Tus nqi ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub cim. Tus nqi tshuaj tiv thaiv yog dab tsi?

Cov txheej txheem:

Tus nqi ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub cim. Tus nqi tshuaj tiv thaiv yog dab tsi?
Tus nqi ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub cim. Tus nqi tshuaj tiv thaiv yog dab tsi?

Video: Tus nqi ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub cim. Tus nqi tshuaj tiv thaiv yog dab tsi?

Video: Tus nqi ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub cim. Tus nqi tshuaj tiv thaiv yog dab tsi?
Video: Ua Tsaug XF & Cov Thawj Coj-nkauj ntseeg tawm tshiab (N.PhoungNus) (copyright: ChichiaThao) 2023-24 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Nyob rau hauv pathological physiology, tus qauv yog cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm lub zog ntawm cov ntsuas nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm morphology, biochemistry thiab functionality ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Tag nrho lawv tuaj yeem hloov pauv nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm ib puag ncig. Raws li ib txwm muaj, cov kab mob lom neeg muaj peev xwm hloov tau zoo rau yuav luag txhua yam kev mob, uas txhais tau tias nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav tag nrho.

Qhov zoo tshaj plaws biotype system ua haujlwm txhais tau tias kev tiv thaiv siab tshaj plaws nrog kev siv lub zog tsawg kawg nkaus. Lub xeev ntawm lub cev tuaj yeem txiav txim siab raws li qhov zoo li tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Qhov txawv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab kab mob

Qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov caj ces, uas ncaj qha nyob ntawm ib puag ncig, yog qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi li cas. Pathology suav hais tias yog ib qho mob uas tsis txaus lossis ntau dhau ntawm cov lus teb ntawm qib roj ntsha. Tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav txawv.

Qhov nyuaj hauv kev txhais cov ntsiab lus no yog qhov hloov pauv tsis tu ncua ntawm cov ntsuas kev ua haujlwm thiab metabolic - nws nyob ntawm lub cev ntawm tus neeg. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov txheej txheem pathological, kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab kev tiv thaiv ib txwm tshwm sim. MuajCov xwm txheej no thaum cov cim qhia txog kev rov ua dua tshiab rau ib leeg. Txhua tus paub tias kev noj qab haus huv yog lub xeev ntawm kev noj qab haus huv los ntawm lub cev, kev xav thiab nyiaj txiag ntawm kev xav, thiab tsis yog qhov tsis muaj kab mob lossis kev tsis zoo sab nraud. Ntau qhov kev sim thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv ua rau nws muaj peev xwm muab qhov kev ntsuas tseeb ntawm lub xeev ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Tus nqi tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev kuaj mob.

Pirquet test yog dab tsi rau (Mantoux cov tshuaj tiv thaiv)

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv

Txhua tus menyuam yaus tau txais "khawm" tam sim tom qab thawj xyoo ntawm lub neej, ces txhua tus mus dhau qhov txheej txheem no hauv tsev kawm. Cov qauv raug coj mus kuaj tib neeg lub cev kom pom muaj tubercle bacillus. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Mantoux yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov loj ntawm qhov mob ntawm qhov chaw txhaj tshuaj. Ntawm daim tawv nqaij tam sim ntawd tom qab kuaj, koj tuaj yeem pom qhov khaus me ntsis - qhov no yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb rau kev txhaj tshuaj tuberculin. Cov txheej txheem no yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ntawm T-lymphocytes - nws yog cov ntshav hais tias yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov cellular. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sim yog tias cov microbacteria qhia ua raws li cov hlau nplaum rau cov kab mob uas muaj txiaj ntsig, txav lawv los ze rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Feem ntau, tsuas yog lymphocytes "paub" nrog cov kab mob ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ua rau tuberculin. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm Koch sticks nyob rau hauv lub cev, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav khaus. Raws li qhov no, qhov kev sim tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.

Test Accuracy

Kab mob los ntawm kev qhia txog tuberculin yog suav tias yog hom kev ua xua. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov kev kuaj pom zoo tsis yog pov thawjmuaj tus kab mob - nws raug pom zoo kom ua cov kev tshawb fawb ntxaws ntxiv, piv txwv li, fluorography thiab hnoos qeev kab lis kev cai. Tsuas yog tom qab tau txais tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog, cov kws kho mob tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas qhov tseeb.

Tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus rau qhov kev xeem Pirquet yog qhov sib txawv loj. Nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov neeg laus tsis tshua dhau qhov kev kuaj TB no.

Mantoux cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: tus qauv hauv tus neeg laus

Ua ntej yuav tshuaj ntsuam xyuas Pirquet, tus kws tshaj lij ua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ua ntej. Yog tias kuaj pom tus kab mob no, cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem ua tau raws li kev kuaj mob rau tus neeg laus, tab sis feem ntau cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb siv x-rays.

Mantoux cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib txwm nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg laus
Mantoux cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib txwm nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg laus

Ntau yam ntawm Mantoux cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem ua tau. Cov qauv hauv cov neeg laus yog papule, qhov loj ntawm qhov tsis pub tshaj 21 hli. Qhov kev sim no yog siv los txheeb xyuas cov neeg mob, tab sis tsis yog cov neeg mob. Nws paub tias tus neeg laus tuaj yeem kis tus kab mob ntsws nrog Mantoux persistence, yog li fluorography yog suav tias yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo dua los txiav txim siab.

Ntau yam tuaj yeem hloov pauv raws li qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ib puag ncig. Rau ib qho kab mob tshwj xeeb, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm tus cwj pwm yog ua tau, tab sis nws yeej tsis mus dhau qhov kev txwv ntawm cov qauv. Piv txwv li, qhov siab, qhov hnyav thiab lub cev muaj zog tuaj yeem nyob ntawm kev noj zaub mov zoo, thiab cov xim luav tau txais txiaj ntsig. Hauv lwm lo lus, kab mob tsis tau txais qee yam zoo, tab sis muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm qee yam khoom raws li ntau yam xwm txheej. Los ntawm tiam mustiam hloov tus nqi ntawm cov tsos mob teb.

Kos npe cov tshuaj tiv thaiv
Kos npe cov tshuaj tiv thaiv

Kev hloov pauv hom hloov pauv

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv dav dav yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo uas tswj hwm los ntawm polygenes (qhov hnyav, mis nyuj zoo, pigmentation ntawm daim tawv nqaij). Lub cheeb tsam ntawm qhov sib txawv tuaj yeem sib txawv. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nqaim qhia txog lwm yam khoom thiab hloov pauv tsis muaj zog (hom ntshav lossis qhov muag xim).

Yuav tso zis tshwm sim

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob pathology yog qis lossis siab acidity (pH). Cov qauv ntawm cov zis ib puag ncig yog pom thaum noj zaub mov zoo. Hauv qhov no, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog suav tias yog nruab nrab (pH=7) lossis me ntsis acidic (pH txawv ntawm 5 txog 7). Cov ntsuas no yog siv los kawm cov neeg laus thiab cov menyuam yaus uas noj cov zaub mov sib xyaw. Txhua tus menyuam mos uas pub niam mis muaj qhov nruab nrab lossis alkaline. Acidity ncaj qha nyob ntawm cov khoom noj. Nrog rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv alkaline, nws tuaj yeem xaus lus tias kev noj zaub mov ntau, dej qab zib lossis qhob cij. Kev nce acidity tshwm sim tom qab noj cov zaub mov muaj protein thiab rog, qhob cij dawb, thiab kuj yog vim tsis noj zaub mov ntev. Kev sib txawv ntawm cov zis tuaj yeem ua tau, thaum cov qauv kuj hloov.

Urine ntom

Lub sijhawm no kuj tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb me me thaum lub sijhawm xeem. Ib tug neeg raug suav hais tias noj qab haus huv yog tias qhov ntsuas tau los ntawm 1003 txog 1028 units. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov kev txaus siab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 1001 mus rau 1040. Khoom noj khoom haus kom zoo thiab kev siv kom txaustus nqi dej. Qhov nce hauv qhov ntsuas yog nyob ntawm kev siv nqaij, potency, ntuav lossis raws plab. Kev poob qis yuav yog vim tsis noj nqaij.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov organic hauv cov zis

Cov kab mob no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv. Kev kuaj zis muab cov kws kho mob ua tiav daim duab ntawm qhov xav tau ntawm cov organic teeb meem. Feem ntau, cov khoom xws li:

  • Yprotein;
  • bilirubin;
  • nqis qabzib;
  • urobilin;
  • bile-type acids (pigments);
  • indican;
  • ketone lub cev.
Cov tshuaj tso zis yog qhov qub
Cov tshuaj tso zis yog qhov qub

Cov ntsiab lus lom neeg tuaj yeem txhais tau ntau yam. Niaj hnub no, tsis siv neeg hom analyzers thiab xeem strips feem ntau yog siv. Thawj hom muaj peev xwm qhia tau tam sim ntawd cov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, thiab txoj kev thib ob tsuas yog siv rau kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab muab cov lus teb rau hauv daim ntawv "muaj / tsis muaj cov qauv hauv cov zis." Tus qauv thaum noj tshuaj ntsuam xyuas los ntawm tus neeg noj qab haus huv tuaj yeem yog cov protein (0.03 grams) lossis urobilinogen (6-10 micromoles ib hnub). Tag nrho lwm yam khoom uas tau teev tseg saum toj no yog tsis nyob hauv cov zis, txwv tsis pub qhov no qhia tias muaj tus kab mob. Muaj ib txwm muaj kev zam, piv txwv li, muaj zog load, hypothermia los yog overheating, ntau dhau ntawm kev xav - tag nrho cov no yooj yim provokes ib tug nce ntawm cov protein mus txog 3-5 g, tab sis kuj qhia tau hais tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tso zis yog ib txwm. Kev nce qib ntawm cov khoom no tseem tuaj yeem yog vim qhov lojcov qe ntshav liab, kab mob, lossis cov qe ntshav dawb.

Urine sediment

Thaum theem ntawm kev txiav txim siab lub cev lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv thiab muaj cov organic tshuaj hauv nws tiav, cov kua ua tiav hauv qhov tshwj xeeb centrifuge. Lub resulting precipitate yog soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv lub laboratory nyob rau hauv lub microscope. Cov txheej txheem no yuav pab txiav txim siab qhov tseeb ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv qab no: leukocytes, erythrocytes, thooj voos kheej kheej, epithelium, ntsev muaju, mucus, kab mob.

Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov organic teeb meem hauv cov zis sediment

Kev tshuaj ntsuam dav dav muab cov duab tiav ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau yam hauv lub cev, los ntawm qhov uas nws yooj yim los txiav txim seb muaj kab mob twg.

Leukocytes

Cov qauv lees paub feem ntau rau leukocytes hauv tus neeg noj qab haus huv yog:

  • 0-3 - rau txiv neej;
  • 0-5 - rau poj niam.

Yog tias qhov nce ntxiv ntawm cov organic no tau pom nyob rau hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam cov zis, peb tuaj yeem ntseeg tau tias muaj cov txheej txheem inflammatory hauv tib neeg lub cev.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv dav dav
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv dav dav

Erythrocytes

Thaum tsis muaj kab mob, cov ntsiab lus tsis pom nyob rau hauv qhov tshwm sim sediment los yog muaj cov kab mob. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias muaj cov kab mob pathological thiab physiological ua rau cov tshuaj no. Thawj qhov kev xaiv yog txuam nrog cov kab mob ntawm lub genitourinary system. Yog vim li cas physiological yog: ntau lub cev ua si; ntev lub xeev; noj sulfonamides los yog anticoagulants. Cov kev xaiv zoo li no txhais tau tias muaj kev hloov pauvcov cai thiab tsis tas yuav qhia tias muaj kab mob.

Cylinders

Cov tshuaj no muaj hom hauv qab no:

  • hyaline;
  • grainy;
  • waxy;
  • epithelial;
  • leukocyte;
  • RBC.
Tus nqi qis dua
Tus nqi qis dua

Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus saum toj no, tshwj tsis yog thawj zaug, yuav tsum tsis muaj nyob hauv cov zis tso quav. Hyaline-hom cylinders tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv tus neeg noj qab haus huv raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm:

  • dej txias (da dej da dej, thiab lwm yam);
  • txheej txheem lub cev;
  • surge;
  • ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub siab (kub hom kev tsim khoom, huab cua kub sab nraud).

Hauv cov xwm txheej no, cov tshuaj tshawb pom tsis suav tias yog pathological, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov hloov pauv zoo tib yam, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no lub tswv yim ntawm "tus nqi tshuaj tiv thaiv" kuj tseem siv tau.

Epithelium

Cov qauv hauv cov urinary sediment yog muaj ib lub hlwb, feem ntau tus lej no sib npaug rau peb. Cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no hom tshuaj lom neeg muaj qhov txawv:

  • pas urethral (urogenital kwj dej);
  • kev hloov pauv, nyob hauv ob lub raum, ureters thiab zais zis;
  • renal.

Thaum tsis muaj kev ntsuas kev nyiam huv, tus poj niam yuav muaj kev nce qib ntawm squamous epithelium. Feem ntau, qhov nce ntawm cov cell qhia tias muaj cov kab mob pathology. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub raum hom ntawm epithelium yuav qhia tau tias muaj kab mob.

Slime

Tus qauv ntawm cov hnoos qeev hauv cov neeg noj qab haus huv yog nws tag nrhotsis muaj. Cov tsos mob ntawm lub ntsiab txhais tau hais tias muaj cov kab mob pathology nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov zis.

Bacteria

Nyob rau hauv cov zis tso quav ntawm tus neeg noj qab haus huv, tus qauv yog qhov tsis muaj cov kab mob, qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim tsuas yog thaum kis kab mob thiab ua rau cov kab mob hauv lub cev xeeb tub.

Sats hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam

Cov tshuaj tso zis yog qhov qub
Cov tshuaj tso zis yog qhov qub

Cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv qab no raug cais tawm hauv cov zis tawm: oxalates, urates, trippelphosphates. Cov tsos ntawm crystals nyob rau hauv kev tsom xam yuav nyob ntawm seb cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov khoom noj los yog nyob rau hauv acidity ntawm cov khoom noj, npaum li cas ntawm cov kua siv, thiab ntau npaum li cas. Piv txwv li, ntau cov txiv lws suav tshiab hauv cov zaub mov ua rau tsim cov oxalates hauv cov zis. Kev siv cov qhob noom xim kasfes, cawv (liab) thiab nqaij ua rau cov tsos ntawm urates. Qee cov ntsev ntsev ua rau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig acidic, thaum muaj cov ntsiab lus uas tshwm sim tshwj xeeb hauv ib puag ncig alkaline. Los ntawm qhov no nws ua raws li qhov kev hloov ntawm acidity nyob rau hauv cov zis ib puag ncig yog qhov pib taw tes rau crystallization ntawm ntsev. Ua ntej no, lawv tau tawg tag thiab tsis raug txheeb xyuas hauv kev tshuaj xyuas.

Tom qab nyeem cov ntaub ntawv no, koj tuaj yeem ntseeg siab teb cov lus nug ntawm qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi yog dab tsi.

Pom zoo: