Immunity yog ib lo lus uas rau cov neeg feem coob yuav luag tej yam yees siv. Qhov tseeb yog tias txhua yam kab mob muaj nws tus kheej cov ntaub ntawv genetic peculiar rau nws, yog li ntawd, txhua tus neeg txoj kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib txawv.
Yog li kev tiv thaiv yog dab tsi?
Muaj tseeb txhua tus neeg uas paub txog lub tsev kawm ntawv cov kev kawm hauv biology kwv yees kwv yees tias kev tiv thaiv kab mob yog lub cev muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv nws tus kheej los ntawm txhua tus neeg txawv teb chaws, uas yog, tiv thaiv kev ua phem ntawm cov neeg ua phem. Ntxiv mus, ob qho tib si cov neeg uas nkag mus rau hauv lub cev los ntawm sab nraud (microbes, kab mob, ntau yam tshuaj), thiab cov uas tsim nyob rau hauv lub cev nws tus kheej, piv txwv li, tuag los yog mob cancer, raws li zoo raws li puas hlwb. Txhua yam khoom uas nqa cov ntaub ntawv genetic neeg txawv teb chaws yog ib qho antigen, uas txhais tau tias "tiv thaiv cov noob". Nonspecific thiab kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb yog ua kom ntseeg tau los ntawm kev ua haujlwm holistic thiab kev sib koom tes ntawm lub cev lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsim cov khoom tshwj xeeb thiab cov hlwb muaj peev xwm. Paub txog dab tsi yog rau lub cev thiab dab tsi yog neeg txawv teb chaws, thiab kuj txaus los teb rau qhov ntxeem tau ntawm txawv teb chaws.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv lub cev
Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thawj zaug paub txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab tom qab ntawd sim ua kom puas. Hauv qhov no, lub cev tsim cov qauv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov protein - cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nws yog lawv cov uas sawv kev tiv thaiv thaum twg cov kab mob nkag mus rau hauv lub cev. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob yog cov protein tshwj xeeb (immunoglobulins) tsim los ntawm leukocytes txhawm rau tshem tawm cov antigens uas muaj peev xwm txaus ntshai - microbes, co toxins, hlwb qog nqaij hlav.
Los ntawm qhov muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab lawv cov lus qhia ntau, nws txiav txim siab seb tib neeg lub cev puas muaj kab mob los yog tsis, thiab seb nws puas muaj kev tiv thaiv txaus (tsis yog tshwj xeeb thiab tshwj xeeb) tawm tsam ib qho kab mob. Tau pom qee cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov ntshav, ib tus tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog xaus qhov muaj tus kab mob los yog qog nqaij hlav, tab sis kuj txiav txim siab nws hom. Nws yog nyob ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob tshwj xeeb uas muaj ntau yam kev kuaj mob thiab kev soj ntsuam raws li. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib qho enzyme-txuas immunosorbent assay, ib cov ntshav kuaj yog tov nrog ib tug pre-npaj antigen. Yog tias pom qhov tshwm sim, nws txhais tau tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau nws muaj nyob hauv lub cev, yog li tus neeg sawv cev no nws tus kheej.
Ntau yam kev tiv thaiv kab mob
Raws li lawv lub hauv paus chiv keeb, hom kev tiv thaiv hauv qab no yog qhov txawv: tshwj xeeb thiab tsis tshwj xeeb. Cov tom kawg yog innate thiab qhia tawm tsam lwm yam khoom txawv teb chaws.
Tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb yog qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tiv thaiv lub cev, uas, dhau los, muab faib ua 4 hom.
- Rau cov khoom siv kho tshuab (cov tawv nqaij thiab cov mucous daim nyias nyias, cov plaub muag, txham, hnoos tshwm).
- To chemicals (sweat acids, kua muag thiab qaub ncaug, nasal secretions).
- Txoj kev lom zem ntawm cov theem mob hnyav (ua kom tiav qhov system; ntshav coagulation; lactoferrin thiab transferrin; interferons; lysozyme).
- YTo cellular (phagocytes, natural killers).
Kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb yog hu ua kis tau, lossis hloov kho. Nws yog qhia tawm tsam cov khoom txawv teb chaws xaiv thiab tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv ob hom - humoral thiab cellular.
Kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb thiab tsis tshwj xeeb, nws cov txheej txheem
Cia peb xav txog seb ob hom kev tiv thaiv kab mob lom ntawm cov kab mob nyob txawv li cas. Nonspecific thiab tshwj xeeb mechanisms ntawm kev tiv thaiv yog muab faib raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi thiab kev ua. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntuj pib tiv thaiv tam sim ntawd, sai li sai tau thaum cov kab mob nkag mus rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij lossis cov mucous daim nyias nyias, thiab tsis txhob khaws lub cim xeeb ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog tus kab mob. Lawv ua haujlwm thoob plaws txhua lub sijhawm ntawm lub cev sib ntaus sib tua nrog tus kabmob, tab sis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj txiaj ntsig - hauv thawj plaub hnub tom qab nkag mus ntawm tus kabmob, tom qab ntawd cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb pib ua haujlwm. Lub ntsiab tiv thaiv ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thaum lub sij hawm ntawm nonspecific tiv thaivua lymphocytes thiab interferons. Natural killer cells txheeb xyuas thiab rhuav tshem cov kab mob nrog kev pab los ntawm secreted cytotoxins. Qhov kawg ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm tes.
Y Ua piv txwv, xav txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua ntawm interferon. Thaum kis tus kab mob, cov hlwb tsim cov interferon thiab tso tawm rau hauv qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov hlwb, qhov chaw uas nws khi rau cov receptors ntawm lwm cov hlwb noj qab haus huv. Tom qab lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam hauv cov hlwb, cov synthesis ntawm ob lub enzymes tshiab nce: synthetase thiab protein kinase, thawj qhov inhibits synthesis ntawm cov kab mob proteins, thiab qhov thib ob cleaves txawv teb chaws RNA. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ib qho kev thaiv ntawm cov hlwb tsis muaj kab mob tau tsim nyob ze ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kis tus kab mob.
Natural and artificial immunity
Tshwj xeeb thiab tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv hauv lub cev yog muab faib ua ntuj tsim thiab tsim. Txhua yam ntawm lawv yog active los yog passive. Lub ntuj tuaj lawm. Ntuj active tshwm tom qab ib tug kho mob. Piv txwv li, cov neeg uas muaj tus kab mob plague tsis kis tus kab mob thaum saib xyuas cov neeg mob. Ntuj passive - placental, colostral, transovarial.
Kev tiv thaiv kab mob cuav yog kuaj pom los ntawm kev qhia cov kab mob tsis muaj zog lossis tuag rau hauv lub cev. Artificial active tshwm tom qab txhaj tshuaj. Ib qho khoom siv passive tau txais nrog cov ntshav. Thaum ua haujlwm, lub cev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm nws tus kheej vim muaj kab mob lossis kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Nws ruaj khov thiab ruaj khov duatuaj yeem nyob tau ntau xyoo thiab txawm tias lub neej. Kev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis zoo yog ua tiav nrog kev pab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tsim tawm thaum lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj. Nws luv dua, ua haujlwm ob peb teev tom qab qhia cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab kav ntev li ob peb lub lis piam mus rau hli.
Kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb thiab tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb
Tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb tseem hu ua ntuj, caj ces. Qhov no yog ib yam khoom ntawm ib tug kab mob uas yog noob caj noob ces los ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm ib hom tsiaj. Piv txwv li, muaj tib neeg kev tiv thaiv rau dev thiab nas distemper. Congenital tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog los ntawm irradiation los yog starvation. Kev tiv thaiv tsis tshwj xeeb yog pom tau nrog kev pab ntawm monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages, neutrophils. Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb thiab tsis tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob kuj txawv nyob rau lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. Tej yam tshwm sim nws tus kheej tom qab 4 hnub thaum lub sij hawm synthesis ntawm tej antibodies thiab tsim T-lymphocytes. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub cim xeeb tiv thaiv kab mob tau tshwm sim vim yog tsim T- thiab B-hlwb ntawm kev nco rau ib qho kab mob tshwj xeeb. Immunological nco tau khaws cia rau lub sijhawm ntev thiab yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob zoo dua qub. Nws yog nyob ntawm cov cuab yeej no uas muaj peev xwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis.
Kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb yog txhawm rau tiv thaiv lub cev, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tus kheej kab mob thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej. Yog tias muaj ntau cov kab mob nkag mus rau hauv lub cev, nws tuaj yeem ua rau tsis muaj zog, txawm hais tias tus kab mob yuav tshwm sim me me.
Kev tiv thaiv ntawm tus menyuam yug tshiab yog dab tsi?
Tus menyuam yug tshiab twb tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb thiab tshwj xeeb, uas maj mam nce txhua hnub. Thawj lub hlis ntawm tus me nyuam lub neej yog pab los ntawm leej niam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas nws tau txais los ntawm nws los ntawm cov placenta, thiab ces tau txais nrog cov kua mis. Qhov kev tiv thaiv kab mob no tsis muaj zog, nws tsis nyob ntev thiab tiv thaiv tus menyuam txog li 6 lub hlis. Yog li ntawd, tus me nyuam mos yuav tiv thaiv kab mob xws li qhua pias, rubella, kub taub hau, mumps thiab lwm yam.
Maj mam, nrog rau kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, tus menyuam lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob yuav kawm tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv cov kab mob ntawm nws tus kheej, tab sis cov txheej txheem no ntev thiab tus kheej heev. Qhov kawg tsim ntawm tus menyuam lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob yog ua tiav thaum muaj peb xyoos. Nyob rau hauv ib tug me nyuam yaus, lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis tau tsim tag nrho, yog li tus me nyuam muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua li cov neeg laus rau feem ntau cov kab mob thiab kab mob. Tab sis qhov no tsis tau txhais hais tias lub cev ntawm tus me nyuam yug tshiab tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv kiag li, nws muaj peev xwm tiv taus ntau tus neeg aggressors.
Tam sim ntawd tom qab yug me nyuam, tus me nyuam ntsib lawv thiab maj mam kawm kom muaj nyob nrog lawv, tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Maj mam, cov kab mob microbes populate tus menyuam cov hnyuv, faib ua cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig uas pab zom zaub mov thiab cov teeb meem uas tsis pom lawv tus kheej hauv txhua txoj kev kom txog thaum qhov sib npaug ntawm microflora cuam tshuam. Piv txwv li, microbes nyob rau hauv cov mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm nasopharynx thiab tonsils, thiab tiv thaiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tsim muaj. Yog muaj kab mob nkag muslub cev twb muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau nws, tus kab mob no tsis tsim, los yog kis mus rau hauv ib daim ntawv me me. Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ua raws li cov khoom ntawm lub cev no.
Zoo kawg
Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis yog tshwj xeeb thiab tshwj xeeb - nws yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm caj ces, uas yog, txhua lub cev tsim cov naj npawb ntawm ntau yam kev tiv thaiv tsim nyog rau nws, thiab yog tias qhov no txaus rau ib qho, ces nws tsis yog. rau lwm tus. Thiab, hloov pauv, ib tus neeg tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm qhov tsim nyog yam tsawg kawg nkaus, thaum lwm tus neeg yuav xav tau ntau lub cev tiv thaiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev tshwm sim tshwm sim hauv lub cev yog qhov sib txawv heev, vim tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob yog cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv thiab nyob ntawm ntau yam sab hauv thiab sab nraud.
