Rau kev kho tus mob schizophrenic thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar, siv tshuaj raws li cov tshuaj olanzapine. Muaj ntau ntau yam tshuaj nrog cov npe lag luam sib txawv, tab sis tib cov nyhuv antipsychotic. Ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj no yog cov tshuaj "Olanzapine", nws cov analogues muaj cov khoom xyaw nquag hauv lawv cov khoom xyaw.
Kev piav qhia
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob no yog tsim los ntawm ALSI Pharma CJSC hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj daj, cov duab uas zoo li lub tog raj kheej biconvex.
Muaj tshuaj nyob rau hauv plaub zaug. Cov ntsiav tshuaj ntawm txhua koob sib txawv sab nraud nrog ib daim ntawv engraving. Rau ib koob ntawm 0.0025 g, inscription "L" yog muab, rau ib koob ntawm 0.005 g, lub npe "FA20" yog siv. Cov ntsiav tshuaj nrog 0.0075 g ntawm olanzapine yog kos nrog "F20C", thiab nrog 0.01 g ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag muaj "N30C".
Cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom xyaw uas tsis muaj zog, uas suav nrog microcrystalline cellulose, lactosemonohydrate, crospovidone muab tub lim, magnesium stearate. Lawv tus lej nce ob, peb thiab plaub zaug nyob ntawm qhov ntau npaum ntawm olanzapine.
Cov ntsiav tshuaj ntawm tag nrho cov koob tshuaj tau ntim rau hauv pob pob ntawm 7 daim, uas tuaj yeem yog 4 lossis 8 daim hauv ib pob.
txhais tau tias "Olanzapine" cov lus qhia rau kev siv yog hais txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob neuroleptic uas qhia txog kev sib raug zoo rau serotonin, dopamine, muscarinic, adrenergic thiab histamine receptor tsim.
Qhov kev ua kom zoo siab ntawm mesolimbic dopaminergic neuron yog xaiv txo qis, muaj kev ua haujlwm me ntsis ntawm cov hlab ntsha striatal conduction, uas tswj lub cev muaj zog ua haujlwm. Txo lub zog hauv kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv yog tias siv tshuaj tsawg uas tsis ua rau pw tsaug zog cataleptic.
Cov tshuaj "Olanzapine" nce qhov kev tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab hauv kev ua haujlwm "anxiolytic" thaum nws ua tiav. Tshem tawm cov tsos mob tsis zoo thiab ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tswv yim delusional thiab pom kev hnov qab.
Yuav siv li cas
Olanzapine ntsiav tshuaj ua rau cov mob schizophrenic hauv cov neeg laus nyob rau theem mob hnyav, raws li kev tuav thiab kev kho mob mus ntev. Lawv tau siv rau kev puas siab puas ntsws nrog cov tsos mob tshwm sim hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tswv yim delusional, pom kev hnov qab thiab rau cov tsos mob tsis zoo xws li kev xav flattening, txo qis kev cuam tshuam hauv zej zog, kev txom nyem ntawm kev hais lus.
Tshuaj tshem tawm qhov rov ua duaqaug dab peg nrog kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar yog tias cov tshuaj ua tiav cov theem manic.
Olanzapine yog tshuaj rau cov neeg laus uas muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar raws li kev kho mob monotherapy lossis ua ke nrog cov tshuaj uas muaj lithium ions lossis valproic acid. Cov tshuaj no yog siv los txo qhov mob ntawm manic lossis sib xyaw ua haujlwm, uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim nrog cov tsos mob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws, nrog rau muaj kev hloov pauv sai hauv theem.
Ua ke nrog cov tshuaj fluoxetine rau kev nyuaj siab uas cuam tshuam nrog kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar.
Cov ntsiab lus siv
Tshuaj "Olanzapine" cov lus qhia rau kev siv pom zoo noj ib hnub ntawm 0.005 txog 0.02 g ntawm qhov ncauj, tsis ua raws li kev noj haus.
Tus neeg laus tus mob schizophrenic yog kho nrog thawj zaug noj txhua hnub ntawm 0.010g
Tus neeg laus mob siab rau tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar yog kho nrog ib hnub koob tshuaj 0.015 g ntawm olanzapine ib zaug. Yog tias cov ntsiav tshuaj tau siv los tuav cov teebmeem nrog rau cov tshuaj raws li lithium ions lossis valproic acids, tom qab ntawd muab tshuaj txhua hnub ntawm 0.010 g ib zaug.
Cov txheej txheem kev ntxhov siab hauv cov neeg laus uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar raug tshem tawm nrog ib hnub ntawm 0.005 g, uas yog ua ke nrog 0.020 g ntawm cov tshuaj fluoxetine. Yog tias tsim nyog, hloov kho cov tshuaj noj tau tso cai.
Rau cov neeg laus, cov neeg mob uas muaj kev hem thawj ntawm kev tsis txaus siab hnyavob lub raum los yog daim siab nyob rau hauv ib tug ntev daim ntawv, thaum muaj kev pheej hmoo txuam nrog rau cov poj niam txiv neej pw, cov yam ntxwv ntawm senile lub hnub nyoog, nrog ib tug qeeb qeeb ntawm kev sib pauv ntawm olanzapine, nws thawj zaug ib hnub twg yog txo rau 0.005 g.
Cov khoom zoo sib xws
Tshuaj "Olanzapine" muaj analogues nrog cov npe lag luam sib txawv. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm ob lub teb chaws thiab txawv teb chaws manufacturers.
Ntawm Lavxias teb sab manufacturers, lub tuam txhab "Technology of Medicines" LLC nrog cov tshuaj "Olanzapine-TL", nyob rau hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj daim ntawv ntawm 0.0025 g nrog ib tug zaj duab xis txheej, yog txawv.
Lwm cov tshuaj hauv tsev yog Olanzapine, tsim los ntawm Severnaya Zvezda CJSC. Muaj raws li 0.005 g zaj duab xis-coated ntsiav tshuaj.
Cov nroj tsuag Lavxias "Canonpharma ntau lawm" CJSC tsim cov tshuaj "Canon Olanzapine".
Cov tshuaj Israeli yog Olanzapine-Teva, tsim los ntawm Teva Pharmaceutical Enterprises Ltd.
Tus neeg siv Slovenian yog Zalasta Ku tab, hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj ntawm 0.015 g, npaj rau resorption. Tsim los ntawm lub tuam txhab "Krka, Novo Mesto". Tsis tas li ntawd, cov nroj tsuag no tsim cov tshuaj "Zalasta", hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj.
Swiss analogue yog cov tshuaj Zyprexa nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lyophilisate hauv vials, los ntawm cov tshuaj rau kev tswj hwm intramuscular, nrog rau koob tshuaj 0.010 g. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj dispersible ntawm 0.005 g, muaj. Cov tshuaj Zyprexa Zidis. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm Eli Lilly Vostok S. A. Lub khw muag tshuaj muajhmoov tshuaj "Zyprexa Adera" nrog ib koob ntawm 0.21 g.
tuam txhab Polish JSC "Polpharma" tsim cov tshuaj "Normiton" hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj coated ntawm 0.005 g.
Cov Hungarian analogues ntawm Olanzapine yog tsim los ntawm Gedeon Richter nyob rau hauv lub npe Parnasan ntsiav tshuaj, thiab EGIS kws tshuaj cog tau tsim cov tshuaj Egolanza.
Kev piav qhia ntawm Zalasta
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev puas siab puas ntsws belongs rau neuroleptics. Cov ntsiav tshuaj daj daj muaj ib puag ncig, me ntsis biconvex zoo li nrog thaj ua rau thaj tsaus. Muaj rau qhov ntau npaum li cas: 0.0025 g, 0.005 g, 0.01 g, 0.015 g, thiab 0.02 g ntawm olanzapine. Cellactose, pregelatinized starch thiab pob kws dehydrated aerosil ingredient, magnesium stearate yog suav hais tias yog ntxiv inactive Cheebtsam.
Rau kos daim ntawv Zalasta ntsiav tshuaj, cov lus qhia rau kev siv piav qhia txog cov npe hauv daim ntawv kos npe qhia txog qhov ntau npaum li cas. Cov neeg siv khoom ntim yog 7-ntsuab contour strips. Ib pob yuav muaj 4 lossis 8 lub hlwv no.
Tus neeg saib xyuas kev puas siab puas ntsws no nthuav tawm cov tshuaj siv tshuaj dav dav. Cov nyhuv antipsychotic cuam tshuam nrog kev thaiv ntawm dopamine-type receptor formations. Kev ua haujlwm sedative yog tshwm sim los ntawm inhibition ntawm adrenoreceptor qhov chaw uas tsim cov reticular tsim hauv hlwb qia hlwb.
Antiemetic kev ua ub no ua tau thaum D2-dopamine receptor site raug tso tseg hauvqhov chaw ua rau hom, uas nyob hauv qhov chaw ntuav.
Lub luag haujlwm hypothermic yog ua los ntawm kev thaiv cov dopamine-type receptor formations hauv hypothalamus.
Cov tshuaj "Zalasta" cov lus qhia rau kev siv qhia txog kev siv cov tshuaj schizophrenic. Cov ntsiav tshuaj muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov tsos mob hauv lub sijhawm kho mob mus ntev ntawm cov neeg mob nrog qhov pib zoo ntawm cov tshuaj.
txhais tau tias tshem tawm qhov kev mob siab rau hauv ib qho nruab nrab lossis nyuaj. Cov tshuaj yog siv los tiv thaiv kev rov ua dua ntawm insanity hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar hauv cov neeg uas muaj manic episodes.
Cov tshuaj yog npaj rau qhov ncauj ib hnub twg. Cov khoom noj khoom haus tsis cuam tshuam rau kev nqus ntawm olanzapine, uas tso cai rau cov ntsiav tshuaj siv txhua lub sijhawm. Yog tias cov tshuaj raug txiav lawm, koob tshuaj yuav tsum maj mam txo.
Rau kev kho mob schizophrenic, thawj koob tshuaj 0.010 g ib hnub yog siv.
Tshuaj ntawm mania yog pib nrog ib koob tshuaj txhua hnub ntawm 0.015 g muab tshuaj ua ib daim ntawv thov lossis 0.010 g thaum ua ke nrog lwm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.
Kev tiv thaiv kev rov ua dua ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar nyob rau theem tsis muaj zog yog ua los ntawm kev pib noj tshuaj ntawm 0.010 g ib hnub. Yog tias tib neeg noj cov tshuaj no rau kev tshem tawm ntawm episodic manic syndrome, ces tib koob tshuaj yog siv rau kev kho mob. Tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj yuav tsum tau nce ntxiv yog tias muaj kev sib koom ua ke tshiab lossis muaj kev nyuaj siab episodic tshwm sim, thiabntxiv kev kho mob rau lub siab tsis zoo.
Cov tshuaj txhua hnub ntawm cov tshuaj txhawm rau tshem tawm cov kab mob schizophrenic, kev tawm tsam manic thiab tiv thaiv kev rov qab los ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar yog siv los ntawm 0.005 txog 0.020 g, tus nqi ntawm qhov nyob ntawm qhov chaw kho mob ntawm tus neeg mob.
Hauv cov neeg laus, nws tsis pom zoo kom txo qhov koob tshuaj thawj zaug rau 0.005 g, txawm li cas los xij, cov kev ua no yog siv rau cov neeg mob hnub nyoog tshaj 65 xyoo yog tias muaj kev pheej hmoo.
Kev piav qhia ntawm cov tshuaj "Olanzapine Canon"
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob neuroleptic no muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv foos zaj duab xis-coated ntsiav tshuaj. Cov ntsiav tshuaj yog puag ncig hauv cov duab nrog ob lub ntsej muag daj, cov ntsiab lus sab hauv ntawm tib xim.
Muaj nyob rau hauv ob koob tshuaj: 0.005 g thiab 0.01 g ntawm olanzapine. Cov khoom xyaw muaj xws li qis-siv hydroxypropyl cellulose, calcium hydrogen phosphate, croscarmellose sodium, mannitol, magnesium stearate.
Lub plhaub zaj duab xis yog tsim los ntawm Hom II Yellow Odra, Polyvinyl Cawv, Macrogol, Talc, Titanium Dioxide, Hlau Oxide.
Kev kho mob nrog cov tshuaj tau qhia tias mob hnyav zuj zus, rau kev tuav thiab siv mus ntev los tiv thaiv kev rov qab los rau cov neeg laus uas muaj mob schizophrenic.
Cov tshuaj yog siv raws li kev kho mob monotherapy, nrog rau kev sib xyaw ua ke nrog cov tshuaj lithium-muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog ntawm manic lossis sib xyaw ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar, uas tshwm sim nrog kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab nrog kev hloov thaum ntxov.theem. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev rov tshwm sim ntawm cov neeg uas muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar yog tias cov tshuaj pab tiv thaiv cov theem manic.
Thaum kho cov neeg laus nrog kev nyuaj siab los ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar, nrog rau cov kev nyuaj siab ruaj khov, cov tshuaj "Canon Olanzapine", cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov tshuaj muaj fluoxetine.
Nws noj qhov ncauj, tsis ua raws li kev noj haus. Cov lus qhia pom zoo kom coj mus rau hauv tus account tus nqi kho mob ntawm cov tshuaj, uas yog 0.005-0.020 ib hnub. Tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj no raug xaiv rau txhua tus neeg mob sib cais, nyob ntawm seb cov tsos mob tshwm sim.
Cov neeg laus cov kab mob schizophrenic tau kho nrog thawj koob tshuaj txhua hnub ntawm 0.010g ntawm cov tshuaj noj ib zaug. Tus mob ntshav qab zib tsis txaus siab yog kho nrog ib koob tshuaj txhua hnub ntawm 0.015g lossis 0.010g olanzapine ua ke nrog Cov khoom uas muaj lithium ions lossis valproic acid.
Kev siv tu thaum muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar yog nqa tawm nrog thawj zaug noj txhua hnub ntawm 0.010 g.
Cov kab mob kev nyuaj siab cuam tshuam nrog kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar rau cov neeg laus raug kho nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm olanzapine 0.005 g thiab fluoxetine 0.020 g muab rau yav tsaus ntuj.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov tshuaj hauv qhov nyiaj ntawm 0.006 txog 0.012 g nrog qhov nruab nrab noj txhua hnub ntawm 0.0074. Qhov koob tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj fluoxetine nyob ntawm 0.025 mus rau 0.030 g. Yog tias tsim nyog, kev siv tshuaj ob leeg tuaj yeem tshuaj xyuas.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev nyuaj siab yog kho nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm olanzapine 0.005 g thiab fluoxetine 0.02 g muab tshuaj ib zaug thaum yav tsaus ntuj.
Kev piav qhia ntawm Zyprexa
Qhov no neuroleptic yog tsim nyob rau hauv ntsiav tshuaj daim ntawv coated nrog lub plhaub. Muaj plaub qhov ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov tshuaj: 0.0025, 0.005, 0.0075 thiab 0.010 g, uas muaj cov npe sib raug rau ntawm "LILLY 4112", "LILLY 4115", "LILLY 4116", "LILLY4117 "".
Cov khoom tsis muaj zog hauv daim ntawv mis qab zib, hydroxypropylcellulose, crospovidone, microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate tsim cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj.
Cov tshuaj tau ntim rau hauv hlwv ntawm 7 daim, pob muaj 4 hlwv.
Nws kuj tseem muaj daim ntawv lyophilized npaj rau kev tsim cov tshuaj intramuscular. Cov kua daj nrog ib koob ntawm 0.01 g yog ntim rau hauv vials. Lactose monohydrate thiab tartaric acid yog suav tias yog cov khoom tsis ua haujlwm.
Cov tshuaj muaj cov nyhuv antipsychotic.
Cov khoom xyaw nquag ntawm cov tshuaj coj ua lub ligand uas khi rau serotonin, dopamine, m-choline, H1-histamine thiab alpha1-adrenergic receptor formations. Olanzapine muaj kev xaiv rau lub xeev ntawm limbic system.
Drug"Zyprexa" cov lus qhia rau kev siv qhia siv nyob rau hauv cov theem hnyav ntawm tus kab mob schizophrenic thiab puas siab puas ntsws puas siab puas ntsws, uas yog nrog los ntawm cov cim pom tseeb nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm delusions, hallucinations, puas siab puas ntsws mob, hostile, xav tsis thoob mus ob peb vas los yog ib tug tsis zoo hom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev xav thiab kev sib raug zoo alienation., kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev hais lus apparatus. Cov tshuaj no raug sau tseg kom tshem tawm cov tsos mob tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob schizophrenic.
Zyprexa ntsiav tshuaj cov lus qhia rau kev siv pom zoo haus haus qhov ncauj, txhua lub sijhawm. Thaum pib ntawm kev kho mob, ib koob tshuaj ib zaug yog 0.010 g. Tom qab ntawd, cov koob tshuaj txhua hnub nyob ntawm 0.005 txog 0.020 g, uas yog txuam nrog cov tsos mob.
Tshuaj yog muab tshuaj intramuscularly yog tias nws tseem ceeb kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws rau cov neeg uas muaj tus mob schizophrenic, kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar thiab dementia.
Ua ntej siv, lyophilisate yog diluted hauv 2.1 ml ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj aqueous nruab nrab. Nws hloov tawm qhov kev daws teeb meem yog pob tshab nrog cov xim daj.
Ntshai lub siab lub ntsws ntawm tus kab mob schizophrenic thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar raug tshem tawm nrog ib koob tshuaj ntawm 0.010 g.
Muab daim duab kho mob ntawm tus neeg mob, rov muab tshuaj noj ntawm 0.010 g yog nqa tawm 120 feeb tom qab thawj daim ntawv thov, thiab 0.010 g tom ntej yog noj 240 feeb tom qab daim ntawv thov thib ob.
Kev kho mob ntxiv nrog Zyprexa, lawv hloov mus rau nws daim ntawv ntsiav tshuaj nrog ntau npaum li cas ntawm 0.005 txog 0.020 g.
Kev ntxhov siab hauv kev dementia yog daws tau nrog ib koob tshuajintramuscular ntawm 0.0025 g. Xav txog daim duab kho mob ntawm tus neeg mob, kev tswj hwm thib ob ntawm kev noj tshuaj 0.005 g yog nqa tawm 120 feeb tom qab thawj daim ntawv thov.
Kev piav qhia ntawm Adera Zyprexa
Muaj cov tshuaj "Olanzapine" analogues, uas muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hmoov ntawm 0.405 g ntawm olanzapine nyob rau hauv vials nrog hnyav, syringe thiab koob.
Adera Zyprexa yog ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kev puas hlwb nrog kev ua haujlwm neuroleptic.
Cov tshuaj nres tsis zoo, yog siv rau kev kaw thiab mus sij hawm ntev los tiv thaiv kev rov ua dua ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm tus mob schizophrenic thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws nrog cov tsos mob tshwm sim hauv daim ntawv ntawm delusions, hallucinogenic tsis pom kev thiab tsis zoo nrog kev xav flattening, impoverishment ntawm lub hais lus apparatus.
Cov tshuaj no yog siv los kho tus mob hnyav thiab ua ke ua ke ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar, thaum lub sij hawm muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws tshwm sim thiab muaj kev hloov pauv sai sai.
Thawj koob tshuaj txhua hnub yog siv ntawm 0.010 lossis 0.015 g. Cov tshuaj txhua hnub yog xaiv rau txhua tus neeg mob sib cais, suav nrog cov duab kho mob. Feem ntau yog siv tshuaj kho txhua hnub ntawm 0.005 txog 0.020 g.
Kev nce ntxiv tuaj yeem ua tau tsuas yog tias muaj cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev xeem. Kev nce qib ntawm cov tshuaj tau ua nyob rau theem, txhua hnub.
Cov neeg mob laus, thaum muaj lub raum tsis txaus thiab lub siab ua haujlwm, thawj koob tshuaj txhua hnub raug muab rau ntawm 0.005 g.
Tus nqi ntawm analogues
Ntau hom tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tso cai rau koj xaiv txoj caiib qho tshuaj uas tsim nyog rau qhov zoo thiab tus nqi. Cov tshuaj "Olanzapine" nqi yog me me. Ib pob tshuaj tuaj yeem yuav rau 290 rubles.
Tshuaj "Zalasta" nqi yog los ntawm 1370 rubles.
Zyprexa Zidis ntsiav tshuaj suav hais tias kim. Rau lub ntim ntawm cov tshuaj koj yuav tsum tau them 2370 rubles. Tus nqi ntawm cov analogue "Ku-tab Zalasta" yog 1075 rubles.
Tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj Zyprexa tau txais kev tshuaj xyuas tsis zoo. Ib pob ntawm 28 ntsiav tshuaj raug nqi 4,760 rubles.
Rau cov ntu uas tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov pejxeem, cov tshuaj "Olanzapine" yuav muaj, tus nqi ntawm ob peb zaug qis dua.
Patient opinions
Txog cov tshuaj "Olanzapine" tshuaj xyuas tuaj yeem hnov qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo. Rau ntau tus, cov tshuaj pab tiv thaiv kev nyuaj siab thiab txo cov kev xav tsis zoo tom qab ob peb hnub ntawm kev noj. Nws raug suav hais tias yog ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kev puas siab puas ntsws uas ua rau cov neeg mob calms, tshem tawm kev ntshai thiab kev ntxhov siab.
Ntawm qhov tsis zoo yog qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo uas cuam tshuam nrog kev poob qis hauv cov metabolism, ua rau tus neeg mob lub cev hnyav. Drowsiness, asthenic syndrome, kiv taub hau tshwm, arterial siab ntawm hom orthostatic yuav poob, o ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab dryness ntawm mucous daim nyias nyias yuav tsim.
Rau qee tus neeg mob, txawm tias ib koob me me ntawm cov tshuaj yog ib qho tshuaj tsaug zog, uas lawv tsaug zog 12 teev ib hnub.
Tib neeg lub cev yog tus kheej, yog li cov tshuaj ua haujlwm sib txawv rau txhua tus neeg mob. Xaiv ib qho haumcov nyiaj xav tau kev sab laj kws kho mob.
