Kev tiv thaiv kab mob yog qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tiv thaiv uas ua kom lub cev muaj peev xwm tiv taus qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm sab nraud. Qhov kawg, piv txwv li, suav nrog cov kab mob, tshuaj lom, kab mob, lub cev txawv teb chaws. Hauv kev tshawb fawb, ob hom kev tiv thaiv kab mob yog qhov txawv: tshwj xeeb thiab tsis tshwj xeeb. Qhov kawg yuav tau tham hauv kab lus.
yam ntxwv dav dav
Tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb yog qhia tawm tsam ib qho antigen. Thaum cov khoom txawv teb chaws nkag mus, lub cev tsim cov lus teb txaus. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem nyob ntawm qib humoral lossis cellular. Hauv thawj kis, cov lus teb yog tsim los ntawm kev tsim cov kab mob bactericidal. Tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob tshwj xeeb kom ntseeg tau tias kev ntes cov khoom txawv teb chaws thiab cov nyhuv cytotoxic.
Elements
Cov yam tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb (kev tiv thaiv kab mob) tau nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm anatomical barriers, secretory molecules thiab lwm yam khoom. Cov yav tas muaj xws li epithelial mucous khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, daim tawv nqaij, hloov pauv ntawm bronchopulmonary cilia thiab plab hnyuv contraction. Tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb yog suav tias yog tus kheej.
Mechanical structures
Lub cev yam tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob tshwj xeeb ua rau muaj ntau yam teeb meem rau cov neeg ua haujlwm txawv teb chaws. Epithelial nto ua raws li ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws. Cov teeb meem no yog xyaum impenetrable rau feem ntau tus neeg sawv cev. Thawj qhov thaiv yog daim tawv nqaij. Desquamation (peeling) ntawm epithelium pab tshem tawm cov kab mob thiab lwm yam kab mob hauv lub cev. Txoj hnyuv peristalsis, txav ntawm cilia kom ntseeg tau tias kev tso tawm ntawm cov kab mob ua pa thiab plab hnyuv los ntawm cov kab mob. Kua qaub thiab kua muag, ntxuav lub qhov ncauj thiab qhov muag, pab tiv thaiv kab mob. Cov mucosa ntawm cov kab mob ua pa thiab kab mob plab kuj muaj kev tiv thaiv.
tshuaj lom neeg
Tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb yog muab rau ntau txoj hauv kev. Tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb me me hauv qhov no yog cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke tsim thaum lub sij hawm nkag mus ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm. Yog li, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob slows down nyob rau hauv tus ntawm hws fatty acids. Phospholipase thiab lysozyme tam sim no nyob rau hauv qhov ntswg secretions, kua muag thiab qaub ncaug muaj ib tug destabilizing nyhuv ntawm daim nyias nyias ntawm pathogenic microorganisms. Cov kab mob loj hlob kuj tseem qeeb los ntawm pH qis ntawm plab hnyuv thiab tawm hws. Tsawg molecular yuag proteins (defensins) muaj nyob rau hauv lub plab thiab lub ntsws muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Cov nroj tsuag ib txwm muaj ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab hauv plab hnyuv muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kev colonization ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic los ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj lom los yog los ntawm kev sib tw nrog cov kab mob rau kev txuas mus raunto los yog khoom noj khoom haus.
Tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb: qib kev lom zem
Muaj tseeb tiag, cov kab mob anatomical zoo heev los tiv thaiv kev colonization ntawm cov chaw los ntawm cov kab mob. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias lawv puas lawm, cov teeb meem yuav tawg. Qhov no tso cai rau cov tshuaj phem nkag mus rau hauv lub cev. Hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, kev tiv thaiv tsis tshwj xeeb yog qhib rau ntawm qib humoral. Nws cov ntsiab lus muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntshav los yog txuam rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm tus kab mob.
Systems
Thaum cov kab mob nkag mus rau hauv lub cev, cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv tau qhib. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog lub complement system. Nws ua kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm phagocytes, lysosomes, thiab nce vascular permeability. Lwm mechanism yog lub kaw lus kaw lus. Nws yog activated nyob ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg puas. Qee cov khoom ntawm qhov system muab cov lus teb tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev nce vascular permeability. Lawv ua raws li chemoattractants - cov khoom uas, thaum txuas nrog cov neeg sawv cev, provoke lawv txav. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee cov khoom muaj cov nyhuv antimicrobial. Cov no suav nrog, piv txwv li, beta-lysine. Cov protein no yog tsim los ntawm platelets thaum lub sijhawm ua ntshav. Nws lyses ntau Gram-zoo kab mob. Transferrin thiab lactoferrin khi hlau tsim nyog rau microbes, txwv lawv txoj kev loj hlob. Interferons muaj peev xwm txwv tsis pub rov ua duakab mob. Lysozyme ua rau cov kab mob ua kom puas tsuaj.
Cells of nonspecific immunity
Kev sib tw ntawm polymorphonuclear eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages yog ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Lawv txav mus rau qhov chaw ntawm localization ntawm cov kab mob. Cov hlwb no suav hais tias yog txoj kab tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev tiv thaiv tsis tshwj xeeb. Neutrophils - polymorphonuclear leukocytes mus rau qhov chaw kis kab mob thiab ntes cov kab mob. Cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem rhuav tshem lawv intracellularly lossis txav mus rau cov cuab yeej ntxiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, neutrophils tau koom nrog hauv kev kho cov ntaub so ntswg tom qab tshem tawm cov kab mob.
Macrophages
Cov ntsiab lus no kuj muaj peev xwm los phagocytize (nrhiav) cov kab mob pathogenic thiab rhuav tshem lawv. Cov neeg ua haujlwm raug deactivated ntawm qib intracellular. Macrophages muaj qee qhov tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, lawv muaj peev xwm ua rau extracellular (extracellular) kev puas tsuaj rau tus kheej. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus tau koom nrog hauv kev kho cov ntaub so ntswg.
Extra
Ntxiv rau cov hlwb saum toj no, cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab cov lymphokine-activated muaj nyob rau hauv lub cev tsis muaj zog. Cov ntsiab lus no muaj peev xwm los rhuav tshem cov qog nqaij hlav uas kis tus kab mob. Killer cells tsis suav tias yog ib feem ntawm cov lus teb inflammatory. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv tsis tshwj xeeb. Eosinophils kuj muaj nyob rau hauv lub cev. Cov proteins hauv lawv cov granules muaj txiaj ntsig tiv thaiv ntau tus kab mob.
mob khaub thuas
BasicLub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog kev sib cais ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic thiab lawv cov co toxins uas tau nkag mus rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv kev puas tsuaj. Qhov tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem inflammatory yog histamine, serotonin thiab lwm yam khoom siv roj ntsha. Lawv nce permeability ntawm capillaries, muab kev loj hlob ntawm edema. Nyob rau hauv cov kua tam sim no ntawm qhov chaw ntawm tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov neeg sawv cev, muaj neutrophils, macrophages, antibodies, ntxiv. Lawv muab cov neutralization ntawm cov kab mob thiab lawv cov co toxins. Phagocytes yog concentrated nyob rau hauv tsom ntawm o. Lawv tsim ib hom kev thaiv uas tiv thaiv kev kis tus kab mob. Qhov no yog qhov uas fibrinogen pib mus sau. Hloov mus rau hauv fibrin, nws muab thrombosis ntawm me lymphatic thiab cov hlab ntsha. Yog li ntawd, ib qho kev thaiv yog tsim rau kev kis tus kab mob los ntawm lawv. Nyob rau hauv lub inflammatory tsom xam, cov ntshav txaus cuam tshuam. Vim li no, acidic khoom ntawm cov txheej txheem metabolic pib sib sau thiab pH txo. Qhov no cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob.
