Rosehip yog cov nroj tsuag muaj npe nrov. Rau cov hom phiaj tshuaj, feem ntau nws cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog siv. Tab sis tsis muaj nqi tsawg dua yog nplooj, cag, noob thiab paj. Peb yuav tham txog yuav ua li cas brew thiab haus cov qus sawv, hais txog cov txiaj ntsig zoo thiab contraindications ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv kab lus no.
Kev sib xyaw ntawm Rose hips
Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm tsob ntoo muaj nplua nuj nyob hauv ascorbic acid. Muaj ntau vitamin C thiab calcium nyob rau hauv rosehips tshaj li nyob rau hauv txiv qaub thiab dub currants. Nws kuj muaj flavonoids, saponins, pectins, sorbitol, fiber, catechins, vitamins A, B2, B1, E, K, B6, PP, organic acids - vanillic, gallic, kas fes, citric, salicylic thiab malic, carotenoids, polysaccharides, qab zib. thiab cov roj yam tseem ceeb. Cov nroj tsuag muaj ntau cov zaub mov - potassium, cob alt, magnesium, manganese, tooj liab, molybdenum, sodium, phosphorus, chromium. Rosehip noob muaj txog li 10% roj nplua nuj nyob rau hauv vitamin E thiab carotenoids. Cov hauv paus hniav thiab nplooj ntawm tsob ntoo muaj tannins.
Nyob zoo
Nyob hauv tshuajtsuas yog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm tsob ntoo yog siv. Tab sis lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov tsiaj qus sawv tsis muaj tsawg dua - nplooj, paj, keeb kwm. Cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm qus rose muaj ntau yam. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm tsob ntoo muaj anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, diuretic, hemostatic, choleretic teebmeem. Lawv ua tau zoo txo cov ntshav siab, ua kom cov qe ntshav liab, ntxiv dag zog rau cov phab ntsa ntawm cov hlab ntsha, thiab muaj cov nyhuv calming thiab astringent. Hauv paus, nplooj thiab paj yog siv los ua tshuaj tua kab mob, mob plab thiab tshuaj tua kab mob.
Rosehip cag
Tus kws kho mob muaj txiaj ntsig rau qhov no ntawm rosehip raws li kev kho mob rau kev ua kom lub zais zis pob zeb. Tibetan cov lus dab neeg thaum ub hais tias tus ntsuj plig ntawm lub roob nyob hauv cov hauv paus ntawm cov tsiaj qus sawv, uas tag nrho cov pob zeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb yog raug. Txij li thaum ib tug neeg yog inseparable ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, tus ntsuj plig pab nws lub cev. Qhov tseeb, cov hauv paus hniav rosehip yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov vitamins, organic acids, phenolics thiab flavonoids, glycosides thiab tannins, thiab minerals.
Rosehip cag yog siv los ua choleretic, astringent, diuretic. Paub bactericidal, antiseptic thiab hypotensive zog ntawm rosehip keeb kwm. Cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig kuj suav nrog lawv cov kev kho kom zoo thiab tonic. Lawv raug pom zoo rau cov kab mob:
- urinary system - ua raws li cov kab mob bactericidal, tiv thaiv kab mob thiab diuretic;
- pob qij txha thiab cov leeg: gout, polyarthritis, rheumatism, bursitis, cramps, nqaij thiab pob qij txha mob - noj raws li ib tug anti-inflammatory thiab analgesic ob sab hauv thiab sab hauv.ua lotions thiab compresses;
- plab hnyuv: plab, plab, plab, raws plab - raws li tus neeg sawv cev choleretic siv rau kab mob siab (los ntawm gallstones - thawj qhov chaw).
Kuj qhia rau kev siv cov hauv paus rosehip yog:
- hypertension - lub hauv paus pab tsis tau tsuas yog txo cov ntshav siab, tab sis kuj normalizes ntshav ncig thiab relieves mob taub hau;
- kab mob gynecological - cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm rosehips rau cov poj niam yog nyob rau hauv vitamin K: nws ua rau kom cov ntshav txhaws, thiab cov hauv paus hniav rosehip pab tau los ntshav;
- kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txiv neej - decoction ntawm cov hauv paus hniav txo o thiab txhim kho txoj haujlwm ntawm gonads;
- kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij - ib decoction li tshuaj pleev thiab compresses yog zoo rau kub hnyiab, trophic ulcers, psoriasis thiab bedsores, raws li zoo raws li rau bruises, varicose veins, tawg, qhov txhab, eczema (lotions los ntawm rosehip cag pab nrog nab thiab kab tom).
Cov tshuaj muaj nyob hauv paus pab tshem cov co toxins, khoom pov tseg, hlau hnyav thiab ntsev ntawm lub cev. Restore dej- ntsev metabolism.
YContraindications
Cov cag ntoo tsis siv raws li hauv qab no:
- YThrombophlebitis.
- mob plawv.
- Hypotension.
- Allergic dermatitis.
- Kab mob plab hnyuv ntawm qhov nruab nrab thiab qib hnyav.
- Daim ntawv mob ntawm cov kab mob urinary.
Cov kev mob tshwm sim tshwm sim nrog kev noj tshuaj ntau dhau hauv daim ntawvKev tsis haum tshuaj thiab plab zom mov.
Koj yuav tsum paub dab tsi txog cov hauv paus rosehip? Hauv cov tshuaj pej xeem, qhov kev kho no suav hais tias yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws rau cov pob zeb hauv lub raum. Thaum kho, nws yog qhov zoo dua los soj ntsuam los ntawm kws kho mob. Qhov koob tshuaj tsuas yog muab los ntawm kws kho mob xwb.
Daim ntawv thov nta
Tom qab tshuaj xyuas cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig thiab contraindications ntawm cov hauv paus rosehip, peb tseem yuav xav txog qee yam kev kho mob uas koj tuaj yeem npaj koj tus kheej.
Tea thiab haus
Kom tau txais cov dej qab zib, tsw qab, maj mam qhuav cov hauv paus hniav hauv lub lauj kaub qhuav. Ib decoction ntawm cov hauv paus hniav zoo kawg nkaus quenchs nqhis dej. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau brew rosehip keeb kwm ua ke nrog nplooj (1: 1). Rosehip tshuaj yej, cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig uas pom tseeb, pom zoo kom haus dej haus raws li cov tshuaj tonic. Koj tuaj yeem ntxiv cov hauv paus rau tshuaj yej tsis tu ncua.
Decoction
Rosehip cag nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug decoction yog noj rau tag nrho cov saum toj no kab mob. Decoctions yog siv los ua compresses sov.
Ob tablespoons (crushed hauv kas fes grinder) cag ncuav dej (200 ml). Boil rau ib feeb - ob thiab insist rau 2 teev. Lim ua ntej siv. Khaws rau hauv lub tub yees tsis pub ntau tshaj ib hnub. Haus ib feem peb ntawm ib khob peb zaug ib hnub.
Rosehip tincture
cawv tincture yog npaj tsawg dua li decoctions, tab sis nws tuaj yeem khaws cia rau lub sijhawm ntev. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov hauv paus hniav rosehip suav nrog lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tiv thaiv edema. Yog li ntawd, txoj kev kho tau zoo siv rau hauv kev kho mob ntawm cov pob qij txha.
Crushed cag thiab vodka (1:10) insist 2 lub lis piam. 1tea uadiav haus peb zaug ib hnub.
Tshuaj da dej
tshuaj zoo rau gout, convulsions, tuag tes tuag taw, rheumatism thiab o ntawm ob txhais ceg.
Boil ib khob ntawm cov hauv paus hniav rau 15 feeb hauv ob liv dej. 2 teev rau insist. Npaj thiab strained broth ntxiv rau da dej.
Rosehip roj
Cov roj muaj pes tsawg leeg yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov roj fatty acids ntau, cov vitamins A, E, C, F. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, roj yog ib qho zoo heev choleretic tus neeg sawv cev. Cov lus qhia rau nws siv yog:
- cholecystitis, kab mob siab thiab lwm yam txheej txheem uas cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kua tsib sib cais zuj zus;
- ntau hom kab mob gastritis, ulcerative colitis - rosehip roj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tso tawm ntawm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo;
- avitaminosis, kab mob sib kis, los ntshav - raws li cov vitamins ntau thiab cov tshuaj tonic;
- frostbite thiab kub hnyiab: nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, cov roj yog siv ob qho tib si sab hauv thiab sab nraud, vim nws muaj peev xwm kho qhov txhab, kub hnyiab thiab hluav taws xob raug mob;
- stomatitis thiab gingivitis;
- dermatoses - so moistened nrog roj yog siv rau thaj chaw cuam tshuam;
- stretch marks thiab caws pliav;
- pharyngitis, rhinitis thiab lwm yam kab mob ntawm caj pas thiab qhov ntswg.
Nrog rau kev siv cov roj rosehip, cov roj cholesterol tau txo qis, uas yog kev tiv thaiv zoo ntawm cov kab mob vascular, thiab tseem yog ib qho kev pab zoo hauv kev tawm tsam qhov hnyav dhau.
YContraindications
Zoo li ntau cov nroj tsuag tshuaj, rose qus tsis tsuas yog muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Kuj tseem muaj contraindications rau kev siv cov roj cog:
- thrombophlebitis thiab, vim cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm vitamin K, lub plawv tsis ua haujlwm;
- gastritis nrog siab acidity, duodenal rwj (vim cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm ascorbic acid nyob rau hauv lub duav);
- Tus tswv ntawm daim tawv nqaij oily;
- rau pob txuv.
Rosehip hauv cosmetology
tshuaj pleev ib ce yog tsim los ntawm rosehip noob. Nws, zoo li cov nroj tsuag nws tus kheej, muaj ntau tshaj 15 hom fatty acids. Ntawm lawv yog linoleic, oleic thiab linolenic acids, uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub elasticity ntawm daim tawv nqaij, thiab kuj pab mus rau lub ntuj tsim dua tshiab, yog li tiv thaiv kev laus thiab ntxov ntxov fading. Ua tsaug rau cov antioxidants muaj nyob rau hauv rosehip roj, lub complexion txhim kho thiab wrinkles yog smoothed tawm. Vitamins C thiab E hydrate thiab oxygenate.
Cov roj muaj ib qho kev rov tsim dua tshiab, tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tshuaj tua kab mob, uas tso cai rau nws siv los kho qhov txhab thiab microcracks, nrog rau tshem tawm qhov tsis xws luag xws li ncab thiab nti. Vim cov khoom no, rosehip roj thiab extracts yog siv nyob rau hauv lub creation ntawm cov plaub hau thiab lub cev cov khoom, tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab anti-cellulite npaj. Cosmetic Cosmetic:
- -nourish thiab moisturize tawv nqaij;
- tiv thaiv yam tsis zoo;
- -lub suab thiab cov tawv nqaij du;
- xwbhnub nyoog me ntsis;
- ua kom tawv nqaij;
- txhim kho daim tawv nqaij;
- txhawb nqa daim tawv nqaij rov tsim dua.
Rosehip, cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig uas peb tab tom txiav txim siab, yuav pab kho lub ntsej muag. Raws li cov roj, koj tuaj yeem ua lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj: 10 tee ntawm rosehip roj, txiv roj roj - 20 tee, 10 tee ntawm vitamin B2, 1 teaspoon ntawm aloe kua txiv, me nyuam mos cream - 40 g. Lub npog ntsej muag tones ntawm daim tawv nqaij, tshem tawm. cov cim qhia ntawm qaug zog thiab muab kev noj qab haus huv thiab txawm lub ntsej muag thiab décolleté cheeb tsam. Rau daim tawv nqaij nyob ib ncig ntawm lub qhov muag, ntxiv peb tee ntawm vitamin A thiab E rau qhov sib tov tiav.
Kev tu plaub hau, roj tuaj yeem ntxiv rau tshuaj zawv plaub hau, gels, yaug hauv qhov sib piv ntawm 1: 10. Rau cov plaub hau tsis muaj sia thiab qhuav, cov roj no tsuas yog ib qho godsend. Rau cov plaub hau puas, rub cov roj rau hauv lub taub hau 15-20 feeb ua ntej ntxuav. Ib yam nkaus li, lwm yam khoom siv tshuaj pleev ib ce tuaj yeem ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo: ntxuav gel, cream, daim npog qhov ncauj, thiab lwm yam.
Pab tau rau cov poj niam thiab cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov hips (tsis muaj contraindications) hauv kev tawm tsam cellulite. Massage nrog rosehip roj 2 zaug ib hnub twg yuav txo tau stretch marks. Thawj qhov kev txhim kho yuav tshwm sim hauv 4 lub lis piam. Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yuav pom nyob rau ob peb lub hlis.
Daim ntawv thov nta
Rosehip roj. Txiav cov noob ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab ncuav zaub roj (1:10). Insist 7 hnub. Boil lub resulting loj rau ob peb feeb thiab tawm rau lwm 7 teev. Kev nyuaj siab.
Yuav ua li cas?
- Rau gastritis thiab colitis, roj yog muab nrog ib tug enema ntawm 50 ml.txhua hnub.
- Nrog dermatitis, so nrog roj yog siv rau thaj tsam cuam tshuam. Qee zaum, nrog rau kev siv sab nraud, cov roj tau noj ntawm qhov ncauj: ob zaug ib hnub, 1 teaspoon. Rau eczema, nws raug nquahu kom ntxiv cov roj lavender rau rosehip roj (5 tee ntawm lavender ib 10 ml ntawm rosehip).
- Rau rhinitis, pharyngitis thiab lwm yam kab mob ntawm lub qhov ntswg thiab caj pas mucosa, roj yog pom zoo ua tee. Koj tuaj yeem siv cov ntaub nplaum ntub dej hauv cov roj rau 5-7 feeb txog 5 zaug hauv ib hnub.
Berry syrup
Cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm rosehip syrup paub ntau tus. Cov tshuaj pharmacological ntawm cov tshuaj yog vim muaj cov carotenoids, organic acids, flavonoids thiab ascorbic acid. Cov cuab yeej txhawb nqa cov ntaub so ntswg regeneration, carbohydrate thiab mineral metabolism, txo vascular permeability. Feem ntau, syrup yog tshuaj rau cov neeg uas tsis muaj zog, thiab tsuas yog rau kev tiv thaiv thiab ntxiv dag zog rau kev tiv thaiv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom noj syrup txhua txhua sawv ntxov nrog ib khob ntawm tshuaj yej, vim hais tias nws cov npe ntawm cov tshuaj muaj zog yog inexhaustible:
- Tiv thaiv kev laus ntxov ntxov ua tsaug rau nws qhov tshwj xeeb muaj pes tsawg leeg. Yog li ntawd, thaum tsim cov tshuaj pleev ib ce uas txhawb kev rov ua dua ntawm daim tawv nqaij, cosmetologists nyiam sawv hips. Cov kws tshaj lij tau pom tias cov ntaub so ntswg puas thiab pob txha rov zoo sai dua.
- Y Txo cov roj cholesterol.
- Txhim kho kev tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm kev cuam tshuam sab nraud.
- Normalizes txoj hnyuv thiab plab.
- Tshuaj kho siab thiabpab daws kev qaug cawv.
- YZoo heev choleretic thiab diuretic.
- Txhawb nqa, muab lub zog thiab pab tiv nrog kev qaug zog.
- Tshuaj ntxhov siab thiab ntxhov siab, pab kom muaj kev ntxhov siab.
- Txhim kho qhov muag.
YContraindications
Cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov paj ntoo qus tau paub dav. Tab sis muaj qee qhov kev txwv ntawm kev siv syrup:
- Ib tug neeg intolerance rau lub Cheebtsam ntawm cov tshuaj.
- Nyob rau 2 xyoos.
- YCholelithiasis.
Nrog ceev faj: cov ntshav qab zib, cev xeeb tub thiab pub niam mis.
Side effects: Allergy.
Daim ntawv thov nta
Rosehip phoov. Ncuav 500 g ntawm crushed berries nrog dej (3 khob). Tom qab boiling rau kaum feeb, ntxiv 500 g suab thaj thiab boil rau li 25 feeb ntxiv. RUB qhov sib tov los ntawm ib tug sieve. Lub syrup npaj txhij.
Yuav ua li cas?
Tau kawm txog cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig thiab contraindications ntawm rosehip syrup, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias rau cov menyuam yaus, txhawm rau zam kev tsis haum tshuaj, nws yog qhov zoo dua los pib nrog 2-3 tee. Maj mam nqa mus rau ib koob tshuaj:
- 2 txog 3 xyoos - 0.5 tsp;
- 4 mus rau 6 - 1 teaspoon;
- 7 txog 12 - 1 khob qab zib.
Cov neeg laus haus dej qab zib ob zaug lossis peb zaug hauv ib hnub, 1-2 tablespoons. Cov chav kawm uas pom zoo yog mus txog 30 hnub.
Rosehips
Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj 0.2% ascorbic acid, 8 mg carotene, pantothenic acid, phenolic acids, 3.6% pectinCov tshuaj, 8.1% qab zib, 3.6% organic acids, vitamins PP, B1, B2, K, ntsev ntawm magnesium, manganese, hlau, phosphorus thiab calcium. Rose hips muaj anti-inflammatory, anti-sclerotic thiab anti-scorbutic teebmeem. Ntau yam tseem ceeb ntawm brewed Rose hips paub. Nws cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo qhib cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab hauv lub cev, txhim kho cov metabolism hauv carbohydrate, txhim kho cov ntaub so ntswg, tiv thaiv qhov tsis zoo ntawm ib puag ncig, thiab nce diuresis. Cov lus qhia rau kev siv:
- ntshav qab zib;
- kab mob ntawm cov kab mob genitourinary;
- anorexia;
- kab mob plawv thiab hlab ntsha;
- avitaminosis;
- teeb meem zais zis;
- caws;
- kab mob raum;
- kab mob siab;
- kab mob plab hnyuv;
- kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis.
YContraindications
Txhua tus paub txog cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm rosehip tshuaj yej. Contraindications rau no tej yam yees siv dej haus, raws li zoo raws li rau ntau cov nroj tsuag tshuaj, tsis yog txawv teb chaws. Cov no suav nrog:
- tus neeg tsis kam lees;
- thrombophlebitis;
- decoction ntawm Rose hips tsis pom zoo rau plab rwj, gastritis, cholelithiasis;
- cawv infusion tsis pom zoo rau kev kub siab.
Daim ntawv thov nta
Nkauj tawm tshiab
Berries tau sau nyob rau theem ntawm tag nrho lossis nruab nrab kom loj hlob nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg (ua ntej Frost). Tshav kub txog 90 degrees. Kev npaj ntawm berries yog txiav txim los ntawm lub pronounced fragility. Khaws rau hauv lub thawv kaw nruj nreem. Cov tshuaj ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog khaws cia rau 2 xyoos.
Yuav ua li cas?
Rosehip tshuaj yej
12-15 berries muab tso rau hauv ib lub thermos thiab ncuav ib nrab ib liter ntawm boiling dej nyob rau ntawd (tsis ntau tshaj 60 degrees). Infuse los ntawm 30 feeb mus rau ob peb teev. Optionally ntxiv zib mu, txiv qaub, qab zib.
Decoction of fruits
2 tablespoons av txiv hmab txiv ntoo ncuav 400 ml ntawm dej kub. Khaws rau ntawm chav da dej rau 15 feeb. Txias thiab nyem berries.
Nkauj tawm tshiab
1 tablespoon berries ncuav 2 khob dej kub. 10-15 teev rau insist. Haus 0.5 khob 3 zaug hauv ib hnub.
Rosehip paj
paj ntawm cov nroj tsuag tsis muaj tshuaj zoo dua li cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Rosehip paj yog siv los kho cov mucous daim nyias nyias thiab o ntawm lub hauv nruab nrog cev. Lawv muaj antiseptic, antisclerotic, antispasmodic, choleretic, sedative thiab enzymatic zog. Decoctions raws li paj txhawb cov hlab ntsha, phab ntsa ntawm capillaries thiab cov hlab ntsha, ua rau lawv elasticity thiab lub zog. Muab cov saum toj no, rosehip paj tau pom zoo rau cov kab mob hauv qab no:
- xuab zeb hauv cov zis;
- mob plawv thiab mob ua ntej infarction;
- kev tshaib plab;
- ischemic thiab hemorrhagic strokes;
- cholecystitis;
- mob siab thiab lub raum colic;
- avitaminosis;
- insomnia;
- kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv;
- kab mob qhov muag (blepharitis, conjunctivitis);
- kev puas tsuaj sab nraud (furunculosis, kub hnyiab, rwj, dermatoses, pob txuv,psoriasis);
- teeb meem ntawm daim tawv nqaij (asterisks, hnub nyoog me ntsis, khaus khaus thiab o, cellulite thiab stretch marks).
YContraindications
Paj ntawm cov nroj tsuag tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo rau lub cev. Tau kawg, cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov qus sawv yog paub. Thiab tsis muaj contraindications nyob rau hauv kev kho mob ntawm paj. Tab sis nrog kev ceev faj nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum coj cov neeg uas muaj kev tsis haum rau tus kheej thiab nrog cov ntshav txhaws. Kev sab laj kws kho mob yog tsim nyog rau thrombosis, gastritis nrog siab acidity, diabetics, thiab plab ulcers.
Daim ntawv thov nta
Decoction of paj
1 teaspoon ntawm nplooj ncuav ib khob dej thiab boil. Infuse thiab strain.
Muab ib txhais tes ntawm paj nrog ib khob dej npau npau. Insist rau ob peb teev. Lim thiab ntxiv zib mu (150 g) rau cov kua thiab boil.
Yuav ua li cas?
- Decoction yog siv los ua compresses rau sab nraud raug mob, conjunctivitis, blepharitis. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam mob, haus dej qus sawv, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog undeniable, 3-4 tablespoons txhua.
- zib ntab yog pom zoo rau mob caj pas, kab mob ntawm txoj hlab pa, xeev siab, mob hniav.
- Cosmetologists hais kom da dej nrog rosehip petals ib zaug ib lub lim tiam. Lawv pab nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus tawm tsam stretch marks thiab cellulite, soften thiab moisturize ntawm daim tawv nqaij, thiab tshem tawm puffiness.
Rosehip yog dav siv hauv tshuaj thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce. Kev siv cov nroj tsuag no muaj ntau yam thiab kho rau lub cev. Yog li ntawd, tsis txhob tsis quav ntsejmuaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm qus rose. Nrog rau nws, koj tuaj yeem saib zoo thiab txhim kho koj txoj kev noj qab haus huv, vim tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov vitamins thiab kab kawm hauv cov pob qij txha muaj ntau dua cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub.
