tau txais los ntawm kev tswj cov kab mob attenuated rau cov tsiaj kuaj. Tom qab ob peb hnub ntawm kev kis, cov ntshav ntawm luav lossis nas yog siv los npaj cov tshuaj uas siv los txheeb xyuas cov kab mob lossis lawv cov co toxins uas siv cov kev ntsuas serological.
Qhov tshwm sim sab nraud ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm nws qhov chaw thiab nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm antigens nyob rau hauv tus neeg mob cov ntshav. Yog hais tias microbial hais insoluble, lawv precipitate, lyse, khi los yog immobilize nyob rau hauv cov ntshav. Yog tias cov antigens soluble, ces qhov tshwm sim ntawm neutralization lossis nag lossis daus tshwm.
Agglutination reaction (RA)
Kev kuaj serological agglutination yog qhov tshwj xeeb heev. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus ua thiab heevpom, txhawm rau txiav txim siab sai sai ntawm qhov muaj antigens hauv tus neeg mob cov ntshav ntshav. Nws yog siv los kuaj Vidal cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (kev kuaj mob typhoid thiab paratyphoid fever) thiab Weigl (typhoid fever).
Nws yog raws li kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm tib neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (lossis agglutinins) thiab cov hlwb microbial (agglutenogens). Tom qab lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam, cov particles yog tsim uas precipitate. Qhov no yog ib qho cim zoo. Nyob lossis tua cov kab mob microbial, fungi, protozoa, cov qe ntshav thiab cov hlwb somatic tuaj yeem siv los teeb tsa cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Tshuaj, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau muab faib ua ob theem:
- Kev sib txuas tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (AT) nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (AG).
- Tsis yog tshwj xeeb - nag lossis daus ntawm AG-AT conglomerates, uas yog, tsim ntawm agglutinate.
Indirect Agglutination Reaction (IPHA)
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no muaj kev nkag siab ntau dua li qhov dhau los. Nws yog siv los kuaj xyuas cov kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob, kab mob hauv lub cev, thiab protozoa. Nws yog qhov tseeb heev uas txawm tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv qis heev tuaj yeem kuaj pom.
Ntshiab yaj erythrocytes thiab tib neeg cov qe ntshav liab ua ntej kho nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob lossis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob yog siv rau nws cov khoom tsim tawm (nyob ntawm seb tus kws kuaj mob xav pom dab tsi). Qee zaum, tib neeg cov ntshav liab tau kho nrog immunoglobulins. Serological cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm erythrocytes raug suav hais tias tau tshwm sim yog tias lawv tau nyob hauv qab ntawm lub raj. Hais txog qhov zoo tshwm simhais tias thaum lub hlwb tau teem rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub kaus inverted, occupying tag nrho hauv qab. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis zoo raug suav yog tias cov erythrocytes tau nyob hauv ib kem lossis hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub pob nyob hauv nruab nrab hauv qab.
Ntxhais nag los nag (RP)
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm hom no yog siv los kuaj xyuas cov khoom me me ntawm antigens. Cov no tuaj yeem yog, piv txwv li, cov proteins (lossis qhov chaw ntawm lawv), cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov protein nrog lipids lossis carbohydrates, cov kab mob, lawv cov co toxins.
Sera rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tau los ntawm cov tsiaj txhu tsim kab mob, feem ntau yog luav. Los ntawm txoj kev no, koj tuaj yeem tau txais cov tshuaj ua kua dej kiag li. Kev teeb tsa ntawm serological nag lossis daus tshwm sim zoo ib yam hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txiav txim rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv agglutination. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj nyob hauv cov ntshav ua ke nrog cov tshuaj antigens hauv cov tshuaj colloidal, tsim cov protein ntau molecules uas tso rau hauv qab ntawm lub raj los yog ntawm lub substrate (gel). Txoj kev no suav hais tias yog qhov tshwj xeeb heev thiab tuaj yeem kuaj pom cov khoom tsis txaus ntseeg.
YSiv los kuaj mob plague, tularemia, anthrax, meningitis thiab lwm yam kab mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau koom nrog kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas forensic.
Gel nag lossis daus tshwm sim
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv serological tuaj yeem ua tsis tau tsuas yog hauv cov kua nruab nrab xwb, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv agar gel. Qhov no yog hu ua diffuse nag lossis daus txheej txheem. Nrog nws cov kev pab, cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm complex antigenic mix yog kawm. Txoj kev no yog ua raws li chemotaxis ntawm antigens rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab rov ua dua. Nyob rau hauv ib lub gel lawv txavntawm ib leeg ntawm qhov sib txawv ceev thiab, sib ntsib, tsim cov kab nag lossis daus. Txhua kab yog ib txheej ntawm AG-AT.
Exotoxin neutralization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog antitoxin (PH)
Antitoxic serums muaj peev xwm ua kom tsis muaj zog ntawm exotoxin uas tsim los ntawm cov kab mob. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv serological yog raws li qhov no. Microbiology siv txoj kev no los titrate sera, co toxins thiab toxoids thiab txiav txim siab lawv cov kev kho mob. Lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg nruab nrab yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov pa ib puag ncig - AE.
Ntxiv rau, ua tsaug rau qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab hom lossis hom exotoxin. Qhov no yog siv rau hauv kev kuaj mob tetanus, diphtheria, botulism. Txoj kev tshawb no tuaj yeem ua tiav ob qho "ntawm iav" thiab hauv gel.
Reaction of lysis (RL)
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, uas nkag mus rau tus neeg mob lub cev, muaj, ntxiv rau nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob, kuj tseem muaj zog. Nws muaj peev xwm yaj cov kab mob microbial, cellular txawv teb chaws cov ntsiab lus thiab cov kab mob uas nkag mus rau tus neeg mob lub cev. Nyob ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj nyob hauv cov ntshav, bacteriolysins, cytolysins, spirochetolizins, hemolysins thiab lwm yam raug cais tawm.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb no hu ua "ua tiav". Nws muaj nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov tib neeg lub cev kua, muaj ib tug complex protein qauv thiab yog heev rhiab heev rau kub nce, co, acids thiab ncaj qha tshav ntuj. Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhuav lub xeev nws muaj peev xwm khaws cianws cov khoom lysing mus txog rau lub hlis.
Muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv serological ntawm hom no:
- bacteriolysis;
- hemolysis.
Bacteriolysis yog ua los ntawm tus neeg mob cov ntshav cov ntshav thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tshwj xeeb nrog cov kab mob nyob. Yog tias muaj cov ntsiab lus txaus nyob hauv cov ntshav, ces tus kws tshawb fawb yuav pom cov kab mob lyse, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav raug txiav txim siab zoo.
Qhov thib ob serological cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov ntshav yog tias kev ncua ntawm tus neeg mob cov qe ntshav liab tau kho nrog cov ntshav uas muaj hemolysins, uas tsuas yog qhib rau ntawm qhov muaj kev qhuas. Yog tias muaj ib qho, tom qab ntawd tus kws pabcuam kuaj xyuas qhov kev sib cais ntawm cov qe ntshav liab. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tau siv dav hauv cov tshuaj niaj hnub los txiav txim siab qhov sib ntxiv titer (uas yog, nws qhov tsawg tshaj plaws uas provokes erythrocyte lysis) hauv cov ntshav ntshav thiab ua ib qho kev soj ntsuam rau kev txhim kho ntxiv. Nws yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev no uas tau ua tiav kev kuaj mob syphilis - Wasserman cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Complement fixation reaction (CFR)
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog siv los txheeb xyuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov kab mob sib kis hauv tus neeg mob cov ntshav cov ntshav, nrog rau txheeb xyuas cov kab mob los ntawm nws cov qauv antigenic.
Txog rau qhov no, peb tau piav qhia yooj yim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. RSK suav hais tias yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyuaj, txij li tsis yog ob, tab sis peb lub ntsiab lus cuam tshuam hauv nws: antibody, antigen thiab ntxiv. Nws lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab antigentshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm complement proteins, uas yog adsorbed nyob rau saum npoo ntawm tsim AG-AT complex.
Cov antigens lawv tus kheej, tom qab ntxiv ntxiv, hloov pauv tseem ceeb, uas qhia qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nws tuaj yeem yog lysis, hemolysis, immobilization, bactericidal lossis bacteriostatic nkaus.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nws tus kheej tshwm sim hauv ob theem:
- Tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob antigen uas tsis pom qhov pom ntawm tus kws tshuaj.
- Hloov pauv hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li kev ua kom tiav. Cov theem no feem ntau tuaj yeem taug qab ntawm qhov muag liab qab. Yog tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis pom qhov muag, ces ib qho kev qhia ntxiv yog siv los txheeb xyuas cov kev hloov pauv.
ntsuas qhov system
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog ua raws li kev txhim kho ntxiv. Purified ram erythrocytes thiab complement-free hemolytic serum yog ntxiv rau lub raj kuaj ib teev tom qab RSC tau teeb tsa. Yog tias qhov tsis sib haum xeeb tseem nyob hauv lub raj tshuaj ntsuam, ces nws yuav koom nrog AG-AT complex tsim ntawm cov ntshav yaj thiab hemolysin, thiab ua rau lawv yaj. Qhov no yuav txhais tau tias RSK tsis zoo. Yog tias cov erythrocytes tseem nyob tsis tau, ces, raws li, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov zoo.
Hemagglutination test (RGA)
Muaj ob qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj hemagglutination. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog serological, nws yog siv los txiav txim cov ntshav. Hauv qhov no, cov qe ntshav liab cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Thiab qhov thib obCov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis siv rau serological, txij li cov qe ntshav liab teb nrog hemagglutinins tsim los ntawm cov kab mob. Txij li txhua tus kab mob tsuas yog ua rau cov erythrocytes tshwj xeeb (nqaij qaib, yaj, liab), cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov tshwj xeeb.
Koj tuaj yeem qhia tau tias qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo lossis qhov tsis zoo los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov qe ntshav nyob hauv qab ntawm lub raj ntsuas. Yog tias lawv cov qauv zoo ib yam li lub kaus inverted, ces tus kab mob xav tau muaj nyob rau hauv tus neeg mob cov ntshav. Thiab yog tias tag nrho cov erythrocytes tau tsim zoo li ib kab npib, ces tsis muaj cov kab mob uas xav tau.
Hemagglutination inhibition test (HITA)
Nov yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb uas tso cai rau koj los txiav txim siab hom, hom kab mob lossis muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb hauv tus neeg mob cov ntshav.
Nws cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntxiv rau hauv lub raj kuaj nrog cov khoom kuaj tiv thaiv kev tso tawm ntawm antigens ntawm erythrocytes, yog li nres hemagglutination. Qhov no yog ib qho txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov muaj nyob hauv cov ntshav ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb rau tus kab mob tshwj xeeb uas tau nrhiav.
Immunofluorescence reaction (RIF)
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog raws li lub peev xwm los kuaj AG-AT complexes nrog fluorescent microscopy tom qab lawv kho nrog fluorochrome dyes. Txoj kev no yog ib qho yooj yim los lis, tsis tas yuav cais cov kab lis kev cai ntshiab thiab siv sij hawm me ntsis. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev kuaj mob sai sai ntawm cov kab mob sib kis.
Hauv kev xyaum, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv serological no tau muab faib ua ob hom: ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj.
Direct RIF yog tsim los ntawmantigen, uas yog pre-kho nrog fluorescent serum. Thiab qhov tsis ncaj ncees yog tias thawj zaug cov tshuaj tau kho nrog kev kuaj pom zoo uas muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev txaus siab, thiab tom qab ntawd cov tshuaj luminescent, uas yog tshwj xeeb rau cov proteins ntawm AG-AT complex, rov siv dua, thiab cov kab mob microbial. ua pom hauv microscopy.
