txhawm rau kuaj mob qog noj ntshav, kev sib koom ua ke yog qhov tseem ceeb. Nws tsis tuaj yeem ua qhov kev kuaj mob no raws li ib qho kev soj ntsuam. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, cov qauv, kev sim paub thiab cov txheej txheem kuj tseem pab kom xav tias muaj kev loj hlob ntawm oncology. Nws sawv tawm, tshwj xeeb, kuaj kuaj mob. Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas yuav qhia txog oncology, dab tsi koj yuav tsum tau xyuam xim rau, peb yuav qhia ntxiv. Cia peb saib cov kev tshawb fawb ntau tshaj plaws.
Immunological tsom xam
Dab tsi yog qhov ntsuas ntawm kev kuaj ntshav rau oncology? Nws nyuaj rau tham txog cov lej tshwj xeeb ntawm no. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv tsis ib txwm qhia tias muaj cov qog nqaij hlav, raws li peb yuav pom tom qab ntawm cov piv txwv tshwj xeeb.
Ib qhov tseeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov npe niaj hnub no yog qhov tseeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob, kev tshuaj xyuas rau cov neeg saib xyuas. Nrog nws cov kev pab, nws muaj peev xwm xav tias tus kab mob no thaum ntxov. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhawm rau taug qab qhov kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav, txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov rov tshwm sim lossis metastases hauv lub sijhawm. Thiab ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm txoj kev kho mob tau muab rau tus neeg mob.
Cov cim qog qog yog dab tsi? Cov no yog cov tshuaj uas cuam tshuam nrog lub neej ntawm cov qog. Hauv lub cev ntawm tus neeg noj qab haus huv, lawv tsis pom txhua. Los yog muaj tsawg heev. Niaj hnub no, muaj txog 200 yam khoom no paub. Tsis yog txhua tus ntawm lawv tau txiav txim siab sib npaug hauv kev kho mob, uas yog vim li cas qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no tsis tuaj yeem hu ua 100% txoj hauv kev los kuaj mob oncology.
Los ntawm no, nws yuav tsis raug hu mus rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob "kev kuaj ntshav rau mob qog noj ntshav", vim tias nws cov txiaj ntsig tsuas yog qhia tias muaj cov kab mob txaus ntshai no, thiab tsis kuaj nws. Kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Rau kev kuaj mob qog nqaij hlav, cov cim tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yuav yog α-fetoprotein thiab β-chorionic gonadotropin. Lawv raug txiav txim rau cov qog ntawm zes qe menyuam, lub cev thiab lub ncauj tsev menyuam. Rau cov txiv neej, prostate-specific antigen PSA, uas nws cov ntsiab lus nce nrog prostate cancer, yuav tseem ceeb ntawm no. Tom ntej no tus kab mob tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog CA-125. Nws pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntshav hauv serous zes qe menyuam cancer.
Lwm cov cim qog nqaij hlav kuj tau txheeb xyuas, cov ntsiab lus nce ntxiv uas yuav qhia tau cov kab mob qog nqaij hlav hauv qab no:
- mob qog noj ntshav mis.
- Cervical suspended.
- qog nqaij hlav hauv plab hnyuv loj.
- mob plab.
- malignant qog ntawm lub zais zis.
- mob qog noj ntshav pancreatic.
- Kab mob qog noj ntshav.
ntshav rau qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no yog noj thaum sawv ntxov, ntawm lub plab khoob. Txwv tsis pub, tsawg kawg 4 teev yuav tsum tau dhau mus txij thaum noj mov kawg. Ntshav yog muab los ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Kev ntsuam xyuas tau raug npajfeem ntau hauv 1-2 hnub. Hauv qee lub tsev kho mob them nyiaj, lawv muaj ob peb teev tom qab kuaj ntshav.
tshuaj ntsuam caj ces
Kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic rau oncology - tus yau tshaj ntawm txhua tus tau nthuav tawm ntawm no. Yog li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tsis tau txiav txim siab seb nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, nws cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb npaum li cas.
Cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm qee yam mob qog noj ntshav cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov caj ces. Qhov ntawd yog, txoj kev nyiam rau kev mob qog noj ntshav tuaj yeem tau txais los. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsim mob qog noj ntshav vim yog caj ces yog siab heev - 50%.
Tab sis qhov no tsis tau txhais hais tias ib tug neeg yuav mob rau qhov tseeb. Yog tias kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic tsom xam rau oncology qhia pom qhov tshwm sim, koj tuaj yeem pib ntsuas kev tiv thaiv nyob rau lub sijhawm, ua ntu zus los kuaj xyuas qhov tsim nyog txhawm rau txhawm rau kuaj xyuas thiab nres mob qog noj ntshav hauv lub sijhawm.
Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no tau pom zoo nyob rau hauv rooj plaub:
- Yog cov txheeb ze tau kuaj pom muaj mob qog noj ntshav.
- Pathologies tsim nyob rau hauv lawv thaum muaj hnub nyoog yau - mus txog 40 xyoo.
- Cov txheeb ze raug kuaj pom tias tsis yog ib qho, tab sis ob peb lub cev thiab lub cev.
Yog li koj tuaj yeem kuaj mob qog noj ntshav ntawm lub genitourinary system, qog mammary, hnyuv loj, thiab lwm yam. Ob peb hnub ua ntej lub laj kab txwv tsis pub ntsim, kib, zaub mov rog, cawv thiab haus luam yeeb. Lawv sim zam lub cev thiab lub siab lub ntsws overstrain thaum lub sijhawm no. Ntshav tau noj ntawm lub plab khoob (tsawg kawg 8 teev tom qab noj mov kawg). laj kabbiomaterial - los ntawm cov leeg.
YCytological tsom xam
Qhov tseeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov no yog kev tshawb fawb cytological. Nws yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm oncodiagnostics. Kev tsom xam yog qhov tshwj xeeb uas nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab txog hom qog raws li nws cov txiaj ntsig. Tab sis qhov rhiab heev ntawm cov txheej txheem no tseem nyob ntawm hom mob qog noj ntshav thiab seb cov khoom siv biomaterial tau zoo npaum li cas.
Thaum ua qhov kev tshawb fawb zoo li no, ntau dua 180 qhov cim sib txawv ntawm cov hlwb atypical raug coj mus rau hauv tus account. Txoj hauv kev no tsis tsuas yog pab txiav txim seb puas muaj kab mob oncological tab tom txhim kho hauv lub cev. Raws li nws cov txiaj ntsig, tus kws tshaj lij tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov chaw ntawm cov qog, nthuav tawm nws cov kab mob histological, thiab tseem paub qhov txawv ntawm thawj qhov tsim thiab metastasis.
Hnub no, kev tshawb fawb cytological tau ua tiav rau cov kab mob oncological ntawm yuav luag txhua qhov chaw: ntsws, tawv nqaij, zes qe menyuam, qog nqaij hlav, tsev menyuam, pob txha pob txha, daim siab, thiab lwm yam.
Tus kws tshaj lij sau cov smears lossis luam tawm ntawm qhov chaw mucous lossis daim tawv nqaij. Piv txwv li, smears los ntawm qhov chaw mos los yog lub ncauj tsev menyuam. Qee zaum, cov zis, hnoos qeev thiab lwm yam khoom tawm tau raug sau. Yog tias muaj kev xav tias qhov ua kom pom tseeb ntawm cov qog nyob hauv qab ntawm daim tawv nqaij, tom qab ntawd ib qho kev sib tsoo yog ua. Ntawd yog, cov khoom siv yog siv lub koob txhaj tshuaj tshwj xeeb nrog rab koob. Los ntawm cov thyroid caj pas, qog nqaij hlav, lub siab lossis cov pob txha.
Feem ntau, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kuaj cytological xav tias yuav siv sijhawm li ib lub lim tiam. Yog tias qhov teeb meem yog atypical, ces cov rooj sib tham kho mob tau tuav, cov kws kho mob tshwj xeebpiv cov ntaub ntawv sau nrog lub archive. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, tus neeg mob tos txog 2 lub lis piam rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam.
CBC
Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas dab tsi yuav qhia txog oncology? Txhawm rau kuaj xyuas tus kab mob no, kev kuaj ntshav ib txwm siv. Tseeb tiag, los ntawm nws qhov xwm txheej, qog nqaij hlav yog ib qho kev tsim cov ntaub so ntswg uas siv ntau yam khoom uas xav tau rau kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tus neeg mob lub cev. Nws kuj tso tawm cov tshuaj lom metabolic. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev kuaj ntshav rau oncology.
Tshwj xeeb, ESR nce, cov lymphocytes txo qis thiab cov neutrophils nce. Tag nrho cov no yog nrog los ntawm cov tsos mob tshwm sim:
- Nyob.
- Tsis muaj zog.
- Tsis qab los noj.
- Sudden weight loss.
Tshwj xeeb, cov tsos mob piav qhia feem ntau qhia tias lymphogranulomatosis, histiocytosis thiab neuroblastoma.
Nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog malignant, cov kab mob hematopoietic feem ntau raug kev txom nyem, uas ua rau txo qis hauv qib hemoglobin. Cov nyhuv tshuaj lom ntawm cov khoom lag luam metabolic ntawm cov qog hlwb ua rau cov membranes ntawm erythrocytes. Yog li ntawd, hauv kev kuaj ntshav rau oncology, lawv cov kab mob pathological - echinocytes - tuaj yeem kuaj pom. Hauv cov pob txha mob qog noj ntshav, cov qe ntshav tsis paub qab hau yog siab.
Kev kuaj ntshav rau oncology tsis txawv ntawm ib txwm muaj. Cov khoom siv biomaterial tau noj ntawm lub plab khoob (tsawg kawg 4 teev yuav tsum dhau los ntawm cov khoom noj txom ncauj kawg). Cov ntshav yog sau rau hauv ib lub raj kuaj. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam tau muab tso rau hauv 1-2 hnub.
Tab sis koj yuav tsumNws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias kev kuaj ntshav dav dav rau oncology yuav tsis meej. Nws tsis muaj kev tshaj lij los kuaj xyuas "mob qog noj ntshav" raws li nws cov txiaj ntsig. Piv txwv li, ESR nce nrog kev mob hauv lub cev. Thiab anemia kuj tshwm sim nrog kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo, tsis muaj hlau hauv lub cev.
Cov ntsuas hauv kev kuaj ntshav dav dav
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kuaj ntshav dav dav rau oncology yuav suav nrog cov ntsuas hauv qab no:
- ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation tus nqi). Yog tias nws siab dua li qub, qhov no qhia tias muaj kev mob hauv lub cev. Hauv qhov xwm txheej uas qhov nrawm nrawm dua 30% siab dua li qub, muaj laj thawj xav tias mob qog noj ntshav.
- Ob qho kev txo qis thiab nce ntawm cov leukocytes. Hauv oncology, ob qho xwm txheej no tau pom. Yog tias qib ntawm leukocytes raug txo qis, qhov no qhia tau hais tias lub luag haujlwm rau lawv cov khoom tsim muaj nyob rau hauv lub xeev pathological. Qhov no yog pom nyob rau hauv cov pob txha mob cancer. Yog tias qib ntawm leukocytes dhau lawm, qhov no tuaj yeem qhia tau tias muaj qog nqaij hlav malignant. Txij li thaum lub cev nquag tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm no los tua cov hlwb txawv teb chaws.
- Txo cov qib hemoglobin. Raws li kev kuaj ntshav, qhov no tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog ib qho cim ntawm oncology yog tias qib platelets kuj tau txo qis tib lub sijhawm. Qhov qis qis ntawm cov ntshav txhaws, thiab lwm yam, qhia tias leukemia.
- Ntau cov qe ntshav tsis paub qab hau. Raws li peb tau sau tseg lawm, qhov no tau pom nyob rau hauv pathologies ntawm cov pob txha pob txha, qhov chaw lawv tsim.
- Pom ntau cov pob txha thiab cov leukocytes tsis paub qab hau.
- Ntau cov qog ntshav hauv cov ntshav thiab, raws li, lymphocytes.
ntshav chemistry
Kev tshuaj ntsuam dab tsi qhia pom muaj oncology hauv lub cev? Ib qho ntawm qhov tseeb tshaj plaws, piav qhia ntawm no yog biochemical. Nrog nws, koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab thawj cov tsos mob ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav cancer hauv lub cev.
Kev kuaj ntshav biochemical rau oncology yuav txawv ntawm cov ntsuas hauv qab no:
- Albumin, tag nrho cov protein. Cov qog nqaij hlav cancer nquag noj cov protein. Yog li ntawd, nws qib hauv cov ntshav yuav txo qis. Nrog rau qhov no, tus neeg mob sau tseg qhov tsis qab los noj mov thiab qhov hnyav, txij li cov proteins, cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau cov hlwb, tsis nkag mus rau hauv lub cev raws li qhov tsim nyog. Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej uas cov qog cuam tshuam rau daim siab, tus neeg yuav raug kev txom nyem los ntawm qhov tsis muaj protein ntau txawm tias tsis noj zaub mov zoo.
- Urea. Yog tias daim duab no siab dua li qub, muaj laj thawj xav tias ob qho tib si tsis zoo hauv lub raum kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ua kom muaj protein ntau. Qhov no tau pom nrog kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav, thiab nrog rau kev qaug cawv nrog cov khoom lag luam metabolic ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav cancer, thiab nrog rau kev ua kom lub cev lwj ntawm oncocells thaum kho tus kab mob.
- Hloov cov ntshav qabzib. Qhov nce hauv qhov ntsuas qhia tau hais tias muaj ntshav qab zib mellitus, sarcoma, mob qog noj ntshav ntawm lub siab, cov kab mob ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab lwm yam kab mob oncological. Qhov tseeb yog tias cov qog hlwb inhibits kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin, uas yog vim li cas lub cev tsis teb rau lub sijhawm kom nce cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav. Yog li ntawd, ob peb xyoos ua ntej pib pom cov tsos mob ntawm tus mob qog noj ntshav, tus neeg mob yuav pom cov tsos mobntshav qab zib mellitus. Tshwj xeeb, qhov no tshwm sim nrog mob qog noj ntshav ntawm cov qog mammary thiab uterus.
- YBilirubin. Nws qib yuav dhau los nrog kev puas tsuaj rau daim siab. Xws li hauv oncology.
- AlAT. Nws qib nce nrog cov qog nqaij hlav ntawm daim siab. Tab sis nws kuj tseem yuav qhia txog kev txhim kho ntawm lwm yam kab mob.
- nce alkaline phosphatase. Tej zaum nws yuav yog ib qho cim ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav ntawm cov pob txha, nrog rau cov metastases hauv lawv, cov kab mob ntawm daim siab, gallbladder nrog oncological formations.
Rau qhov kev kawm no, cov ntshav yog muab los ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Nws raug nquahu kom tuaj rau hauv chav kho mob ua ntej noj tshais, ntawm lub plab khoob. Txwv tsis pub, cov txiaj ntsig tsis tseeb ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas yog ua tau. Cov lus teb tau npaj raws li tus qauv - hauv 1-2 hnub.
Cov kev kuaj puas yuav qhia txog oncology? Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb no tsis ua rau nws txiav txim siab. Ntawd yog, raws li kev txheeb xyuas biochemical ib leeg, nws tsis tuaj yeem xav tias oncology. Tab sis kev sib txawv ntawm cov qauv ntawm no yog ib qho laj thawj rau kev txhawj xeeb, yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas ntxiv.
Kev kuaj ntshav txhaws
Kev ntsuas dab tsi tuaj yeem txiav txim siab txog oncology? Lwm qhov kev xaiv yog kuaj ntshav txhaws. Qhov tseeb yog tias nrog mob qog noj ntshav, ntshav txhaws nce. Dab tsi yog qhov txaus ntshai li microthrombi hauv capillaries, thiab thrombosis ntawm cov hlab ntsha loj.
Qhov tsim ntawm microthrombi yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg nrog qhov tseeb tias nws ua kom cov qog loj hlob sai. Tshwj xeeb, kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tau ua pov thawj tias kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv cov ntshav txhaws,txhim kho txoj sia nyob ntawm cov neeg mob qog noj ntshav txawm tias muaj txheej txheem siab heev.
Qhov kev kuaj no yuav tsum tau kuaj ntshav los ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Cov kws tshaj lij tshuaj xyuas cov coagulogram. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no tau muab rau hauv 1-3 hnub ua haujlwm.
Urine tsom xam
Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas dab tsi yuav qhia txog oncology? Raws li kev txheeb xyuas cov zis, qhov no nws yuav tsis meej. Tab sis ib qho kev sib txawv ntawm cov qauv ntawm no qhia qhov xav tau kev kuaj mob ntxiv.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov cov hauv qab no:
- ntshav tso zis. Ntawm lwm yam, nws tuaj yeem qhia tias mob qog noj ntshav lossis zais zis. Tab sis nws kuj yog ib qho tsos mob ntawm urolithiasis thiab glomerulonephritis.
- Ketone lub cev. Lawv cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov zis qhia tias active catabolism (uas yog, cov ntaub so ntswg tawg) nyob rau hauv lub cev. Tab sis qhov no tuaj yeem qhia tsis tau tsuas yog cov txheej txheem qog, tab sis kuj muaj ntshav qab zib. Thiab kuj tham txog kev noj zaub mov nruj.
Rau qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no, cov zis thaum sawv ntxov tau sau rau hauv lub thawv tshwj xeeb. Tab sis tsis tsuas yog lub thawv yuav tsum tsis muaj menyuam. Nco ntsoov da dej kom huv. Yog tias cov cell ntawm daim tawv nqaij nkag mus rau hauv cov zis, qhov no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam. Lawv rov qab los hauv 1-2 hnub. Tab sis ib zaug ntxiv, peb rov hais dua tias nws tsis tuaj yeem kuaj pom tus kab mob oncological raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kuaj zis ib leeg.
Tshawb Fawb Ntxiv
Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas dab tsi yuav qhia txog oncology? Ntxiv rau tag nrho cov saum toj no, yog tias koj xav tiasCov neeg mob qog noj ntshav kuj tseem tuaj yeem pom cov hauv qab no:
- Fecal occult blood test.
- Kev txiav txim siab ntawm qib PSA.
- PAP test.
Lab kuaj mob
Cov txiaj ntsig hauv chav kuaj tsis yog ib txwm txiav txim siab rau kev kuaj mob. Feem ntau lawv yuav tsum tau lees paub siv kev ntsuas ntsuas:
- Magnetic resonance imaging.
- Computed tomography.
- Mammography.
- Scintigraphy.
- YUltrasound.
- Biopsy.
- kuaj kab mob.
- Dermatoscopy.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, ntau qhov kev sim tuaj yeem kuaj pom tias mob qog noj ntshav. Tab sis tsis yog txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj qhov tshwj xeeb sib npaug. Feem ntau yuav tsum muaj kev kuaj mob ntxiv.
