Kev hloov pauv yog qhov hloov pauv ruaj khov ntawm genotype, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm sab nraud lossis sab hauv ib puag ncig. Lub ntsiab lus tau hais los ntawm Hugo de Vries. Cov txheej txheem los ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv no yog hu ua mutagenesis.
Tom qab hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav xav txog qhov nthuav dav ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv no, peb tseem yuav pom tias qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm somatic yog dab tsi.
Terminology
Somatic mutation yog ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm cov noob hauv qee lub hlwb thaum lub sijhawm tus neeg txhim kho ntawm lub cev. Yav dhau los, nws tau ntseeg tias kev hloov pauv ntawm genotype feem ntau tshwm sim ua ntej tsim lossis hauv cov kab mob loj hlob thiab tsim nyog ntawm qib embryonic. Qhov no yog vim li cas vim li cas kev hloov pauv gametic rov tsim dua los ntawm txhua lub hlwb uas tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm kev loj hlob ntawm zygote. Thiab nws tau tshwm sim nrog kev koom tes ntawm thawj qhov kev hloov pauv gamete. Txog rau tam sim no, ntau qhov tseeb qhia qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm genotype txhua lub sijhawm ntawm tus kheej kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev.
Hloov cov nroj tsuag
Kev tshawb fawb tau ntev lawm tias kev hloov pauv ntawm somatic muaj ntau heev hauv cov nroj tsuag. Ib qho piv txwvtuaj yeem ua rau lub raum hloov pauv, uas tau piav qhia meej los ntawm Ch. Darwin. Cov kev hloov no feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab ornamental nroj tsuag thiab yog siv los tsim ntau yam tshiab ntawm lawv. Ntau hom txiv apples, txiv kab ntxwv thiab ntau yam txiv hmab txiv ntoo tau txais vim qhov kev tshawb pom los ntawm tus txiv neej ntawm qee cov ceg uas txawv ntawm tag nrho cov ntoo. Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog qhov ceev ntawm ripening, thiab qhov loj, thiab cov duab, thiab cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
Siv cov nroj tsuag tua los ntawm cov ceg ntoo, koj tuaj yeem tau ntoo nrog cov yam ntxwv zoo ib yam ntawm niam. Nws ntseeg tau tias lawv tau txais lawv cov keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cell thawj zaug ntawm qhov kev loj hlob. Raws li qhov tseeb tias cov nroj tsuag tsis muaj txoj hauv kev sib cais heev ntawm qib embryonic, qhov tseeb ntawm kev sib deev nrog kev hloov pauv hloov pauv tau lees paub. Qhov no yog ua tau nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thaum lub transformation tau nkag mus rau hauv lub subepidermal txheej, txij li thaum cov kab mob hlwb raug tsim los ntawm nws. Yog li ntawd, tib tsob nroj tuaj yeem muaj cov ntaub so ntswg hloov pauv thiab tsis hloov pauv uas txawv ntawm ib leeg.
Kev hloov pauv hauv tsiaj
Tsiaj txhu tsis rov tsim dua vegetatively thiab tsis muaj txoj hauv kev sib cais. Yog li ntawd, lub tswv yim ntawm "somatic mutation" nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lawv yog siv tsis tshua muaj heev. Cov noob caj noob ces feem ntau tau kawm hauv qee hom, vim tias cov kev hloov kho no tuaj yeem pom. Cov no suav nrog Drosophila ya. Tus txiv neej, piv txwv li, muajQee qhov ntawm lub cev lossis cov kabmob tau pom txawv ntawm qhov seem ntawm cov xim lossis cov duab.
Somatic mutations hauv tib neeg
Kev hloov pauv tshwm sim hauv cov hlwb diploid. Yog li ntawd, kev hloov kho yog tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm cov noob tseem ceeb los yog recessive sawv daws yuav nyob rau hauv ib tug homozygous lub xeev. Somatic kev hloov pauv hauv tib neeg ncaj qha nyob ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm lawv qhov tshwm sim. Thaum ntxov ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov noob, cov hlwb cuam tshuam ntau dua yuav raug kev txom nyem. Nyob rau hauv dab tsi tshwm sim somatic mutations tau pom nyob rau hauv tib neeg? Qhov no tsis tau lees paub tseeb. Tej zaum cov txheej txheem no yog vim muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov xim ntawm iris, mob qog noj ntshav thiab lwm yam. Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog malignant, piv txwv li, feem ntau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov carcinogens, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tsis zoo - hluav taws xob thiab tshuaj.
YChromosomal aberrations
Cov lus txhais no yuav tsum nkag siab tias yog kev hloov pauv hauv cov qauv ntawm chromosomes. Somatic mutation kuj ua rau cov txheej txheem no. Yog tias muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov noob tshwm sim thaum ntxov ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, ob sab mosaics yuav tshwm sim. Lawv muaj ib nrab ntawm lub cev nrog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb, thiab lwm yam nrog cov uas tsis muaj zog. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sib deev chromosome, gynandromorphs yog tsim uas muaj poj niam thiab txiv neej yam ntxwv nyob rau hauv ib nrab. Kev hloov pauv ntawm somatic nrog kev sib cais tag nrho ntawm cov kab mob cuam tshuam rau qee qhov ntawm cov kab mob. Yog li ntawd, qhov no yog pom nyob rau hauv ib co xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug rudimentary transformation. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tshwm sim no tsawg heev. ATFeem ntau, xws li kev hloov pauv hauv cov noob tsis pom nyob rau hauv cov xeeb ntxwv. Raws li koj paub, spontaneous somatic mutation kuj yog ib qho tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ntau yam kev sim, nws tau txhim kho los ntawm tib yam xws li cov rudimentary, uas yog X-rays.
Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov noob ua rau muaj ntau yam tshwm sim. Hauv cov nroj tsuag, piv txwv li, cov no suav nrog variegation, variegation, nrog rau kev hloov xim ntawm lwm qhov ntawm cov khoom hauv nqe lus nug. Hauv tib neeg, raws li tau hais los saum toj no, qhov tshwm sim thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm somatic hloov pauv tsis tau raug pov thawj tseeb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tuaj yeem xav tias cov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm mosaic thiab asymmetrical nta, xws li cov xim sib txawv ntawm qhov muag, lawv pom, pigmentation, thiab lwm yam. Tam sim no, kev xav tau nthuav tawm tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm somatic yog ntau yam ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav malignant. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tab tom sim nrhiav kev sib txuas nrog chromosomal aberration. Qee tus ntseeg tias qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov nce ntawm cov chromosomes, lwm cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias qhov ua rau yog lawv tshem tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsuas yog kev kwv yees xwb. Tsis muaj pov thawj scientific rau qhov no, thiab kev tshawb fawb cytological tseem tsis tau pom dab tsi.
