Hormonal kauv "Mirena": kev phiv, tshuaj xyuas cov poj niam

Cov txheej txheem:

Hormonal kauv "Mirena": kev phiv, tshuaj xyuas cov poj niam
Hormonal kauv "Mirena": kev phiv, tshuaj xyuas cov poj niam

Video: Hormonal kauv "Mirena": kev phiv, tshuaj xyuas cov poj niam

Video: Hormonal kauv
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Kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib txawv. Qee cov poj niam siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv qhov ncauj los tiv thaiv kev xeeb tub uas tsis xav tau. Lwm tus siv hnab looj tes, thaum lwm tus siv rau kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Kuj tseem muaj thaj ua rau thaj tshwj xeeb thiab cov nplhaib uas tiv thaiv cov txheej txheem fertilization. Thiab deb ntawm qhov chaw kawg hauv daim ntawv teev npe no yog cov kauv. Mirena system tau nrov tshwj xeeb tsis ntev los no. Kev mob tshwm sim los ntawm nws txoj kev siv tsis hnov los ntawm txhua tus poj niam. Qee tus tsuas tsis pom IUD thiab xav tias nws yog ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo.

Composition and description

Intrauterine ntaus ntawv "Mirena" tsis tsuas yog tiv thaiv kev xeeb tub, tab sis kuj kho. Nws muaj cov tshuaj hormonal levonorgestrel nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 52 ml. Cov khoom thib ob hauv cov kauv yog polydimethylsiloxane elastomer.

Cov tsos mob ntawm kev kho mob hauv lub cev zoo ib yam li tsab ntawv "T" muab tso rau hauv qhov tshwj xeebtube conductor, uas muaj cov tub ntxhais dawb thiab muaj elastomeric-hormonal filling. Lub cev ntawm cov kauv yog nruab rau ntawm ib sab nrog lub voj, ntawm lwm qhov - nrog ob lub xub pwg nyom. Cov xov yog txuas rau lub voj, nrog kev pab los ntawm qhov muab kauv tshem tawm ntawm qhov chaw mos.

tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig

Mirena phiv tshuaj xyuas
Mirena phiv tshuaj xyuas

Lub Mirena kho mob intrauterine ntaus ntawv (cov kev mob tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv cov khoom tau piav qhia meej hauv cov lus qhia rau kev siv, thiab lawv yuav tsum tau kawm ua ntej siv lub kaw lus) muaj cov nyhuv gestagenic hauv zos los ntawm kev tso levonorgestrel rau hauv kab noj hniav. uterine ib puag ncig. Qhov no ua rau nws tuaj yeem siv cov tshuaj hormonal hauv qhov tsawg kawg nkaus txhua hnub.

Lub sijhawm dhau mus, levonorgestrel accumulates hauv endometrium, thiab nws cov ntsiab lus siab txo qhov rhiab heev ntawm progesterone thiab estrogen receptors. Yog li ntawd, lub endometrium tsis perceive estradiol thiab muaj antiproliferative nyhuv.

IUD "Mirena" (cov kev mob tshwm sim thiab contraindications ua ntej siv cov txheej txheem kho mob yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account) thaum siv, nws cuam tshuam rau kev hloov pauv morphological hauv endometrium. Nws ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog txaus rau qhov muaj lub cev txawv teb chaws. Muaj feem xyuam rau lub thickening ntawm lub hauv ob sab phlu kwj dej, uas tiv thaiv cov phev nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev menyuam. Cov kauv tiv thaiv cov txheej txheem fertilization, inhibits kev ua ntawm spermatozoa, lawv lub cev muaj zog. Muaj cov poj niam uas nws cov khoom inhibits ovulation.

Kev siv Mirena tsis muaj kev cuam tshuampoj niam cev xeeb tub apparatus. Raws li txoj cai, tom qab tshem tawm cov kauv, tus poj niam cev xeeb tub hauv ib xyoos.

Nyob rau hauv cov hnub thaum ntxov ntawm kev siv cov kab mob hauv lub cev kho mob, kev pom yuav muaj kev txhawj xeeb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov inhibition ntawm endometrium ua rau txo qis hauv lub sijhawm ntawm kev coj khaub ncaws thiab txo qis hauv lawv cov nplua nuj. Cov nyhuv ntawm cov kauv ntawm tus poj niam lub cev tsis cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm zes qe menyuam thiab tus nqi ntawm estradiol hauv cov ntshav.

Nws raug tso cai siv cov kauv rau hauv kev kho mob ntawm idiopathic menorrhagia, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas tus poj niam tsis muaj kab mob gynecological thiab extragenital, nrog rau cov kab mob uas muaj mob hnyav heev.

Tom qab 90 hnub tom qab tso cov kauv rau hauv lub tsev menyuam, qhov ntim ntawm kev coj khaub ncaws qis qis los ntawm 88%. Yog hais tias muaj menorrhagia, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm fibroids, ces qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev kho mob nrog ib tug kho mob system yog tsis pronounced. Txo lub sij hawm ntawm kev coj khaub ncaws yuav txo tau cov hlau deficiency anemia. Txo cov tsos mob tsis zoo hauv dysmenorrhea.

Cov ntsiab lus qis ntawm cov tshuaj hormonal hauv cov ntshav plasma zoo li tshem tawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov tshuaj progestogen ntawm lub cev. Kev taw qhia ntawm levonorgestrel rau hauv ib puag ncig uterine txhim kho nws qhov nqus thiab bioavailability, uas yog 90%. Cov tshuaj tau tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov metabolites los ntawm daim siab thiab ob lub raum.

Indications thiab contraindications

Mirena kauj
Mirena kauj

Lwm yam tshuaj xyuas koj tuaj yeem hnov txog Mirena? Kev mob tshwm sim tsawg heev. Raws li cov poj niam, cov kauv tuaj yeem ua rau cov tsos mob tsis zoo tsis yog vim nws siv tsis raug, tab sis kujvim ib tug neeg intolerance ntawm lub cev. Hauv qhov no, cov kws kho mob qhia kom tshem tawm cov txheej txheem kho mob thiab xaiv lwm txoj kev tiv thaiv kab mob.

Cov lus qhia tseem ceeb rau kev siv Mirena kev kho mob (cov kev mob tshwm sim tom qab siv cov kauv no tau pom hauv ntau tus poj niam, tsuas yog qee tus poj niam lawv ploj mus dhau sijhawm, thaum lwm tus cov tsos mob tsis zoo, uas ua rau poj niam tso tseg cov khoom kho mob no) yog kev tiv thaiv kev xeeb tub thiab idiopathic menorrhagia. Cov cuab yeej intrauterine tau pom zoo los tiv thaiv endometrial hyperplasia, uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim nrog kev kho tshuaj estrogen.

Kev siv Mirena yuav tsum tau tso tseg thaum cev xeeb tub thiab yog tias muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg me ntsis ntawm nws. Tsis txhob siv cov kauv rau cov kab mob gynecological inflammatory. Cov kab mob intrauterine yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg yog tias muaj cov kab mob ntawm lub genitourinary system, postpartum endometritis, cervical dysplasia, nrog rau malignant thiab benign formations nyob rau hauv lub cev.

Tsis txhob siv cov kauv tom qab rho menyuam tawm, nrog rau lub ncauj tsev menyuam, los ntshav ntawm ntau lub hauv paus chiv keeb, kev txawv txav ntawm lub tsev menyuam, kab mob siab thiab ua rau lub cev tsis haum rau cov khoom uas yog ib feem ntawm kev kho mob.

Mirena yuav tsum tau siv tsuas yog tom qab sab laj nrog tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb yog tias tus neeg mob raug mob migraine, mob taub hau hnyav thiab yog tias muaj ntshav siab. Nrog kev ceev faj heev, siv cov kauv rau jaundice, impairedKev ncig thiab tom qab mob stroke, myocardial infarction.

Nws ntseeg tau tias hauv koob tshuaj me me levonorgestrel tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov kua mis ntawm niam laus, tab sis yog tias tus menyuam muaj rau lub lis piam, nws tsis tuaj yeem ua mob rau tus menyuam. Yog li ntawd, rau kev siv cov kauv thaum pub niam mis, yuav tsum muaj cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb ntxiv.

Mirena. Cov lus qhia rau kev siv, ntau npaum li cas

Cov lus qhia Mirena
Cov lus qhia Mirena

Cov kauv yog muab tso rau hauv lub uterine kab noj hniav. Nws lub sijhawm ua haujlwm yog tsib xyoos. Thaum pib ntawm kev siv cov kauv, qhov tso tawm txhua hnub ntawm levonorgesgrel yog 20 mcg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, daim duab no txo qis. Tsib xyoos tom qab, nws yog 11 mcg ib hnub. Qhov kwv yees qhov nruab nrab txhua hnub ntawm kev tso tawm cov tshuaj hormonal yog 14 mcg.

Txoj Kev Kho Hniav Uterine tuaj yeem siv rau cov poj niam uas tau siv tshuaj hormone hloov kho hauv lawv txoj kev kho. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov tshuaj siv hauv kev kho mob muaj cov tshuaj estrogen, thiab tsis yog progestogen. Yog tias Mirena kauj raug teeb tsa kom raug, ces Pearl Performance index yog 0.1%.

Cov khoom Mirena yog muag hauv ntim tsis muaj menyuam. Yog hais tias thaum lub sij hawm ntawm kev yuav khoom cov khoom tsis muaj sterile ntim, ces nws yuav tsum tsis txhob siv. Nws tseem tsis tsim nyog khaws cov spirals tshem tawm ntawm lub ncauj tsev menyuam, vim lawv tseem muaj cov seem ntawm cov tshuaj hormonal.

Mirena coil xyuas
Mirena coil xyuas

Lub ntim tsis huv ntawm cov kauv yog qhib ua ntej kev taw qhia cov khoom rau hauv lub cev ntawm tus poj niam. Mirena tsuas yog yuav tsum tau teeb tsa los ntawm tus kws kho mob paub txog uas muajmuaj kev cuam tshuam hauv cheeb tsam no. Ua ntej qhia txog kev kho mob, tus kws kho mob yuav tsum paub tus poj niam nrog contraindications thiab tshwm sim tsis zoo. Ua ib qho kev kuaj gynecological. Siv gynecological smear. Xa tus poj niam mus kuaj ntshav. Tus kws kho mob tshuaj xyuas cov qog mammary ua ntej txhim kho cov khoom Mirena. Cov kev mob tshwm sim (cov lus qhia ceeb toom ntawm txhua qhov kev tshwm sim tsis zoo uas feem ntau tshwm sim tom qab kev qhia txog kev muab kauv) yuav raug txo kom tsawg yog tias tus neeg mob tau kuaj xyuas thiab cov txheej txheem kho tau raug teeb tsa kom raug.

Thaum lub sijhawm kuaj tus neeg mob, nws yuav tsum tsis suav nrog cev xeeb tub, nrog rau cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob sib kis thiab mob. Tag nrho cov kab mob uas kuaj pom yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm ua ntej muab cov kauv rau hauv lub cev ntawm tus poj niam.

Ua ntej koj nkag mus rau lub kauv, kawm txog lub tsev menyuam thiab qhov ntsuas ntawm nws cov kab noj hniav. Nws raug pom zoo kom pom "Mirena" nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub tsev menyuam. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug uniform nyhuv ntawm lub active tshuaj ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub tsev menyuam ib puag ncig yog guaranteed.

Thawj zaug tus poj niam tom qab txhim kho cov kauv yog kuaj tom qab 3 lub hlis, tom qab ntawd ib xyoos ib zaug. Yog tias tsim nyog, tus neeg mob tau kuaj ntau zaus.

Yog hais tias ib tug poj niam muaj hnub nyoog yug me nyuam, ces tus kauv yog tsim nyob rau hauv xya hnub txij li thaum pib ntawm hnub tseem ceeb. Mirena tuaj yeem hloov nrog lwm yam khoom siv hauv lub cev thaum lub sijhawm yooj yim. Nws raug tso cai rau nruab ib lub IUD tam sim ntawd tom qab rho menyuam, uas tau ua nyob rau hauv thawj peb lub hlis twg.

Tom qab xa khoom, cov kauv tso cai tso rau rau lub hlis tom qabuterine involution. Yog tias qhov kev cuam tshuam tshwm sim nrog kev ncua, ces koj yuav tsum tos kom tiav. Yog hais tias qhov ntxig ntawm IUD tshwm sim nrog cov teeb meem, qhov mob hnyav, lossis nrog los ntshav, ultrasound yuav tsum tau ua sai li sai tau kom txiav txim siab qhov tshwm sim ntawm perforation.

Nrog rau kev kho tshuaj estrogen, txhawm rau tswj lub luag haujlwm ntawm endometrium, cov poj niam uas muaj tus kab mob amenorrhea, Mirena kauv yog nruab rau txhua lub sijhawm. Hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj kev coj khaub ncaws ntev, cov txheej txheem kho mob yog siv rau hnub kawg ntawm kev coj khaub ncaws. Lub kauj tsis siv rau kev tiv thaiv postcoital.

Lub Mirena Therapeutic System raug tshem tawm kom zoo los ntawm rub cov xov nrog forceps. Yog tias cov xov tsis tuaj yeem nrhiav pom, ces siv lub traction nuv los rho cov kauv. Qee lub sij hawm lub ncauj tsev menyuam yuav tsum tau tshem tawm IUD.

Lub kaw lus, yog tias tsis muaj kev phiv, raug tshem tawm tom qab tsib xyoos. Yog hais tias tus poj niam xav siv txoj kev tiv thaiv kab mob no txuas ntxiv mus, ces tus kauv tshiab tau qhia tam sim tom qab tshem tawm cov txheej txheem dhau los.

Hormonal kauj "Mirena". Kev mob tshwm sim

Mirena cov lus qhia rau kev phiv
Mirena cov lus qhia rau kev phiv

Cov tsos mob tsis zoo hauv cov neeg mob yuav tshwm sim thawj hnub tom qab kev qhia txog kev kho mob rau hauv tsev menyuam. Yog li ntawd lub cev tau siv rau txawv teb chaws keeb. Raws li txoj cai, yog tias lub kauj siv tau ntev, ces cov kev mob tshwm sim sai sai ploj.

Feem ntau cov kev mob tshwm sim tom qab txhim kho Mirena yog cov tsos mob hauv qab no:

  • xiav zoo liqhov chaw mos thiab uterine;
  • pom ntshav tawm;
  • ovarian cysts;
  • oligo- thiab amenoria;
  • kev sib deev tsawg;
  • migraine;
  • mob hauv plab plab thiab nraub qaum;
  • nausea;
  • pob txuv;
  • nro thiab mob hauv thaj tsam ntawm cov qog mammary;
  • hnyav nce;
  • hair poob;
  • edema.

Yog tias qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo tshwm sim, koj yuav tsum sab laj nrog kws kho mob gynecologist. Thaum siv cov kev kho mob Mirena, ntau cov kev mob tshwm sim tshwm sim tam sim ntawd, tab sis maj mam lub cev tau siv rau cov khoom txawv teb chaws.

Cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb

Mirena phiv tom qab kev teeb tsa
Mirena phiv tom qab kev teeb tsa

Cov poj niam thaum kho nrog Mirena kho mob yuav tsum tau saib xyuas cov tsos mob ntawm venous thrombosis. Thaum lawv tshwm sim, nws raug nquahu kom sab laj nrog kws kho mob thiab ua txhua yam kev ntsuas los kho tus kab mob no.

Ntau tus poj niam tau ntsib kev phiv los ntawm kev kho mob. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm Mirena IUD nco ntsoov tias thaum siv txoj kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov poj niam, qhov hnyav nce thiab pob txuv tshwm rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Yog tias cov tsos mob tsis zoo tshwm sim, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum raug tshem tawm ntawm lub cev thiab hloov nrog lwm tus.

Nrog ceev faj, cov kauv yuav tsum tau siv los ntawm cov poj niam uas muaj teeb meem nrog lub plawv ntawm lub plawv. Hauv qhov no, muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm septic endocarditis. Xws li cov neeg mob nyob rau hnub ntawm lubmanipulations txuam nrog lub installation thiab tshem tawm cov kauv, ib chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob yog sau los tiv thaiv qhov pib ntawm tus kab mob no.

txo qis ntawm levonorgestrel tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov piam thaj, yog li cov poj niam uas muaj ntshav qab zib yuav tsum tau kuaj lawv cov ntshav qab zib tsis tu ncua thaum siv IUD.

Hauv 20% ntawm cov neeg mob, Mirena tuaj yeem ua rau oligo- thiab amenorrhea. Yog tias poj niam cev xeeb tub tsis tshwm sim rau ntau tshaj rau lub hlis, ces cev xeeb tub yuav tsum raug cais tawm tag nrho. Amenorrhea nyob rau hauv cov poj niam tuaj yeem pom tau thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo yog tias siv coil nrog rau lwm cov tshuaj hormonal hauv kev kho tshuaj estrogen.

VSM "Mirena" raug tshem tawm rau kis kab mob thiab kab mob ntawm qhov chaw mos, endometritis, mob thiab los ntshav. Cov txheej txheem kho mob yuav tsum raug tshem tawm ntawm lub tsev menyuam yog tias muab tso tsis raug.

Hais txog yuav ua li cas xyuas cov xov ntawm cov khoom, tus kws kho mob ceeb toom rau tus poj niam tam sim ntawd tom qab nws tau teeb tsa Mirena kauv. Raws li kev txheeb xyuas, cov kev mob tshwm sim tom qab kev qhia txog IUD yuav tsum ceeb toom tus poj niam. Thaum lawv tshwm sim, koj yuav tsum tau mus ntsib kws kho mob tam sim kom tsis suav nrog cov teeb meem thiab pathologies. Ntau tus neeg mob txaus siab rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, vim nws cuam tshuam rau qhov tsis muaj lub sijhawm hnyav thiab kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv zoo rau tsib xyoos ntawm kev siv.

Tus nqi khoom siv hauv lub cev

Lub Mirena kauj tsis tsuas yog tiv thaiv kev xeeb tub, tab sis kuj kho. Qhov no piav qhia txog kev txaus siab ntawm cov poj niam hauv cov khoom no. Koj tuaj yeem yuav nws ntawm lub tsev muag tshuaj. NqeKev kho qhov chaw mos qhov chaw hloov pauv ntawm 9-12 txhiab rubles.

tawm tswv yim zoo los ntawm poj niam

Kauv "Mirena" tshuaj xyuas tsim nyog ob qho tib si zoo thiab tsis zoo. Cov poj niam uas txaus siab rau kev siv IUD nco ntsoov qhov ruaj khov ntawm kev coj khaub ncaws, kev sib deev nyab xeeb thiab kev tiv thaiv ntev ntev.

Raws li cov poj niam, Mirena tsis hnov txhua lub sijhawm sib deev. Raws li lawv, txoj kev kho mob yog ib tug godsend rau cov poj niam uas muaj menorrhagia, endometrial hyperplasia, fibroids thiab fibroids.

Ntau tus neeg mob qhia qhov tsis xis nyob hauv thawj lub hlis ntawm kev ntxig lub kauj. Raws li txoj cai, cov no yog mob hauv plab thiab nraub qaum, kev xav ntawm lub cev txawv teb chaws, smearing tawm. Tab sis, raws li cov poj niam, tom qab thawj zaug coj khaub ncaws, cov kev mob tshwm sim no ploj mus thiab cov neeg mob uas muaj cov kauv zoo siab dua.

Hormonal coil Mirena
Hormonal coil Mirena

tsis pom zoo txog lub kauv

Tsim nyog thiab tsis zoo tshuaj xyuas ntawm hormonal kauv "Mirena". Kev mob tshwm sim tom qab nws qhov kev teeb tsa tshwm sim hauv yuav luag txhua tus. Tsuas yog qee tus lawv mus tom qab ib hlis, thaum lwm tus txhawj xeeb rau lub sijhawm ntev, thiab lawv yuav tsum tshem cov kauv.

Ntawm cov kev mob tshwm sim, cov neeg siv ceeb toom qhov hnyav nce, o, tawv nqaij ua pob, mob hauv plab thiab nraub qaum, ntse dhia hauv ntshav siab, poob siab ntawm kev sib deev, pom qhov tso tawm tsis tu ncua. Qee cov neeg mob tom qab kev taw qhia ntawm Mirena kauv muaj kev nyuaj siab, ntxhov siab tas li thiab lub siab tsis zoo. Lawv txhawj xeeb txog kev qaug zog, khaus khaus thiabkev xav swings. Muaj cov neeg uas qhov kev kho mob no provoked tsim cov qog, zes qe menyuam, varicose leeg thiab plaub hau poob.

Qee tus poj niam hais tias tom qab tshem tawm cov kauv, lawv raug cuam tshuam los ntawm lub sij hawm hnyav, uas kav ntev li ib hlis. Muaj cov neeg uas tam sim ntawd hnov zoo dua tom qab tshem IUD. Hauv cov neeg mob no, lub xeev ntawm lub siab rov qab mus rau qhov qub, qhov mob ploj mus, thiab kev coj khaub ncaws ruaj khov.

Tus kws kho mob hais dab tsi txog tus kauv?

Kev mob tshwm sim ntawm Mirena kauv tsis tshwm sim hauv txhua tus poj niam, yog li ntau tus poj niam tsis tsuas yog tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej los ntawm kev xeeb tub tsis xav tau nrog nws cov kev pab, tab sis kuj kho. Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij. Lawv feem ntau pom zoo rau lub cev rau cov poj niam uas muaj lub sijhawm hnyav thiab mob. Gynecologists xav qhia IUD rau fibroids thiab fibroids. Raws li lawv, qhov no system yog ib tug tiag tiag breakthrough nyob rau hauv gynecology. Nws tiv thaiv endometrial hyperplasia thiab tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev kho tshuaj hormone hloov.

Raws li txoj cai, cov kws kho mob tsis xav tsis thoob los ntawm cov kev mob tshwm sim uas tshwm sim thawj zaug tom qab kev qhia txog cov kauv. Lawv ua siab mos siab muag thiab ceeb toom rau cov neeg mob tias qhov no yog ib txwm muaj, muaj ib lub sijhawm ntawm kev quav tshuaj thiab tom qab thawj zaug kev coj khaub ncaws nrog cov kauv txhua yam yuav dhau mus.

Cov kws kho mob hais tias levonorgestrel hauv cov helix no ua ncaj qha rau ntawm cov txheej txheem endometrial. Txo nws cov peev xwm implantation, cuam tshuam qhov txo qhov ntim ntawm kev coj khaub ncaws thiab txo lawv lub sijhawm, tshem tawm qhov mob khaub thuas. Kev tiv thaiv kab mob kav rau tsib xyoos, uas yog heevxis rau ntau tus poj niam.

Raws li cov kws kho mob, tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees tam sim ntawd seb lub kauv puas haum rau poj niam lossis tsis yog. Txhua tus poj niam zam cov tshuaj hormonal ntawm nws tus kheej. Tab sis lawv ceeb toom tias ua ntej txhim kho Mirena kauv, koj yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas kom tiav txhawm rau txhawm rau tshem tawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau yam pathologies yav tom ntej. Cov kauv tsis ntsia yog tias pom cov qog nqaij hlav, nrog rau cov kab mob ntawm lub siab, lub plawv thiab los ntshav, qhov ua rau tsis meej.

Pom zoo: