Txhua tus paub tias cov qe ntshav dawb - leukocytes - muab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Lawv yog cov tseem ceeb neutralizers ntawm toxins, tshuaj lom thiab antigens. Ib qho ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntshav yog cov mis leukocyte, uas tau txiav txim siab hauv kev kuaj ntshav. Tab sis nws yog dab tsi, thiab hom leukocytes tau txiav txim siab tib lub sijhawm, tsis yog txhua tus paub. Tsab ntawv xov xwm yuav nthuav qhia cov lus piav qhia dav dav ntawm leukocytes thiab lawv hom, txoj hauv kev suav thiab txiav txim siab cov qauv ntshav leukocyte.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Leukocytes yog cov qe ntshav dawb ntawm amoeboid daim ntawv nrog ntau hom nuclei. Lawv muaj qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm 7 mus rau 20 microns, thiab hauv 1 ml 3 ntawm cov ntshav lawv muaj txog 8 txhiab (rau kev sib piv, muaj txog 5 lab erythrocytes hauv cov ntshav li no).
Leukocytes nyob ntawm 3 mus rau 5 hnub, yog li lawv tau hloov kho tas li. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm qia hlwb (cov precursors ntawm cov qe ntshav) nyob rau hauv cov pob txha liab, thiabkuj yog tus po thiab lymph nodes. Leukocytes xaus lawv lub neej nyob rau hauv daim siab thiab tus po, thiab nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug inflammatory txheej txheem nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm nws tsom.
Tag nrho cov hlwb no muaj peev xwm ua rau phagocytosis (kev nqus cov khoom txawv teb chaws), nrhiav pom los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb ntiaj teb nto moo Ilya Mechnikov (1845-1916). Qee cov leukocytes tuaj yeem nkag mus los ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm cov hlab ntsha mus rau hauv cov kua dej hauv nruab nrog cev thiab twb ua tiav lawv txoj haujlwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, ua tsaug rau cytokines - organic tshuaj uas secrete leukocytes - lawv muaj peev xwm sib pauv ntaub ntawv thiab koom tes ua.
Tus naj npawb ntawm leukocytes hauv cov ntshav nyob ntawm ntau yam - lub sijhawm ntawm hnub, lub xeev ntawm lub cev, kev xav, muaj cov kab mob sib kis.
hom qe ntshav dawb
Muaj 5 hom qe ntshav dawb hauv peb cov ntshav:
- ntau tshaj plaws yog neutrophils. Cov leukocytes no muaj segmented nucleus (segmented los yog neeg laus), uas nyob rau hauv cov hluas neutrophils muaj cov tsos ntawm ib tug pas nrig uas tseem tsis tau muab faib ua ntu (stab). Lawv yog thawj zaug tshwm sim hauv kev tsom mus rau kis kab mob thiab pib tua nws - lawv phagocytize antigens thiab kab mob.
- Lymphocytes yog qhov txuas tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Muaj ob hom: T-lymphocytes rhuav tshem cov hlwb cuam tshuam thiab tiv thaiv kev kis kab mob; B-lymphocytes tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv - cov proteins uas muaj roj ntsha uas khi rau cov proteins ntawm cov khoom txawv teb chaws (antigens ntawm cov kab mob, protozoa,fungi thiab kab mob) thiab ua rau lawv paub thiab nkag mus rau lawv lub ntsiab destroyers - monocytes thiab neutrophils. Thaum suav cov leukocyte ntshav mis, T thiab B lymphocytes suav ua ke.
Tsis muaj ntau, tab sis tseem ceeb:
- Monocytes yog cov leukocytes loj uas muaj qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov nucleus thiab cytoplasm nrog ntau cov lysosomes. Hauv cov hlab ntsha, lawv nyob ntev txog li 40 teev, tom qab ntawd lawv nyob hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab hloov mus ua macrophages - cov hlwb uas nquag nqus cov antigens.
- Eosinophils yog leukocytes nrog bilobed nucleus. Lawv txoj haujlwm yog los tua cov kab mob. Thiab lawv yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev txhim kho kev ua xua.
- Cov qe ntshav dawb kawg yog basophils lossis basophilic granulocytes. Muaj ob peb ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv cov ntshav, lawv muaj ib tug S-shaped nucleus thiab qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov leukocytes. Lawv cov granules muaj histamine, serotonin, prostaglandin - kho mob ntawm o thiab ua xua. Ua tsaug rau lawv, cov tshuaj lom thiab co toxins raug thaiv hauv cov ntaub so ntswg, thiab lawv kuj koom nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntshav txhaws.
Norm thiab deviations
Cov ntsuas ib txwm muaj ntawm cov qauv leukocyte ntawm tus neeg laus tau nthuav tawm hauv cov lus saum toj no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev sib txawv ntawm tus qauv tuaj yeem yog ob qho tib si hauv ib qho kev ntsuas thiab ntau yam.
Kev sib txawv ntawm cov qauv hauv cov qauv leukocyte yog qhia los ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no:
- Nrog rau qib nce ntawm qee hom lymphocytes, qhov kawg "oz" / "ez" lossis "ia" ntxiv rau lawv lub npe. Piv txwv li, monocytosis, basocytosis, eosinophilia.
- Thaum theem ntawm qee yam lymphocytes txo qis, qhov kawg ntawm "singing" ntxiv. Piv txwv li, monopenia, eosinopenia.
Form shift
Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum txheeb xyuas cov qauv leukocyte, lub tswv yim ntawm nws qhov kev hloov pauv yog siv:
- Hloov mus rau sab laug txhais tau hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov tsis paub qab hau neutrophils (stab) thiab cov hluas (metamyelocytes) thiab myelocytes tau nce. Qhov no yuav qhia tau cov txheej txheem necrotic hauv cov ntaub so ntswg, o, kis kab mob, lom. Tab sis cov ntsuas zoo li no tuaj yeem tshwm sim tom qab kev tawm dag zog lub cev hnyav thiab nws thiaj li rov qab mus rau qhov qub.
- Ua haujlwm ntawm cov mis leukocyte mus rau sab xis txhais tau hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov neutrophils tsis paub qab hau hauv cov ntshav tau txo qis, thiab cov naj npawb ntawm cov neutrophils segmented tau nce. Xws li cov ntsuas yuav qhia tau tias muaj mob hluav taws xob, pathologies ntawm lub raum thiab lub siab. Cov mis no tsis yog pathological rau cov neeg mob uas tau txhaj ntshav.
Shift qhov txiaj ntsig no yog hu ua vim qhov tseeb tias kev suav ntawm cov mis ua raws li qee qhov algorithm - cov tub ntxhais hluas neutrophils raug coj mus rau hauv tus account ua ntej, thiab tom qab ntawd cov neeg laus hauv qhov kev txiav txim nce mus. Thiab qhov tsis sib xws ntawm lawv tus lej "hloov" cov mis leukocyte nyob rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia lossis lwm qhov.
lawv suav li cas?
Tau ntev heev, cov leukocytes hauv cov ntshav tau raug suav los ntawm tus kheej. Qhov no siv ob txoj kev:
- Txoj kev plaub- teb Schilling - suav cov qe ntshav dawb hauv plaub thaj chaw ntawm cov ntshav smear.
- Filipchenko txoj kev peb teb - suav leukocytes hauv qhov pib, nruab nrab thiab qhov kawgntshav smear.
Cov cuab yeej ntsuas niaj hnub tso cai rau koj los laij cov ntshav leukocyte suav nrog qhov raug siab dua. Cov kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas txog ntau txhiab leukocytes, thaum nrog kev suav suav, leukogram npog txog li 200 hlwb.
Yog vim li ntawd, thaum xaiv lub tsev kawm ntawv uas yuav pub ntshav rau leukogram, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub seb cov cuab yeej twg hauv chav kuaj muaj.
Vim li cas thiaj li tau sau tseg thiab txoj kev kawm ua li cas?
Kev tshuaj ntsuam dav dav nrog cov qauv leukocyte tuaj yeem muab lub tswv yim ntawm:
- Lub cev muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ntsuas lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.
- Qhov hnyav ntawm kev tsis haum tshuaj thiab muaj cov kab mob cab.
- Qib ntawm qhov tsis zoo ntawm qee yam tshuaj thiab kws khomob.
- Cov txheej txheem pathological hauv cov ntshav (leukemia) thiab lawv qhov kev kuaj mob.
Rau kev kuaj ntshav nrog cov qauv leukocyte, ob leeg ntshav venous thiab capillary yog qhov tsim nyog. Rau qhov tseeb ntawm kev tsom xam, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los npaj rau nws, uas yog:
- Tsis txhob haus cawv ib hnub ua ntej pub ntshav thiab tsis txhob haus luam yeeb yam tsawg ib nrab teev ua ntej kuaj.
- Xov ntshav ntawm lub plab khoob, uas yog, tsis txhob noj tsawg kawg 3 teev ua ntej kev tshuaj ntsuam. Koj tsuas haus tau dej xwb.
Variability thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho mob
Raws li twb tau hais lawm, leukogram yog ib qho kev ntsuas sib txawv, uas nyob ntawm poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog thiab lwm yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev.
Txawm li cas los xij, nce hauv ib homleukocytes ib txwm tuaj ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev txo qis hauv lawv lwm hom. Thiab kev txhais lus dav dav ntawm tus neeg mob cov mis leukocyte ntshav muab cov duab tag nrho ntawm cov txheej txheem pathological, qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam thiab kwv yees kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob.
Kev tshuaj ntsuam feem ntau tau sau ua ke nrog kev kuaj ntshav dav dav, yuav tsum tau npaj rau kev phais thiab thaum teem sijhawm kuaj mob.
nce kev ua tau zoo
Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neutrophils tuaj yeem qhia ntau yam pathologies. Xws li ib tug leukogram yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kis kab mob ntawm cov kab mob, kab mob thiab fungal etiology, nrog tsub kom cov ntshav qabzib nyob rau hauv cov ntshav qab zib, oncology, pancreatitis, myocardial infarction, hnyav hlau lom. Kev nce ntawm cov neutrophils tau pom nrog kev xav, lub cev thiab mob kev nyuaj siab, overheating thiab frostbite.
Kev nce ntawm cov leukocytes yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev kis kab mob (mononucleosis, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, kab mob qhua pias, tuberculosis), ntshav pathologies, lom.
Monocytes hauv cov ntshav tau nce ntxiv hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj kab mob autoimmune, qog nqaij hlav, nrog rau phosphorus lom heev. Daim duab kho mob no tau pom nyob rau hauv mob syphilis thiab tuberculosis.
Kev nce hauv eosinophils thiab basophils qhia tias muaj kev tsis haum tshuaj (bronchial hawb pob, eczema, zaub mov thiab tshuaj tsis haum) thiab kab mob, kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab lub ntsws. Lawv qib kuj nce ntxiv hauv cov kab mob sib kis.
Txhob Cia Siab
Kev txo qis hauv cov neutrophils hauv cov neeg mob cov ntshav qhia tau tias muaj kab mob sib kis (flu, kab mob siab, mob qhua pias), B-12 deficiency anemia thiab anaphylactic shock. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem qhia txog sepsis, oncology thiab pob txha pob txha metastases.
Kev txo qis hauv leukocytes tuaj yeem qhia txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob (AIDS / HIV), mob o, raum tsis ua haujlwm, mob hluav taws xob.
Oncohematological pathologies, aplastic anemia thiab kev mob hnyav ntawm cov kab mob sib kis tau txo qis cov monocytes.
Kev txo qis hauv eosinophils yog pov thawj ntawm qhov pib ntawm cov txheej txheem inflammatory, purulent kab mob, hnyav hlau lom, oncology ntawm cov pob txha pob txha thiab cov qog nqaij hlav.
Basophil qib ib txwm txo qis thaum lub sijhawm ovulation, cev xeeb tub thiab kev ntxhov siab heev. Pathology nrog cov cim qhia tau hais tias yog thaum muaj kab mob sib kis los yog Cushing's syndrome (cov tshuaj hormones ntau dhau ntawm adrenal cortex).
Result
Kev kuaj ntshav niaj hnub rau cov mis leukocyte muaj qhov tseeb, kev ua tau zoo thiab kev tsim tawm. Qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no niaj hnub no suav tias yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev kuaj ntshav.
Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus lej thiab hom leukocytes tso cai rau tus kws kho mob kuaj thiab taug qab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kho mob rau kev ua xua, cov txheej txheem inflammatory, kab mob ntshav thiab lwm yam kab mob.
Kev tshuaj xyuas yog qhov yooj yim thiab nrawm, tab sis qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov kev xaiv ntawm lub tsev kho mob uas tsim nyogkhoom siv kom raug thiab ua tau zoo ntawm cov leukogram.
