Muab kev pab thawj zaug rau cov neeg raug tsim txom nrog kev raug mob, pob txha, dislocations, ligament raug mob, nqaij ntshiv, kub hnyiab thiab lwm yam yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua yam tsis muaj sij hawm thiab raug daim ntaub qhwv. Tseeb tiag, vim yog hnav khaub ncaws, tiv thaiv kab mob ntxiv ntawm lub qhov txhab, thiab los ntshav nres, pob txha raug kho, thiab txawm tias muaj kev kho mob ntawm lub qhov txhab pib.
kho mob hnav khaub ncaws thiab lawv hom
Cov tshuaj uas kawm txog cov kev cai siv cov ntaub qhwv thiab tourniquets, lawv hom thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm daim ntawv thov, hu ua desmurgy (los ntawm Greek desmos - hlua, ntaub qhwv thiab ergon - tua, kev lag luam).
Raws li kev txhais, kev hnav khaub ncaws yog ib txoj hauv kev kho mob thiab qhov txhab, uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev siv:
- hnav khaub ncaws uas siv ncaj qha rau qhov txhab;
- sab nraud ntawm daim ntaub qhwv, uaskho cov hnav khaub ncaws.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hnav khaub ncaws, rau ntau yam laj thawj, tuaj yeem yog:
- hnab hnav khaub ncaws tshwj xeeb;
- napkins;
- paj rwb swab;
- gauze balls.
| View |
Kev piav qhia |
Ntau yam |
| tiv thaiv lossis muag |
Muaj cov khoom siv rau lub qhov txhab thiab kho daim ntaub qhwv Siv feem ntau: rau qhov kub hnyiab, khaus, qhib qhov txhab |
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| Immobilization or solid |
Kev hnav khaub ncaws thiab splint Siv thauj tus neeg raug tsim txom, hauv kev kho mob ntawm cov pob txha thiab lawv cov pob qij txha elastic |
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Primary Trauma Care
txheej txheem ntawm daim ntaub qhwv hu ua hnav khaub ncaws. Nws lub hom phiaj yog kaw qhov txhab:
- kom tiv thaiv kev kis kab mob ntxiv;
- kom txhob los ntshav;
- muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.
Txoj cai dav dav rau hnav qhov txhabthiab kev puas tsuaj:
- Ntxuav koj txhais tes kom huv si nrog xab npum, yog tias qhov no ua tsis tau, ces koj yuav tsum tsawg kawg kho lawv nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob tshwj xeeb.
- Yog tias qhov chaw ntawm kev puas tsuaj yog qhov txhab qhib, maj mam kho cov tawv nqaij ib puag ncig nws nrog dej cawv, hydrogen peroxide lossis iodine.
- Muab tus neeg raug tsim txom (tus neeg mob) tso rau hauv qhov chaw xis rau nws (tsav, dag), thaum muab kev nkag mus dawb rau thaj chaw puas.
- Sawv ntsug ntawm tus neeg mob lub ntsej muag saib nws cov lus teb.
- Pib daim ntaub qhwv nrog "qhib" ntaub qhwv los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis, los ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov ceg tawv ntawm lub cev, uas yog, los ntawm hauv qab mus rau, siv ob txhais tes.
- caj npab yuav tsum tau muab qhwv rau hauv ib qho khoov ntawm lub luj tshib, thiab txhais ceg hauv lub xeev ncaj.
- Thawj ob lossis peb zaug (kev ncig xyuas) yuav tsum tau kho, rau qhov no daim ntaub qhwv nruj nreem qhwv ib ncig ntawm qhov chaw nqaim tshaj plaws.
- Cov ntaub qhwv txuas ntxiv yuav tsum muaj qhov nruj, tsis muaj folds.
- Txhua tus tig ntawm lub pob npog qhov dhau los ntawm ib feem peb ntawm qhov dav.
- Thaum qhov chaw raug mob loj, ib daim ntaub qhwv yuav tsis txaus, ces thaum kawg ntawm thawj muab qhov pib thib ob, ntxiv dag zog rau lub sijhawm no nrog lub voj voog.
- Tiav kev hnav khaub ncaws los ntawm kev ua ob lossis peb txoj kev kho cov ntaub qhwv.
- Raws li kev kho ntxiv, koj tuaj yeem txiav qhov kawg ntawm daim ntaub qhwv rau hauv ob ntu, hla lawv ua ke, voj voog ncig ntawm daim ntaub qhwv thiab khi nrog lub pob zoo.
hom ntaub qhwv tseem ceeb
Ua ntej kawm txog cov cai siv cov ntaub qhwv,Koj yuav tsum paub koj tus kheej nrog cov hom hlua thiab cov kev xaiv rau lawv siv.
| hom ntaub qhwv | Siv case |
| Cov ntaub qhwv nyias nyias 3cm, 5cm, 7cm dav thiab 5m ntev | Lawv bandage raug mob ntiv tes |
| Cov ntaub qhwv nruab nrab 10 txog 12 cm dav, 5 m ntev | Haum rau kev raug mob ntawm lub taub hau, hauv pliaj, sab sauv thiab sab qis (tes, taw) |
| Cov ntaub qhwv loj uas dav dua 14cm dav thiab 7m ntev | Siv ntaub qhwv lub hauv siab, lub duav |
Kev faib cov ntaub qhwv:
1. Los ntawm hom:
- aseptic qhuav;
- tshuaj tua kab mob qhuav;
- hypertonic ntub ziab;
- siab;
- occlusal.
2. Overlay method:
- ncig los yog kauv;
- octagonal los yog ntoo khaub lig;
- serpentine lossis creeping;
- spike;
- vaub kib headband: divergent thiab convergent.
3. Los ntawm localization:
- ntawm lub taub hau;
- ntawm plab thiab plab;
- rau hauv siab;
- ntawm caj dab.
Txoj cai siv cov ntaub qhwv mos
Band dressings muaj feem xyuam rau feem ntau ntawm kev raug mob. Lawv tiv thaiv tus kab mob thib ob ntawm lub qhov txhab thiab txo qis qhov tsis zooib puag ncig cuam tshuam.
Txoj cai siv cov ntaub qhwv ntsej muag muag yog raws li hauv qab no:
1. Tus neeg mob muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw xis nyob:
- rau kev raug mob ntawm lub taub hau, caj dab, hauv siab, ceg tawv - zaum;
- rau kev raug mob ntawm lub plab, thaj tsam plab, sab ncej puab - recumbent.
2. Xaiv ib daim ntaub qhwv raws li hom kev raug mob.
3. Cov txheej txheem bandaging yog ua los ntawm cov kev cai yooj yim rau kev qhwv.
Yog tias koj hnav khaub ncaws, ua raws li cov cai ntawm kev siv cov khaub ncaws tsis muaj menyuam, ces lub compress yuav ua tau raws li cov hauv qab no:
- ua tiav qhov chaw puas;
- tsis txhob cuam tshuam nrog cov ntshav thiab qog ntshav;
- zoo siab rau tus neeg mob.
| Type | Bandage rule |
| daim ntaub qhwv |
Siv rau thaj tsam dab teg, ceg qis, hauv pliaj thiab lwm yam. Cov ntaub qhwv yog siv kauv, ob qho tib si nrog thiab tsis muaj kinks. Kev hnav khaub ncaws kinked yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub cev uas muaj cov duab canonical |
| Creeping Bandage | Thov kho qhov hnav khaub ncaws ua ntej ntawm thaj chaw raug mob |
| Cruciform bandage |
Superimposed nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyuaj configuration Thaum hnav khaub ncaws, daim ntaub qhwv yuav tsum piav txog yim. Piv txwv li,Lub hauv siab cruciform bandage yog ua raws li hauv qab no: stroke 1 - ua ob peb lub voj voog ntawm lub hauv siab; txav 2 - daim ntaub qhwv hla lub hauv siab yog nqa tawm obliquely los ntawm sab xis axillary mus rau sab laug forearm; txav 3 - tig hla sab nraub qaum mus rau sab xis ntawm caj npab hla, los ntawm qhov uas cov ntaub qhwv rov qab nqa ntawm lub hauv siab mus rau sab laug caj npab, thaum hla txheej dhau los; stroke 4 thiab 5 - daim ntaub qhwv rov qab ua dua los ntawm sab nraub qaum mus rau sab caj npab sab xis, ua ib kauj ruam yim zoo li; kho txav - daim ntaub qhwv lub hauv siab thiab ruaj |
| Spike bandage |
Nws yog ib hom duab-ntawm-yim. Nws txoj haujlwm, piv txwv li, ntawm lub xub pwg sib koom ua ke yog ua raws li cov qauv hauv qab no: stroke 1 - daim ntaub qhwv hla lub hauv siab los ntawm ib sab ntawm caj npab noj qab haus huv mus rau lub xub pwg nyom; stroke 2 - nrog ib daim ntaub qhwv ncig lub xub pwg nyom pem hauv ntej, sab nraud, tom qab, dhau ntawm caj npab thiab tsa nws obliquely rau lub xub pwg, kom hla cov txheej dhau los; stroke 3 - daim ntaub qhwv hla lub nraub qaum rov qab mus rau caj npab noj qab haus huv; txav 4 thiab 5 - rov ua dua ntawm kev txav ntawm thawj zaug mus rau qhov thib peb, pom tias txhua txheej tshiab ntawm cov ntaub qhwv tau siv me ntsis siab dua li yav dhau los, tsim cov qauv "spikelet" ntawm kev sib tshuam |
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Siv los qhwv thaj chaw sib koom Divergent vaub kib Headband:
Ntxhais vaub kib Headband:
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Muaj ntau hom headbands:
1. "lub kaus mom";
2. yooj yim;
3. "bridle";
4. "Hippocratic kaus mom";
5. ib qhov muag;
6. ob lub qhov muag;
7. Neapolitan (hauv pob ntseg).
| Npe | Thaum sib tshooj |
| "Cab" | rau kev raug mob frontal thiab occipital |
| Simple | Kev raug mob me me ntawm occipital, parietal, frontal ntawm lub taub hau |
| "Bridle" | Thaum raug mob ntawm lub taub hau ntawm pob txha taub hau, ntsej muag thiab lub puab tsaig |
| Hippocratic Cap | Yuav puas rau parietal part |
| Ib qhov muag | Yog raug mob rau ib lub qhov muag |
| Ob lub qhov muag | Thaum ob lub qhov muag raug mob |
| Neapolitan | rau pob ntseg raug mob |
Lub hauv paus ntawm txoj cai ntawm kev qhwv lub taub hau yog tias, tsis hais hom twg, cov ntaub qhwv yog nqa tawm nrog cov ntaub qhwv ntawm nruab nrab qhov dav - 10 cm.
Vim nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev los muab kev pab kho mob raws sij hawm rau ib qho kev raug mob, nws raug nquahu kom siv cov ntaub qhwv yooj yim tshaj plaws - "cap" rau kev raug mob taub hau.
Txoj cai rau kev thov daim npog ntsej muag:
1. Ib daim ntev txog ib 'meter' ntev yog txiav los ntawm cov ntaub qhwv, uas yuav siv los ua khi.
2. Nws nruab nrab yog siv rau lub crown.
3. Qhov kawg ntawm txoj hlua khi yog tuav nrog ob txhais tes, qhov no tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm tus pab lossis tus neeg mob nws tus kheej, yog tias nws nyob hauv lub siab.
4. Siv ib txheej txheej ntaub qhwv ib ncig ntawm lub taub hau, ncav lub khi.
5. Lawv pib qhwv cov ntaub qhwv ib ncig ntawm txoj hlua khi thiab ntxiv mus, hla lub taub hau.
6. Tau mus txog qhov kawg ntawm txoj hlua khi, cov ntaub qhwv rov qab qhwv thiab kos ib ncig ntawm pob txha taub hau me ntsis saum thawj txheej.
7. Rov ua dua ua tiav tag nrho cov tawv taub hau nrog ib daim ntaub qhwv.
8. Ua qhov kawg, qhov kawg ntawm daim ntaub qhwv yog khi rau ntawm ib txoj hlua.
9. Cov hlua khi hauv qab lub puab tsaig.
| Type | Txoj cai dhauheadbands |
| Simple | Muab cov ntaub qhwv ob zaug nyob ib ncig ntawm lub taub hau. Cov kauj ruam tom ntej nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej yog khoov thiab cov ntaub qhwv pib siv obliquely (los ntawm lub hauv pliaj mus rau sab nraum qab ntawm lub taub hau), me ntsis siab dua los ntawm lub voj voog txheej. Nyob rau sab nraum qab ntawm lub taub hau, lwm inflection yog ua thiab cov ntaub qhwv yog coj los ntawm lwm sab ntawm lub taub hau. Cov kev txav yog tsau, tom qab uas cov txheej txheem rov ua dua, hloov cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov ntaub qhwv. Cov txheej txheem rov ua dua kom txog thaum lub taub hau npog tag nrho, thaum tsis txhob hnov qab kho txhua oblique strokes ntawm daim ntaub qhwv |
| "Bridle" | Ua ob lub taub hau. Tom ntej no, cov ntaub qhwv yog txo qis hauv qab lub puab tsaig, hla nws hauv qab pob ntseg. Nce nws rov qab mus rau lub crown los ntawm sab laug pob ntseg, raws li. Peb qhov ntsug lem yog ua, tom qab uas ib daim ntaub qhwv los ntawm hauv qab pob ntseg yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub caj dab, obliquely los ntawm sab nraum qab ntawm lub taub hau thiab ib ncig ntawm lub taub hau, yog li kho cov txheej txheem yav dhau los. Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog rov qab qis dua ntawm sab xis nyob rau hauv lub puab tsaig qis, sim ua kom tiav npog nws horizontally. Tom qab ntawd cov ntaub qhwv tau nqa mus rau sab nraub qaum ntawm lub taub hau, rov ua cov kauj ruam no. Ib zaug ntxiv, rov ua qhov txav mus los ntawm lub caj dab, thiab tom qab ntawd thaum kawg muab cov ntaub qhwv ib ncig ntawm lub taub hau |
| Ib qhov muag | Kev hnav khaub ncaws pib nrog ob txheej txheej ntaub qhwv, uas yog ua tiav thaum raug mob ntawm lub qhov muag sab xis ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis, sab laug qhov muag - ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug. Tom qab ntawd, cov ntaub qhwv yog txo qis los ntawm ib sab ntawm qhov raug mob raws lub nraub qaum ntawm lub taub hau, qhov txhab nyob rau hauv pob ntseg, npog lub qhov muag obliquely los ntawm lub puab tsaig thiab tsau nyob rau hauv ib ncig. Cov kauj ruam yog rov ua dua ob peb zaug, npog txhua txheej tshiab ntawm cov ntaub qhwv ntsej nrog yav dhau los los ntawm txogib nrab |
xov los ntshav
Koob ntshav yog poob ntshav thaum cov hlab ntsha tawg.
| hom ntshav | Kev piav qhia | Bandage rule |
| Arterial | ntshav liab liab thiab spurs nrog lub zog pulsating kwj | Tightly nyem qhov chaw saum lub qhov txhab nrog koj txhais tes, tourniquet los yog ntaub so ntswg twist. Hom ntaub qhwv ntaub - siab |
| Venous | ntshav tig tsaus ntuj thiab ntws sib npaug |
Txhob qhov puas ntawm lub cev kom siab dua, muab cov ntaub qhwv tsis muaj menyuam rau ntawm qhov txhab thiab nruj nreem qhwv nws, uas yog, ua cov ntaub qhwv siab Tourniquet yog siv los ntawm hauv qab qhov txhab! |
| Capillary | ntshav ntws sib npaug los ntawm tag nrho lub qhov txhab | Tau ntaub qhwv tsis muaj menyuam, tom qab ntawd cov ntshav yuav tsum nres sai sai |
| Combines cov yam ntxwv ntawm yav dhau los hom | Thov siab bandage | |
| Parenchymal (internal) | capillary los ntshav los ntawm lub cev hauv nruab nrog cev | Ua khaub ncaws siv lub hnab yas nrog dej khov |
txoj cai dav dav rau kev thov cov ntaub qhwv los ntshav los ntawm tus ceg:
- Muab daim ntaub qhwv rau hauv qab ceg, me ntsis saum lub qhov txhab.
- Txhim ib pob dej khov (zoo).
- Tourniquet tau ncab.
- Tie up xaus.
Txoj cai tseem ceeb rau kev thov cov ntaub qhwv ntsej yog tso cov tourniquet tshaj cov khaub ncaws lossis cov ntaub tshwj xeeb (gauze, phuam, phuam qhwv caj dab, thiab lwm yam).
Nrog rau qhov ua tau zoo, cov ntshav yuav tsum nres, thiab qhov chaw hauv qab lub tourniquet yuav tsum tig daj ntseg. Nco ntsoov sau ib daim ntawv hauv qab daim ntaub qhwv nrog hnub thiab sijhawm (teev thiab feeb) ntawm kev hnav khaub ncaws. Tom qab kev pab thawj zaug, tsis pub tshaj 1.5-2 teev yuav tsum dhau ua ntej tus neeg raug tsim txom raug coj mus rau hauv tsev kho mob, txwv tsis pub cov ceg tawv raug mob yuav cawm tsis tau.
Txoj cai rau kev siv cov ntaub qhwv lub siab
Cov ntaub qhwv compression yuav tsum tau siv los txo qis txhua yam ntawm cov ntshav tawm sab nraud ntawm qhov nqaij tawv, nrog rau kom txo qhov loj ntawm qhov edema.
Txoj cai rau kev siv cov ntaub qhwv lub siab:
- Daim tawv nqaij nyob ib sab ntawm qhov txhab (kwv yees li ob mus rau plaub cm) yog kho nrog tshuaj tua kab mob.
- Yog tias muaj khoom txawv teb chaws hauv qhov txhab, lawv yuav tsum ua tib zoo tshem tawm tam sim.
- Raws li cov khoom siv hnav khaub ncaws, lub hnab ntim khoom npaj tau los yog siv cov paj rwb tsis muaj menyuam, yog tias tsis muaj, ces daim ntaub qhwv, phuam ntxuav tes, cov ntaub so ntswg yuav ua.
- Kev hnav khaub ncaws yog kho ntawm lub qhov txhab nrog daim ntaub qhwv, phuam qhwv caj dab.
- Sim ua kom cov ntaub qhwv nruj tab sis tsis nruj ntawm qhov chaw puas.
Cov ntaub qhwv lub siab siv tau zoo yuav tsum tsis txhob los ntshav. Tab sis yog tias nws tseem tswj tau kom ntub hauv cov ntshav, ces nws tsis tas yuav tshem nws ua ntej tuaj txog hauv tsev kho mob. Nws yuav tsum tsuas yog nruj nreem qhwv los ntawm saum toj, tom qab tso lwm lub hnab gauze hauv qab daim ntaub qhwv tshiab.
Txoj kev hnav khaub ncaws occlusive
Ib qho hnav ris tsho occlusive yog siv los muab lub foob hermetic rau thaj chaw puas los tiv thaiv kev sib cuag nrog dej thiab huab cua. Siv rau qhov txhab nkag mus.
Txoj Cai rau kev thov kev hnav khaub ncaws occlusive:
- Tau tus neeg raug mob hauv qhov chaw zaum.
- Kho cov tawv nqaij uas nyob ib sab ntawm qhov txhab nrog tshuaj tua kab mob (hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine, cawv).
- Yuav tshuaj tua kab mob yog siv rau lub qhov txhab thiab thaj chaw uas nyob ib sab ntawm lub cev nrog lub vojvoog ntawm tsib txog kaum cm.
- txheej tom ntej yog siv nrog cov khoom siv tsis muaj dej tsis zoo thiab airtight (yuav tsum tsis muaj menyuam sab), piv txwv li, lub hnab yas, cling zaj duab xis, daim ntaub rubberized, oilcloth.
- txheej thib peb muaj cov paj rwb-gauze ncoo uas ua raws li cem quav.
- Tag nrho cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg yog tsau nrog cov ntaub qhwv dav.
Thaum siv daim ntaub qhwv, nco ntsoov tias txhua txheej tshiab ntawm hnav khaub ncaws yuav tsum yog 5-10 cm loj dua li yav dhau los.
Tau kawg, yog tias ua tau, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los siv PPI - ib lub hnab hnav khaub ncaws, uas yog ib daim ntaub qhwv nrog ob lub paj rwb-gauzepads. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog tsau, thiab lwm yam txav mus los ntawm nws.
Aseptic hnav khaub ncaws daim ntawv thov
Aseptic hnav khaub ncaws yog siv nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas muaj qhov qhib qhov txhab thiab nws yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob kis kab mob thiab cov khoom txawv teb chaws los ntawm nws. Qhov no yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog siv cov khoom hnav khaub ncaws kom raug, uas yuav tsum tsis muaj menyuam, tab sis kuj kho kom zoo.
Txoj cai rau kev thov cov ntaub qhwv aseptic:
- Kho qhov txhab nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob tshwj xeeb, tab sis tsis muaj dej siv rau lub hom phiaj no.
- Thov ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov raug mob gauze, 5 cm loj dua lub qhov txhab, pre-folded nyob rau hauv ob peb txheej.
- Tau ib txheej ntawm hygroscopic paj rwb ntaub plaub (yooj yim exfoliating) rau saum, uas yog ob mus rau peb centimeters loj dua gauze.
- Kho cov hnav khaub ncaws nruj nrog daim ntaub qhwv lossis daim kab xev kho mob.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, nws yog qhov zoo dua los siv cov hnav khaub ncaws qhuav aseptic tshwj xeeb. Lawv muaj ib txheej ntawm hygroscopic khoom uas absorbs ntshav zoo heev thiab dries lub qhov txhab.
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv lub qhov txhab zoo dua los ntawm cov av thiab kab mob, ntxiv rau cov ntaub qhwv paj rwb-paj rwb rau txhua sab rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij nrog daim nplaum nplaum. Thiab tom qab ntawd kho txhua yam nrog daim ntaub qhwv.
Thaum cov ntaub qhwv muaj ntshav txaus, nws yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo hloov nrog ib qho tshiab: tag nrho lossis tsuas yog txheej saum toj kawg nkaus xwb. Yog hais tias qhov no tsis tau, piv txwv li, vimYog tsis muaj lwm cov khaub ncaws tsis muaj menyuam, ces koj tuaj yeem qhwv lub qhov txhab, tom qab lubricating cov ntaub qhwv ntub nrog iodine tincture.
Thaum muab kev pab thawj zaug rau pob txha, qhov tseem ceeb yog los xyuas kom meej qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm qhov chaw raug mob, vim li ntawd, qhov mob txo qis thiab tiv thaiv cov pob txha tawg rau yav tom ntej.
Cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm pob txha:
- mob hnyav ntawm qhov chaw raug mob uas tsis nres tau ob peb teev.
- Kev poob siab.
- Nrog kev kaw pob txha - o, o, deformation ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm qhov chaw puas.
- Thaum qhib pob txha, qhov txhab ntawm cov pob txha tawg tuaj.
- txwv lossis tsis muaj tsheb khiav txhua.
Cov cai yooj yim rau kev thov cov ntaub qhwv rau pob txha ntawm ceg:
- Kev hnav khaub ncaws yuav tsum yog hom kev tsis sib haum xeeb.
- Yog tias tsis muaj cov log tsheb tshwj xeeb, koj tuaj yeem siv cov khoom tsim tawm: ib lub pas, pas nrig, cov laug cam me, tus pas ntsuas, thiab lwm yam.
- Ua rau tus neeg raug tsim txom.
- Siv ob daim ntaub qhwv hauv cov ntaub mos los yog paj rwb los kho qhov tawg.
- Muab cov pob txha ntawm ob sab ntawm pob txha, lawv yuav tsum tuav cov pob qij txha hauv qab thiab saum toj qhov kev puas tsuaj.
- Yog tias pob txha tawg nrog lub qhov txhab qhib thiab los ntshav ntau, ces:
- a tourniquet yog siv rau saum pob txha thiab qhov txhab;
- daim ntaub qhwv rau qhov txhab;
- ntawm ob sab ntawm cov ceg tawv raug mob superimposedob lub log tsheb.
Yog koj siv ib yam ntaub qhwv tsis raug, ces tsis yog kev pab thawj zaug, koj tuaj yeem tsim kev puas tsuaj rau tus neeg raug tsim txom, uas tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus.
