Arthrology yog ib txoj kev kho mob uas kawm txog pob qij txha thiab lawv cov kab mob. Cov seem suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv kho mob thiab anatomical ntawm kev sib koom ua ke pathologies - dystrophic, inflammatory, qog, sib xyaw thiab lwm yam, kawm txog cov teeb meem ntawm lawv cov pathogenesis, etiology, tsev kho mob, kab mob sib kis, txhim kho txoj kev kuaj mob, kev faib tawm, kev tiv thaiv thiab kev kho mob.
Arthrology yog suav tias yog los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm rheumatology. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm ob txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm thawj theem ntawm kev txhim kho tshuaj yog yuav luag zoo tib yam. Kev nkag siab ntawm kev paub txog lub cev thiab pathology ntawm cov pob qij txha, uas tau tshwm sim ntau xyoo dhau los, tau ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev mob caj dab thiab cais arthrology los ntawm lub cev mus rau hauv ib feem ntawm cov kab mob sab hauv.
Problems of arthrology
Cov dej num tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm niaj hnub arthrology yog:
- Kev txheeb xyuas cov kab mob pathogenetic thiab etiological yam ntawm feem ntau mob caj dab thiab hron, etiology uas tsis tau tsim, uas cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov txheej txheem rau lawv qhov kev kuaj mob thiab kev kho mob, nrog rau kev txhim kho lawm. Kev faib tawm ntawm kev sib koom ua ke pathologies. Qhov kev koom tes nosological ntawm ntau cov kab mob sib koom ua ke tseem tsis tau txiav txim siab, suav nrog kev mob caj dab psoriatic, ankylosing spondylitis thiab lwm yam.
- Kev qhia meej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov kab ke ntawm kev hloov pauv thawj zaug hauv synovia, pob txha pob txha, pob txha hauv kev loj hlob ntawm kev mob caj dab thiab arthrosis ntawm ntau hom.
- Kev kawm ntawm synovia thiab pob txha pob txha, los ntawm qhov pom ntawm biology, thiab lawv cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm endocrine, neurotrophic thiab metabolic pathologies.
- Tsim cov tswv yim niaj hnub hais txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob collagen, kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov protein-enzyme metabolism thiab immunogenesis.
- Kev txhim kho kev ua tau zoo thiab sib txawv ntawm ntau hom kev sib koom ua ke, txij li kev kho mob caj dab niaj hnub no muaj kev ua haujlwm tsawg thiab yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.
- Tshawb nrhiav cov kab mob ntawm cov pob qij txha hais txog pathologies ntawm lub cev tag nrho, thiab tsis yog cov txheej txheem hauv zos.
- Tsim kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov kab mob sib koom ua ke.
- Kev tsim cov kev pabcuam kev noj qab haus huv, txij li cov teeb meem ntsig txog cov tshuaj no tau xyaum tsis dav dav thiab tsis tau pom muaj kev siv tau hauv ib lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb.
Cov teeb meem ntawm arthrology, raws li qhia los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov pab pawg tiv thaiv kab mob, nyiam cov neeg coob coob ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab kws kho mob los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws. Raws li qhov kev txaus siab no, ntau lub koom haum rheumatological, cov chaw zov me nyuam thiab cov zej zog raug tsim, tus lejuas loj hlob txhua hnub.
Kev faib cov pob txha pob txha
Cov pob txha pob txha yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev musculoskeletal, tuav cov pob txha nyob ze rau ib leeg thiab tso cai rau lawv txav mus los sib txawv.
Muaj peb pawg pob txha loj:
- syndesmoses - txuas txuas ntxiv;
- symphyses - semi-joints;
- joints - diarthrosis, lossis tsis txuas ntxiv synovial.
kev sib txuas txuas ntxiv
Cov ntaub so ntswg nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov pob txha tsim cov pob txha txuas ntxiv. Hom kev sib txuas ntawm cov pob txha tas mus li muaj xws li cartilaginous, fibrous thiab cov pob txha sib txuas.
Syndesmoses, sutures thiab dento-alveolar pob qij txha, los yog "prickings", yog cov kev sib txuas ntawm fibrous. Sutures - kev sib txuas ntawm cov pob txha ntawm pob txha taub hau los ntawm ib txheej nyias ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. Nyob ntawm cov duab ntawm cov npoo ntawm cov pob txha, peb hom sutures raug cais:
- Paj. Kev sib haum xeeb sib koom ua ke cov pob txha pob txha taub hau nrog cov npoo du.
- Scaly. Qhov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws yog kev sib txuas ntawm cov pob txha parietal thiab lub cev nqaij daim tawv.
- Toothed. Lawv txawv ntawm cov pob txha jagged thiab nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov pob txha ntawm lub paj hlwb ntawm pob txha taub hau.
Seams - thaj chaw ntawm pob txha loj hlob thiab kev poob siab thaum lub sij hawm poob siab thiab kev poob siab tshwm sim los ntawm kev dhia thiab taug kev. Feem ntau ntawm cov seams tom qab 40-50 xyoo ntawm ib tug neeg lub neej yog synostotic, uas yog, lawv pib overgrow. Lawv qhov kev loj hlob ntxov ntxov tuaj yeem ua rau asymmetry thiab deformation ntawm pob txha taub hau.
Syndesmoses
Syndesmoses, raws li cov lus txhais ntawm arthrology, yog cov pob txha sib txuas los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab ligaments. Cov pob txha nyob ze yog txuas rau ib leeg los ntawm cov ntaub qhwv cov ntaub so ntswg - ligaments. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau txhim kho cov pob qij txha, ncaj qha thiab txwv kev txav ntawm cov pob txha.
Feem ntau ntawm cov ligaments yog ua los ntawm collagen fibers, tab sis cov arcs ntawm cov vertebrae uas nyob ib sab yog txuas nrog daj ligaments ntawm elastic fibers. Interosseous membranes los yog daim nyias nyias yog stretched ntawm lub diaphragms ntawm cov pob txha dentate. Lawv lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog tuav cov pob txha ntev tubular ntawm ib sab thiab ceev cov leeg rau lawv.
Synovial connections
Kev sib koom ua ke hauv kev kos duab dav dav yog cov pob txha tsis txuas ntxiv. Lawv cov qauv yog sawv cev los ntawm articular nto npog nrog pob txha mos, articular capsule thiab articular kab noj hniav, uas muaj cov kua synovial. Qee cov pob qij txha muaj xws li articular discs, daim di ncauj, lossis menisci, uas yog cov qauv ntxiv rau lub luag haujlwm rau flexion thiab txuas ntxiv ntawm cov pob txha.
YBiomechanics ntawm pob qij txha
Cov duab thiab qhov loj ntawm cov pob qij txha thiab lawv cov lus sib txuas lus - kev sib haum xeeb - txiav txim siab qhov ntau ntawm cov lus tsa suab hauv cov pob qij txha. Hnub nyoog thiab poj niam txiv neej tus yam ntxwv, qhov nro ntawm ligaments thiab cov tshuaj ntsiav sib koom ua ke, uas ntxiv dag zog rau kev sib koom tes, txiav txim siab qhov sib koom ua ke.
Pathologies ntawm pob qij txha
Muaj kab mob hauv arthrology ib txwm muajnrog rau cov txheej txheem inflammatory ntawm ntau qib thiab hu ua mob caj dab. Lawv muab faib ua ob peb pawg:
- autoimmune;
- kab mob;
- dystrophic;
Daim duab kho mob kuj nyob ntawm qhov tsis xws luag hauv kev txhim kho cov pob qij txha thiab muaj cov qog hauv lawv. Piv txwv li, synovioma - cov qog uas tsim nyob rau hauv cov leeg nqaij thiab cov pob qij txha ntawm cov pob qij txha, tuaj yeem ua rau mob hnyav thiab benign.
Txawm hais tias lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm arthrology hauv kev kho mob, cov tshuaj niaj hnub tsis muaj kev paub txaus thiab cov txheeb cais ntawm kev sib koom ua ke. Vim li no, tsis muaj kev lees paub dav dav thiab kev faib tawm ntawm kev sib koom ua ke pathologies, cov txheej txheem rau kev kuaj mob zoo thiab raws sijhawm. Hauv ntau lub tebchaws, kev tshawb fawb txog kev kis kabmob hauv thaj tsam ntawm arthrology tsis tau ua raws li ib qho kev pom zoo, suav nrog kev sib raug zoo, kev nyab xeeb, caj ces thiab kev tshaj lij.
Kev mob nkeeg
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv WHO cov ntaub ntawv, nyob rau sab hnub poob Europe feem pua ntawm cov neeg mob raug kev txom nyem los ntawm pathologies hauv thaj tsam ntawm arthrology yog 1.1-1.6%. Raws li lwm cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais, qhov tshwm sim ntau dua tau sau tseg hauv Asmeskas, Askiv - 5% thiab 4%, feem. Raws li 1959 cov ntaub ntawv, ntau dua 4 feem pua ntawm cov neeg hauv ntiaj teb raug kev txom nyem los ntawm ntau yam kab mob rheumatic, thawj qhov chaw uas tau muab rau rheumatic mob caj dab.
Kev sib kis dav dav ntawm cov kab mob sib koom ua ke txwvkev muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm tau txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov tseeb tias arthrology yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj niaj hnub. Nws cov kev tshawb fawb muaj peev xwm, tsim cov kev txheeb cais sib koom ua ke thiab cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia yuav tso cai rau yav tom ntej tsis yog tsuas yog kuaj xyuas feem ntau ntawm cov kab mob hauv lub sijhawm, tab sis kuj tsim cov kev kho mob zoo tshaj plaws.
