Cytoarchitectonics ntawm cerebral cortex: txhais thiab nta

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Cytoarchitectonics ntawm cerebral cortex: txhais thiab nta
Cytoarchitectonics ntawm cerebral cortex: txhais thiab nta

Video: Cytoarchitectonics ntawm cerebral cortex: txhais thiab nta

Video: Cytoarchitectonics ntawm cerebral cortex: txhais thiab nta
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Lub paj hlwb cortex yog cov qauv nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm tib neeg lub hlwb. Nws muaj ntau yam kev ua haujlwm, suav nrog kev npaj thiab pib ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev muaj zog, kev nkag siab thiab kev paub txog cov ntaub ntawv xav tau, kev kawm, kev nco, kev xav, kev paub txog kev xav, thiab ntau ntxiv. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm tag nrho cov haujlwm no yog vim muaj qhov tshwj xeeb multilayer kev npaj ntawm neurons. Lub cytoarchitectonics ntawm lub paj hlwb cortex yog lawv lub koom haum cellular.

cerebral cortex
cerebral cortex

qauv

Lub paj hlwb cortex yog tsim los ntawm ntau pua lab ntawm cov neurons, tag nrho cov kev hloov pauv ntawm tsuas yog peb hom morphological: pyramidal (pyramidal) cells, spindle cells, thiab stellate (granular cells). Lwm hom hlwb pom hauv lub cortex yog kev hloov kho ntawm ib qho ntawm cov nopeb hom. Kuj tseem muaj kab rov tav Cajal-Retzius hlwb thiab Martinotti hlwb.

Pyramidal hlwb hauv cytoarchitecture ntawm hemispheric cortex ua txog 75% ntawm cov cellular tivthaiv thiab yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov neurons. Lawv txawv me me los ntawm me me mus rau loj heev. Lawv feem ntau muaj ib qho apical dendrite uas khiav mus rau saum npoo ntawm lub cortex thiab ob peb basal dendrites. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tom kawg sib txawv, tab sis feem ntau muaj ntau tshaj li peb mus rau plaub lub hauv paus dendrites uas ceg mus rau tiam tom ntej (thib ob, tertiary, thiab lwm yam.) Lawv feem ntau muaj ib qho ntev axon uas tawm hauv lub cortex thiab nkag mus rau hauv cov teeb meem dawb subcortical.

pyramidal hlwb
pyramidal hlwb

Spindle hlwb feem ntau nyob rau hauv qhov tob tshaj plaws cortical txheej hauv cytoarchitecture ntawm lub paj hlwb cortex. Lawv dendrites protrude rau ntawm lub cortical nto, thaum lub axon tej zaum yuav commissural, koom haum, los yog projective.

hnub qub-zoo li (granular) hlwb feem ntau me me, thiab txij li lawv cov txheej txheem tau npaj rau hauv txhua lub dav hlau, lawv zoo li lub hnub qub. Lawv nyob thoob plaws hauv lub cortex, tshwj tsis yog rau cov txheej sab saum toj tshaj plaws. Lawv cov txheej txheem luv luv thiab tau npaj hauv zos rau hauv lub cortex thiab tuaj yeem hloov kho cov haujlwm ntawm lwm cov cortical neurons. Raws li qhov pom ntawm dendritic spines (me me cytoplasmic protrusions), qee qhov ntawm lawv yog hu ua spiny cells. Lawv dendrites muaj spikes thiab feem ntau nyob rau hauv txheej IV qhov chaw uas lawv tso glutamate, uas yog ib tug excitatory neurotransmitter, yog li ntawd lawv.yog functionally excitatory interneurons. Lwm hom cell secretes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), uas yog lub zog tshaj inhibitory neurotransmitter hauv CNS, yog li lawv ua haujlwm li inhibitory interneurons.

Kab rov tav Cajal-Retzius hlwb tsuas yog pom nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm lub cortex. Lawv yog cov tsawg heev, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tsawg tus neeg tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus lub hlwb. Lawv muaj ib tug axon thiab ib tug dendrite, ob leeg synapsing hauv zos nyob rau hauv lub superficial txheej.

Martinotti hlwb yog multipolar neurons uas nyob rau hauv qhov tob tshaj plaws ntawm lub cortex. Lawv ntau axons thiab dendrites txav mus rau saum npoo.

Layers

Los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas lub paj hlwb cortex siv Nissl staining cov tswv yim, neuroscientists tau pom tias cov neurons muaj kev sib raug zoo laminar. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov neurons tau teeb tsa hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg mus rau saum npoo ntawm lub hlwb, uas txawv qhov loj thiab cov duab ntawm lub cev neural.

Cytoarchitectonics ntawm cerebral cortex muaj rau txheej:

  1. Molecular (plexiform).
  2. Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg.
  3. Sab nraum pyramidal.
  4. Nyob hauv grainy.
  5. Internal pyramidal (ganglionic).
  6. Polymorphic (fusiform).

Molecular txheej

Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cytoarchitecture ntawm lub cortex, nyob ncaj qha hauv qab pia mater encephali. Cov txheej no tsis zoo nyob rau hauv lub cellular tivthaiv, uas yog sawv cev los ntawm ob peb kab rov tav xwbCajal-Retzius hlwb. Feem ntau ntawm nws yog qhov tseeb sawv cev los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov neurons dag nyob rau hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg thiab lawv cov synapses.

Feem ntau dendrites yog los ntawm cov pyramidal thiab fusiform hlwb, thaum axons yog cov davhlau ya nyob twg fibers ntawm afferent thalamocortical ib ntsuj av, uas yog los ntawm nonspecific, intralaminar thiab nruab nrab nuclei ntawm thalamus.

cingulate cortex, histology
cingulate cortex, histology

Outer granular txheej

Nws muaj feem ntau ntawm cov hlwb stellate. Lawv lub xub ntiag muab cov txheej txheem no "grainy" tsos, yog li nws lub npe nyob rau hauv cytoarchitectonics ntawm lub paj hlwb cortex. Lwm cov qauv ntawm tes yog zoo li cov pyramidal me me.

Nws cov hlwb xa lawv cov dendrites mus rau ntau txheej txheej ntawm lub cortex, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov molecular txheej, thaum lawv axons mus tob rau hauv lub hlwb cortex, synapsing hauv zos. Ntxiv rau qhov no intracortical synapse, cov axons ntawm txheej no tuaj yeem ntev txaus los tsim cov fibers uas dhau los ntawm cov teeb meem dawb thiab nws thiaj li txiav tawm hauv ntau yam CNS qauv.

dendritic hlwb
dendritic hlwb

txheej txheej pyramidal

Nws muaj feem ntau ntawm cov hlwb pyramidal. Cov hlwb saum npoo ntawm cov txheej txheem cytoarchitectonics ntawm cerebral cortex yog me dua piv rau cov uas nyob tob. Lawv apical dendrites txuas mus rau superficially thiab ncav cuag cov txheej txheem molecular, thaum cov txheej txheem basal txuas mus rau subcortical dawb teeb meem thiab tom qab ntawd dua. Qhov project mus rau hauv lub cortex kom lawv ua hauj lwm raws li ob qho tib si associative thiab commissural corticocortical fibers.

puab txheej txheej

Nyob rau hauv cytoarchitectonics ntawm cerebral cortex, nws yog lub ntsiab input cortical chaw nres tsheb (qhov no txhais tau hais tias feem ntau ntawm cov stimuli ntawm lub periphery tuaj ntawm no). Nws muaj feem ntau ntawm stellate hlwb thiab, rau qhov tsawg dua, ntawm pyramidal hlwb. Stellate cell axons tseem nyob hauv lub cortex thiab synapses, thaum pyramidal cell axons synapse ntxaum nyob rau hauv lub cortex los yog tawm hauv lub cortex thiab txuas nrog cov teeb meem dawb.

Stellate hlwb, ua ib qho tseem ceeb tivthaiv, pab tsim kom muaj qhov tshwj xeeb cortical qhov chaw. Cov cheeb tsam no tau txais fiber ntau los ntawm thalamus hauv qhov kev txiav txim hauv qab no:

  1. Stellate hlwb ntawm thawj qhov kev hnov qab cortex tau txais fibers los ntawm ventral posterolateral (VPL) thiab ventral posteromedial (VPM) nuclei ntawm thalamus.
  2. Tus thawj pom cortex tau txais fibers los ntawm lub lateral geniculate nucleus.
  3. Stellate hlwb los ntawm thawj auditory cortex tau txais qhov projections los ntawm medial geniculate nucleus.

Thaum cov kev hnov lus no "nkag mus" lub cortex, lawv tig kab rov tav kom lawv tuaj yeem nthuav tawm thiab diffusely synapse nrog cov hlwb ntawm cov txheej hauv granular. Txij li cov fibers no yog myelinated thiab yog li dawb, lawv pom zoo nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig grey teeb meem.

yam dawb
yam dawb

Pyramidal txheej

Nws muaj qhov nruab nrab thiab lojpyramidal hlwb. Qhov no yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov zis los yog corticofugal fibers. Vim li no, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub cev muaj zog cortex, uas nws xa tawm cov fibers uas kho lub cev muaj zog. Thawj lub cev muaj zog cortex muaj ib daim ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov hlwb hu ua Betz cells.

Vim tias peb tab tom tham txog qib cortical ntawm lub cev muaj zog, cov fibers no tsim cov tracts uas synapse nrog ntau lub subcortical motor centers:

  1. Cov kab mob Corticothectal uas ncav cuag midbrain tectum.
  2. Cov kab mob corticorubral uas khiav mus rau lub nucleus liab.
  3. Cov kab mob corticoreticular, uas synapses nrog lub reticular tsim ntawm lub hlwb.
  4. Corticopontal tract (los ntawm cerebral cortex mus rau pontine nuclei).
  5. Cov kab mob Corticonuclear.
  6. Cov kab mob corticospinal uas ua rau tus txha caj qaum.

txheej no kuj muaj cov kab rov tav taw qhia ntawm cov teeb meem dawb tsim los ntawm axons ntawm txheej pyramidal puab uas synapse hauv zos hauv txheej, nrog rau cov hlwb los ntawm cov txheej II thiab III.

Polymorphic (fusiform)

Qhov no yog txheej tob tshaj plaws ntawm lub cortex thiab ncaj qha overlies cov subcortical dawb teeb meem. Nws muaj feem ntau spindle hlwb thiab tsawg pyramidal thiab interneurons.

Lub axons ntawm cov ntxaiv thiab cov pyramidal ntawm cov txheej txheem no faib cov corticocortical commissural thiab corticothalamic projection fibers uas xaus rau hauv thalamus.

qhov chaw ntawm thalamus
qhov chaw ntawm thalamus

kam koom haum

Lub paj hlwb cortex kuj tseem tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov qauv ntsug hu ua kab. Lawv yog cov haujlwm ua haujlwm ntawm lub cortex. Txhua tus ntawm lawv yog taw qhia perpendicular rau saum npoo ntawm lub cortex thiab suav nrog tag nrho rau lub cell txheej. Cov qauv no tseem yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm cytoarchitectonics ntawm tib neeg cerebral cortex.

Neurons tau sib txuas zoo nyob rau hauv tib kem, txawm hais tias lawv sib koom kev sib txuas nrog cov neeg nyob sib ze thiab nyob deb, nrog rau cov qauv subcortical, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog cov thalamus.

Cov kab no muaj peev xwm nco txog kev sib raug zoo thiab ua haujlwm nyuaj dua li ib leeg neuron.

hlwb hlwb
hlwb hlwb

Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cytoarchitectonics ntawm cerebral cortex

Txhua kem muaj nws cov supragranular thiab infragranular qhov chaw.

Thawj yog tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem superficial I-III, thiab feem ntau, qhov no yog npaj rau lwm cov kab, ua ke nrog lawv. Hauv particular, theem III yog txuam nrog cov kab uas nyob ib sab, thaum theem II yog txuam nrog cov cortical nyob deb. Qhov infragranular muaj xws li txheej V thiab VI. Nws tau txais cov tswv yim los ntawm cov cheeb tsam supragranular ntawm cov kab uas nyob ib sab thiab xa tawm mus rau thalamus.

Layer IV tsis ua haujlwm nrog rau ntawm ob qho no. Nws ua raws li ib yam ntawm anatomical ciam teb ntawm cov supragranular thiab infragranular khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, thaum los ntawm ib tug functional point ntawm view nws muaj ntau yam dej num. Cov txheej no tau txais kev nkag los ntawm thalamus thiabxa cov teeb liab mus rau seem ntawm kab sib txuas.

Thalamus, ntawm qhov tod tes, tau txais cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov cortex thiab ntau thaj tsam subcortical. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov kev sib txuas, nws tsim ib lub voj voog tawm tswv yim nrog lub cortex, txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tau txais los ntawm txheej IV thiab xa nws cov cim tsim nyog. Yog li, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov teeb liab tshwm sim ob qho tib si hauv thalamus thiab hauv cov chaw cortical.

Txhua kab tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ib nrab lossis ua haujlwm tag nrho. Ib feem ua kom pom tau hais tias cov txheej supragranular zoo siab thaum cov txheej subgranular tsis ua haujlwm. Thaum ob qho tib si zoo siab, qhov no txhais tau hais tias kab ke ua haujlwm tag nrho. Cov qib ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam txog qib kev ua haujlwm.

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