Cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb, genetic alien rau peb, uas ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev ua kom cov B- thiab / lossis T-lymphocytes, hu ua antigens. Cov khoom ntawm antigens implies lawv kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yuav luag txhua tus qauv molecular tuaj yeem ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, piv txwv li: cov proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, thiab lwm yam.
Feem ntau lawv yog cov kab mob thiab kab mob, uas txhua thib ob ntawm peb lub neej sim nkag mus rau hauv cov hlwb kom hloov pauv thiab faib lawv cov DNA.
qauv
Cov qauv txawv teb chaws feem ntau yog qhov hnyav molecular polypeptides lossis polysaccharides, tab sis lwm cov molecules xws li lipids lossis nucleic acids tuaj yeem ua lawv txoj haujlwm. Cov tsim me me dhau los ua cov tshuaj no yog tias lawv ua ke nrog cov protein ntau dua.
Antigens phim nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Kev sib xyaw ua ke yog zoo ib yam li lub xauv thiab qhov tseem ceeb analogy. Txhua Y-zoo li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob molecule muaj tsawg kawgtsawg kawg yog ob thaj tsam khi uas tuaj yeem txuas mus rau ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm ib qho antigen. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem khi rau tib qhov chaw ntawm ob lub hlwb sib txawv tib lub sijhawm, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib sau ntawm cov khoom nyob sib ze.
Cov qauv ntawm antigens muaj ob ntu: cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov khoom nqa. Thawj txiav txim siab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov noob. Qee ntu ntawm cov protein, hu ua epitopes (antigenic determinants), yog lub luag haujlwm rau nws. Cov no yog cov tawg ntawm cov molecules uas ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog los teb, yuam kom nws tiv thaiv nws tus kheej thiab tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws.
Cov cab kuj pab cov khoom nkag mus rau hauv lub cev.
tshuaj keeb kwm
- Proteins. Antigens feem ntau yog cov organic molecules loj uas yog cov proteins lossis polysaccharides loj. Lawv ua tau ib txoj hauj lwm zoo heev vim lawv qhov hnyav molecular thiab cov txheej txheem complexity.
- Lipids. suav tias yog qis dua vim lawv cov txheeb ze simplicity thiab tsis muaj cov qauv kev ruaj ntseg. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum txuas nrog cov proteins lossis polysaccharides, lawv tuaj yeem ua cov khoom tiav.
- Nucleic acids. Tsis zoo rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm antigens. Cov khoom ntawm antigens tsis tuaj nyob rau hauv lawv vim yog txheeb ze simplicity, molecular yooj thiab sai lwj. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau lawv tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm kev ruaj ntseg ruaj khov thiab khi rau cov kab mob immunogenic.
- Carbohydrates (polysaccharides). Los ntawm lawv tus kheej me me dhau los ua haujlwmntawm lawv tus kheej, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm erythrocytic cov ntshav pab pawg neeg antigens, protein los yog lipid cab kuj yuav pab tau rau qhov yuav tsum tau loj, thiab polysaccharides tam sim no raws li sab chains conferencing immunological tshwj xeeb.
Key Features
Yuav hu ua antigen, ib yam khoom yuav tsum muaj qee yam khoom.
Ua ntej tshaj, nws yuav tsum yog neeg txawv teb chaws rau cov kab mob uas nws nrhiav nkag mus. Piv txwv li, yog tias tus neeg tau txais kev hloov pauv tau txais ib lub cev pub dawb nrog ntau qhov loj HLA (tib neeg leukocyte antigen) sib txawv, lub cev tau pom tias txawv teb chaws thiab tom qab ntawd tus neeg tau txais kev tsis lees paub.
Qhov thib ob ua haujlwm ntawm antigens yog immunogenicity. Qhov ntawd yog, cov khoom txawv teb chaws yuav tsum tau pom los ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob raws li tus neeg ua phem thaum nws nkag mus, ua rau cov lus teb thiab yuam kom nws tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov neeg tawm tsam.
Ntau yam yog lub luag haujlwm rau qhov zoo no: tus qauv, qhov hnyav ntawm lub molecule, nws ceev, thiab lwm yam. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog ua los ntawm kev txawv teb chaws rau tus kheej li cas.
Qhov thib peb zoo yog antigenicity - muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv qee cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab txuas nrog lawv. Epitopes yog lub luag haujlwm rau qhov no, thiab nws yog nyob ntawm lawv tias hom uas cov kab mob tsis haum xeeb yog nyob ntawm. Cov cuab yeej no tso cai rau nws khi rau T-lymphocytes thiab lwm lub hlwb tawm tsam, tab sis tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob nws tus kheej.
Piv txwv li, qis dua qhov hnyav molecular(haptens) muaj peev xwm khi rau ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv, tab sis rau qhov no lawv yuav tsum tau txuas rau macromolecule ua tus cab kuj los pib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nws tus kheej.
Thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (xws li cov qe ntshav liab) los ntawm tus neeg pub dawb tau hloov mus rau tus neeg txais, lawv tuaj yeem ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tib yam li cov kab mob sab nrauv (capsule lossis cell phab ntsa) thiab cov qauv saum npoo. ntawm lwm cov kab mob.
Colloid xeev thiab solubility yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm antigens.
ua tiav thiab tsis tiav antigens
Nyob ntawm seb lawv ua tau zoo npaum li cas, cov tshuaj no muaj ob hom: ua kom tiav (muaj protein ntau) thiab tsis tiav (haptens).
Ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv tag nrho tuaj yeem ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv tib lub sijhawm, txhawb kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb thiab soj ntsuam nrog lawv.
Haptens yog cov khoom uas, vim lawv qhov me me, tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab yog li yuav tsum tau sib koom ua ke nrog cov molecules loj kom lawv tuaj yeem xa mus rau "kev ua txhaum cai". Hauv qhov no, lawv dhau los ua tiav, thiab qhov hapten yog lub luag haujlwm rau qhov tshwj xeeb. Txiav txim siab los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv vitro (kev tshawb fawb ua tiav hauv chav kuaj).
Cov tshuaj no hu ua txawv teb chaws lossis tsis yog tus kheej, thiab cov uas muaj nyob hauv lub cev lub hlwb hu ua auto- lossis self-antigens.
Specificity
- Hom - muaj nyob hauv cov kab mob nyob,belongs rau tib hom thiab muaj ntau epitopes.
- Tshuaj - tshwm sim rau cov tsiaj tsis sib xws. Piv txwv li, qhov no yog tus kheej ntawm staphylococcus thiab tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas lossis cov qe ntshav liab thiab kab mob plague bacillus.
- Pathological - tuaj yeem hloov pauv tsis tau ntawm qib cellular (piv txwv li, los ntawm hluav taws xob lossis tshuaj).
- Stage-specific - tsim tsuas yog nyob rau qee theem ntawm lub neej (hauv fetus thaum lub sij hawm fetal loj hlob).
Autoantigens pib tsim nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm kev ua tsis tiav, thaum lub cev tsis muaj zog lees paub qee qhov ntawm nws lub cev txawv teb chaws thiab sim ua kom puas tsuaj los ntawm kev sib txuas nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tseem tsis tau tsim, tab sis ua rau muaj cov kab mob txaus ntshai xws li vasculitis, SLE, ntau yam sclerosis thiab ntau lwm tus. Hauv kev kuaj mob ntawm cov xwm txheej no, xav tau kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro, uas pom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis.
hom ntshav
Nyob rau saum npoo ntawm tag nrho cov qe ntshav yog ntau ntau ntawm cov antigens sib txawv. Tag nrho cov no koom ua ke ua tsaug rau cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb. Muaj ntau tshaj 40 nyob rau hauv tag nrho.
Cov pab pawg erythrocyte yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntshav thaum hloov pauv. Nws suav nrog, piv txwv li, ABO serological system. Txhua pawg ntshav muaj ib qho antigen - H, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj A thiab B.
Xyoo 1952, ib qho piv txwv tsawg heev tau tshaj tawm los ntawm Mumbai uas cov antigens A, B thiab Htsis tuaj ntawm cov qe ntshav liab. Hom ntshav no hu ua "Bombay" lossis "thib tsib". Cov neeg zoo li no tsuas yog txais cov ntshav los ntawm lawv pawg xwb.
Lwm qhov system yog Rh yam. Qee cov Rh antigens sawv cev rau cov qauv ntawm cov erythrocyte membrane (RBC). Yog tias lawv tsis tuaj, ces lub plhaub yog deformed thiab ua rau hemolytic anemia. Tsis tas li ntawd, Rh yog qhov tseem ceeb heev thaum cev xeeb tub thiab nws qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm leej niam thiab tus menyuam tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem loj.
Thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis yog ib feem ntawm cov qauv membrane (xws li A, B thiab H), lawv qhov tsis tuaj yeem tsis cuam tshuam rau kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov qe ntshav liab.
Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv
Tsuas yog ua tau yog tias cov molecules ntawm ob qho tib si ze txaus rau qee tus ntawm cov atoms kom haum rau hauv cov kab noj hniav ntxiv.
Ib qho epitope yog thaj tsam sib thooj ntawm antigens. Cov khoom ntawm antigens tso cai rau lawv feem ntau muaj ntau yam kev txiav txim siab; Yog hais tias ob los yog ntau tshaj ntawm lawv zoo tib yam, ces xws li ib yam khoom yog xam multivalent.
Lwm txoj hauv kev los ntsuas kev sib cuam tshuam yog qhov aviity ntawm kev khi, uas qhia txog kev ruaj ntseg tag nrho ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob / antigen complex. Nws txhais tau tias yog tag nrho kev khi lub zog ntawm txhua qhov chaw.
Antigen nthuav tawm cov hlwb (APC)
Cov uas tuaj yeem nqus tau cov antigen thiab xa mus rau qhov chaw raug. Muaj peb hom ntawm cov neeg sawv cev no hauv peb lub cev.
- YMacrophages. Lawv feem ntau yog so. Lawv muaj peev xwm phagocyticnce ntau thaum lawv raug txhawb kom ua kom nquag plias. Tam sim no nrog rau cov lymphocytes nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov lymphoid cov ntaub so ntswg.
- Dendritic hlwb. Cov yam ntxwv los ntawm cov txheej txheem cytoplasmic mus sij hawm ntev. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog ua raws li antigen scavengers. Lawv tsis yog phagocytic nyob rau hauv cov xwm thiab muaj nyob rau hauv cov qog nqaij hlav, thymus, spleen thiab tawv nqaij.
YB-lymphocytes. Lawv tso cov intramembrane immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules rau ntawm lawv qhov chaw, uas ua haujlwm ua receptors rau cellular antigens. Cov khoom ntawm antigens cia lawv khi tsuas yog ib hom khoom txawv teb chaws. Qhov no ua rau lawv muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li macrophages, uas yuav tsum tau noj cov khoom txawv teb chaws uas tau txais hauv lawv txoj kev
Cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm B hlwb (plasma cells) tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
