Neural kev sib txuas ntawm lub hlwb: tsim, kev loj hlob ntawm receptors, txhim kho lub hlwb ua haujlwm thiab tsim cov kev sib txuas ntawm neural tshiab

Cov txheej txheem:

Neural kev sib txuas ntawm lub hlwb: tsim, kev loj hlob ntawm receptors, txhim kho lub hlwb ua haujlwm thiab tsim cov kev sib txuas ntawm neural tshiab
Neural kev sib txuas ntawm lub hlwb: tsim, kev loj hlob ntawm receptors, txhim kho lub hlwb ua haujlwm thiab tsim cov kev sib txuas ntawm neural tshiab

Video: Neural kev sib txuas ntawm lub hlwb: tsim, kev loj hlob ntawm receptors, txhim kho lub hlwb ua haujlwm thiab tsim cov kev sib txuas ntawm neural tshiab

Video: Neural kev sib txuas ntawm lub hlwb: tsim, kev loj hlob ntawm receptors, txhim kho lub hlwb ua haujlwm thiab tsim cov kev sib txuas ntawm neural tshiab
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Neural kev sib txuas hauv lub hlwb ua rau tus cwj pwm nyuaj. Neurons yog cov tshuab computer me me uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib txuas lus.

Tswj cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus cwj pwm yooj yim tshaj plaws (piv txwv li, reflexes) tsis tas yuav muaj ntau cov neurons, tab sis txawm tias reflexes feem ntau nrog ib tus neeg paub txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev xav. Nco ntsoov kev nkag siab ntawm kev hnov mob (thiab tag nrho cov haujlwm siab dua ntawm lub paj hlwb) nyob ntawm ntau qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov neurons.

Neural connections make us who we are. Lawv qhov zoo cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kabmob hauv nruab nrog cev, lub peev xwm kev txawj ntse thiab kev xav ruaj khov.

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Txoj kab

Neural connections of the hlwb - lub xaim ntawm lub paj hlwb. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub paj hlwb yog ua raws li lub peev xwm ntawm cov neuron kom pom, ua thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv mus rau lwm lub hlwb.

Cov ntaub ntawv kis tau los ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Tus cwj pwm ntawm ib tug neeg thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm nws lub cev yog tag nrhonyob ntawm kev sib kis thiab tau txais cov impulses los ntawm neurons los ntawm cov txheej txheem.

Ib neuron muaj ob hom txheej txheem: axon thiab dendrite. Lub axon ntawm ib tug neuron yog ib txwm ib tug, nws yog nyob rau hauv nws hais tias lub neuron kis impulses mus rau lwm lub hlwb. Nws tau txais ib qho impulse los ntawm dendrites, uas tej zaum yuav muaj ob peb.

Neural networks thiab impulse flow
Neural networks thiab impulse flow

Ntau (qee zaum kaum tawm txhiab) axons ntawm lwm cov neurons yog "txuas" rau cov dendrites. Dendrite thiab axon tiv tauj ntawm synapse.

Neurons thiab synapses

Qhov sib txawv ntawm dendrite thiab axon yog lub synapse. Vim lub axon yog "qhov chaw" ntawm lub impulse, lub dendrite yog "receiver", thiab lub synaptic cleft yog qhov chaw ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam: cov neuron los ntawm cov axon los yog hu ua presynaptic; cov neuron uas lub dendrite los yog postsynaptic.

Synapses tuaj yeem tsim ntawm axon thiab lub cev neuron, thiab ntawm ob lub axons lossis ob lub dendrites. Ntau qhov kev sib txuas synaptic yog tsim los ntawm tus txha caj qaum dendritic thiab axon. Cov nqaj qaum yog cov yas heev, muaj ntau cov duab, tuaj yeem ploj sai sai thiab tsim. Lawv yog cov rhiab rau tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev muaj zog (kev raug mob, kab mob sib kis).

Nyob rau hauv synapses, cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau kis tau los ntawm cov neeg nruab nrab (cov tshuaj lom neeg). Tus neeg nruab nrab molecules raug tso tawm ntawm lub cell presynaptic, hla lub synaptic cleft, thiab khi rau cov membrane receptors ntawm lub cell postsynaptic. Cov neeg kho kom haum xeeb tuaj yeem kis tau qhov kev xav tau lossis inhibitory (inhibitory) teeb liab.

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Neural connections of the brain is the connection of neurons throughkev sib txuas synaptic. Synapses yog lub luag haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub paj hlwb. Tus naj npawb ntawm kev sib txuas synaptic yog qhov taw qhia tseem ceeb rau lub hlwb ua haujlwm.

Neuron thiab spines
Neuron thiab spines

Receptors

Cov neeg txais kev nco nco txhua zaus lawv tham txog kev quav yeeb tshuaj lossis haus cawv. Vim li cas ib tug neeg yuav tsum coj raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib haum xeeb?

Tus receptor ntawm postsynaptic daim nyias nyias yog cov protein tuned rau tus neeg nruab nrab molecules. Thaum ib tug neeg dag (nrog rau cov tshuaj, piv txwv li) txhawb kev tso tawm ntawm cov neeg kho kom haum xeeb rau hauv lub synaptic cleft, lub synapse sim rov qab sib npaug: nws txo cov receptors los yog lawv rhiab heev. Vim li no, cov theem ntuj concentration ntawm neurotransmitters nyob rau hauv synapse tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau neural lug.

Neuron, synapse thiab neural networks
Neuron, synapse thiab neural networks

Piv txwv li, cov neeg haus luam yeeb nicotine hloov pauv qhov cuam tshuam ntawm receptors rau acetylcholine, desensitization (qis qis) ntawm receptors tshwm sim. Lub ntuj theem ntawm acetylcholine tsis txaus rau receptors nrog txo rhiab heev. Vim acetylcholine koom nrog ntau cov txheej txheem, suav nrog cov cuam tshuam nrog kev mloog zoo thiab kev nplij siab, tus neeg haus luam yeeb tsis tuaj yeem tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm lub paj hlwb yam tsis muaj nicotine.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov rhiab heev ntawm cov receptors yog maj mam rov qab los. Txawm hais tias qhov no yuav siv sij hawm ntev, lub synapse rov qab los zoo li qub thiab tus neeg tsis xav tau cov tshuaj stimulants thib peb lawm.

Kev txhim kho ntawm neural networks

Kev hloov pauv mus sij hawm ntev hauv neuralKev sib txuas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau yam kab mob (kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab neurological - schizophrenia, autism, qaug dab peg, Huntington's, Alzheimer's thiab Parkinson's kab mob). Synaptic kev sib txuas thiab cov khoom sab hauv ntawm cov neurons hloov, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub paj hlwb.

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neurons yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev txhim kho cov kev sib txuas synaptic. "Siv nws los yog poob nws" yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus qab lub paj hlwb neural networks. Feem ntau cov neurons "ua", qhov kev sib txuas ntau dua ntawm lawv, qhov tsawg dua, kev sib txuas tsawg dua. Thaum ib tug neuron poob tag nrho nws cov kev sib txuas, nws tuag.

Qee tus kws sau ntawv qhia lwm cov tswv yim uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tswj hwm kev txhim kho ntawm neural networks. M. Butz txuas kev tsim cov synapses tshiab nrog lub hlwb txoj kev xav kom tswj tau qib "ib txwm" ntawm kev ua haujlwm.

Thaum theem nruab nrab ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neurons poob (piv txwv li, vim raug mob), neurons tsim kev sib cuag tshiab, nrog rau tus lej ntawm cov synapses, cov haujlwm ntawm cov neurons nce. Qhov thim rov qab kuj muaj tseeb: sai li sai tau raws li qib ntawm kev ua haujlwm dhau los ua ntau dua li ib txwm muaj, tus naj npawb ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm synaptic txo. Cov ntaub ntawv zoo sib xws ntawm homeostasis feem ntau pom muaj nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej, piv txwv li, hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm lub cev kub thiab cov ntshav qab zib.

M. Boots M. Butz sau tseg:

…kev tsim cov synapses tshiab yog vim lub siab xav ntawm cov neurons kom tswj tau qib ntawm hluav taws xob ua haujlwm…

Henry Markram, uas tau koom nrog hauv ib txoj haujlwm los tsim cov neural simulation ntawm lub hlwb, qhia txog qhov kev cia siab rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam los kawm txog kev cuam tshuam, kho thiab txhim kho neuralkev sib txuas. Pab neeg tshawb fawb tau digitized 31,000 nas neurons. Kev sib txuas neural ntawm nas hlwb tau nthuav tawm hauv video hauv qab no.

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Neuroplasticity

Kev txhim kho ntawm neural kev sib txuas hauv lub hlwb yog txuam nrog kev tsim cov synapses tshiab thiab kev hloov kho ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm. Qhov ua tau ntawm kev hloov kho yog vim synaptic plasticity - kev hloov hauv "lub zog" ntawm synapse teb rau kev ua kom cov receptors ntawm lub cell postsynaptic.

Ib tug neeg tuaj yeem nco qab cov ntaub ntawv thiab kawm ua tsaug rau lub hlwb ntawm lub hlwb. Kev ua txhaum ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm neural ntawm lub hlwb vim raug mob lub hlwb thiab cov kab mob neurodegenerative vim neuroplasticity tsis ua rau tuag taus.

Neuroplasticity yog tsav los ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau hloov pauv hauv cov lus teb rau cov neeg nyob tshiab, tab sis nws tuaj yeem daws tau tib neeg cov teeb meem thiab tsim lawv. Ib qho kev hloov pauv hauv lub zog synapse, piv txwv li, thaum haus luam yeeb, kuj yog ib qho kev xav ntawm lub hlwb plasticity. Tshuaj thiab obsessive-compulsive tsis meej yog nyuaj heev kom tshem tau ntawm precisely vim hais tias ntawm lub maladaptive hloov nyob rau hauv synapses nyob rau hauv neural networks.

synaptic cleft
synaptic cleft

Neuroplasticity yog cuam tshuam los ntawm cov teeb meem neurotrophic. N. V. Gulyaeva hais txog tias ntau yam kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm neural tshwm sim tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev txo qis ntawm cov qib neurotrophins. Normalization ntawm theem ntawm neurotrophins ua rau kev kho dua tshiab ntawm neural kev sib txuas hauv lub hlwb.

Txhua yam tshuaj zoo siv los kho cov kab mob ntawm lub hlwb, txawm tias lawv cov qauv, yog tias lawv ua tau zoo, lawv yog ib txoj hauv kev los yog lwm qhovmechanism normalizes hauv zos theem ntawm neurotrophic yam.

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Kev ua kom zoo ntawm qib neurotrophin tseem tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev xa ncaj qha mus rau lub hlwb. Tab sis ib tug neeg tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau theem ntawm neurotrophins los ntawm lub cev thiab kev txawj ntse.

Lub cev ua haujlwm

Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tau tias kev tawm dag zog ua kom lub siab xav thiab kev paub. Cov pov thawj qhia tias cov teebmeem no yog vim muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj neurotrophic (BDNF) thiab txhim kho cov hlab plawv.

qib siab ntawm BDNF tau cuam tshuam nrog kev ntsuas zoo dua ntawm kev muaj peev xwm spatial, episodic thiab hais lus nco. Cov theem qis ntawm BDNF, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus, tau cuam tshuam nrog hippocampal atrophy thiab nco tsis taus, uas tej zaum yuav muaj feem xyuam rau cov teeb meem kev txawj ntse txuam nrog Alzheimer's kab mob.

Neural networks
Neural networks

Kawm txog qhov muaj peev xwm kho tau thiab tiv thaiv Alzheimer's, cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau tham txog qhov tsis tseem ceeb ntawm kev tawm dag zog rau tib neeg. Yog li, cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias kev taug kev tsis tu ncua cuam tshuam qhov loj ntawm hippocampus thiab txhim kho kev nco.

Lub cev ua haujlwm nce tus nqi ntawm neurogenesis. Cov tsos mob ntawm cov neurons tshiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev rov kawm dua (tau txais kev paub tshiab thiab tshem tawm qhov qub).

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Kev txawj ntse

Neural connections in the brain development when a person is in a stimulus-enriched environment. Kev paub tshiab yog tus yuam sij rau kev sib txuas ntawm neural.

Kev paub tshiab- qhov no yog kev tsis sib haum xeeb thaum qhov teeb meem tsis daws tau los ntawm txhais tau tias lub hlwb twb muaj lawm. Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas tshiab, cov qauv tshiab ntawm tus cwj pwm, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev nce hauv qhov ntom ntawm cov leeg, tus naj npawb ntawm dendrites thiab synapses.

Kev Sib Tw thiab Kev Pom Zoo
Kev Sib Tw thiab Kev Pom Zoo

Kev kawm txuj ci tshiab ua rau tsim cov pob txha tshiab thiab kev tsis ruaj khov ntawm kev sib txuas qub ntawm cov nqaj qaum thiab axons. Ib tug neeg tsim tus cwj pwm tshiab, thiab cov laus ploj mus. Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb txuas kev paub tsis meej (ADHD, autism, kev puas siab puas ntsws) nrog tus txha caj qaum.

Kab laug sab yog hloov tau yooj yim. Tus naj npawb, cov duab thiab qhov loj ntawm cov txha nraub qaum yog txuam nrog kev txhawb siab, kev kawm thiab kev nco.

Lub sijhawm nws yuav siv los hloov lawv cov duab thiab qhov loj me yog ntsuas ntsuas hauv cov xuab moos. Tab sis nws kuj txhais tau tias kev sib txuas tshiab tuaj yeem ploj mus sai li sai tau. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj rau qhov tseem ceeb luv luv tab sis nquag kev txawj ntse loads ntev thiab tsis tshua muaj.

Kev ua neej

Kev noj zaub mov tuaj yeem txhim kho kev paub thiab tiv thaiv lub hlwb kev sib txuas ntawm neural los ntawm kev puas tsuaj, pab lawv rov qab los ntawm kev mob, thiab tiv thaiv kev laus. Kev noj qab haus huv hlwb zoo li cuam tshuam zoo:

- omega-3 (ntses, flax noob, kiwi, txiv ntseej);

- curcumin (curry);

- flavonoids (cocoa, tshuaj yej ntsuab, citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tsaus chocolate);

Y- cov vitamins B;

- vitamin E (avocado, txiv ntseej, txiv laum huab xeeb, spinach, nplej hmoov);

- choline (nqaij qaib, nqaij nyug, qeyolks).

Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom lag luam uas tsis ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau neurotrophins. Qhov zoo ntawm kev noj zaub mov zoo yog txhim kho los ntawm kev muaj kev tawm dag zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev txwv tsis pub qis caloric txhawb kev qhia ntawm neurotrophins.

Mediterranean noj zaub mov
Mediterranean noj zaub mov

Rau kev kho kom rov zoo thiab txhim kho kev sib txuas ntawm neural, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tshem tawm cov rog saturated thiab refined qab zib. Cov khoom noj uas muaj suab thaj ntxiv txo qis neurotrophin, uas cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau neuroplasticity. Thiab cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm cov roj saturated nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov tseem ua rau qeeb rov qab ntawm lub hlwb tom qab raug mob lub hlwb.

Ntawm cov yam tsis zoo uas cuam tshuam rau kev sib txuas ntawm neural: haus luam yeeb thiab kev ntxhov siab. Kev haus luam yeeb thiab kev ntxhov siab ntev tsis ntev los no tau cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv neurodegenerative. Txawm hais tias kev ntxhov siab luv luv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau neuroplasticity.

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm neural kuj nyob ntawm kev pw tsaug zog. Tej zaum txawm ntau tshaj li tag nrho lwm yam uas tau teev tseg. Vim tias pw tsaug zog nws tus kheej yog tus nqi uas peb them rau lub hlwb plasticity Ch. Cirelli

CV

Yuav ua li cas txhim kho neural kev sib txuas hauv lub hlwb? Qhov cuam tshuam zoo:

  • kev tawm dag zog;
  • tas thiab nyuaj;
  • zoo pw;
  • khoom noj khoom haus.

tsis zoo cuam tshuam:

  • khoom noj rog thiab qab zib;
  • smoking;
  • kev nyuaj siab ntev.

lub hlwb heevyas, tab sis nws yog ib qho nyuaj heev rau "sculpt" ib yam dab tsi tawm ntawm nws. Nws tsis nyiam nkim zog rau tej yam tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Txoj kev loj hlob sai tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib txuas tshiab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb, thaum tus neeg tsis tuaj yeem daws qhov teeb meem uas siv cov txheej txheem paub.

Pom zoo: