Hom ntshav: kev faib tawm, Rh yam, kev sib raug zoo thiab nta

Cov txheej txheem:

Hom ntshav: kev faib tawm, Rh yam, kev sib raug zoo thiab nta
Hom ntshav: kev faib tawm, Rh yam, kev sib raug zoo thiab nta

Video: Hom ntshav: kev faib tawm, Rh yam, kev sib raug zoo thiab nta

Video: Hom ntshav: kev faib tawm, Rh yam, kev sib raug zoo thiab nta
Video: Tshuaj zoo caw pliav 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Ntau tus neeg muaj kwv yees li tib cov ntshav sib xyaw, nws suav nrog cov ntsiab lus zoo sib xws. Muaj tseeb, muaj yim hom ntshav, txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov muaj lossis tsis muaj cov antigens tshwj xeeb. Cov khoom no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob yog tias lawv txawv teb chaws rau nws. Ntshav muab faib ua plaub pawg raws li nws hom antigens, thiab, ntxiv rau, ua ob pawg loj raws li Rh yam.

hom ntshav
hom ntshav

Cia peb xav txog lo lus nug no kom ntxaws ntxiv.

Hom ntshav nrhiav tau li cas?

Kev sim tsom rau kev hloov ntshav thiab nws cov khoom tau ua tiav ntau pua xyoo. Rau qee tus, qhov kev kho mob no tau cawm txoj sia, txawm hais tias feem ntau cov neeg, hmoov tsis, tuag tom qab tso ntshav. Cov laj thawj ntawm qhov tshwm sim no tseem tsis tau paub txog kom txog rau thaum xyoo 1901, thaum tus kws kho mob Austrian K. Landsteiner pom qhov txawv ntawm cov ntshav kuaj ntawm cov neeg mob.

Yog li, thaum lub sijhawm sim, tus kws kho mob tau sau tseg tias hauvHauv qee qhov xwm txheej, kev sib xyaw cov ntshav ntawm ob tus neeg mob tuaj yeem ua rau agglutination, uas yog, rau cov txheej txheem ntawm agglutination ntawm cov qe ntshav liab. Tom qab ntawd nws tau muab tawm tias cov txheej txheem zoo li no ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim tuag taus. Raws li nws tau tshwm sim, qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov neeg sib txawv yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob.

Thaum tus neeg tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv cov ntshav pub dawb, ces lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob sim tshem tawm cov hlwb txawv teb chaws. Landsteiner txoj haujlwm ua rau nws muaj peev xwm cais plaub pawg ntawm biomaterial thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb. Rau qhov kev tshawb pom no, tus kws tshawb fawb tau txais qhov khoom plig Nobel. Tom ntej no, cia peb mus los txiav txim seb hom ntshav li cas thiab nrhiav seb pes tsawg ntawm lawv tau faib rau hauv cov tshuaj.

hom kev kuaj ntshav
hom kev kuaj ntshav

Kev faib tawm

Qhov txawv ntawm cov ntshav hauv tib neeg yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag lossis tsis muaj qee yam protein molecule hu ua antigen. Xws li ib tug molecule nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub cev liab ntawm erythrocyte thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntshav. Nws yog cov proteins no uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob rau lwm tus neeg cov kua roj ntsha.

Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov molecules no yuav txawv ntawm tus neeg mob mus rau tus neeg mob. Lawv ncaj qha nyob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv caj ces uas ib tug neeg tau txais los ntawm nws niam nws txiv. Cov pab pawg ntawm cov khoom siv biomaterial no tau txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov muaj lossis tsis muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv "A" thiab "B" ntawm qhov chaw ntawm erythrocyte thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau lawv hauv cov ntshav.

Nyob rau hauv Russia, nws yog kev cai hu cov pab pawg los ntawm cov lej, uas yog, muaj qhov thib ob, thawj, thib peb thiab thib plaub. Kev xyaum thoob ntiaj teb xaiv cov ntshav hauv cov hlab ntsha raws li "AB0" system,qhov twg 0 yog thawj pab, A yog thib ob, B yog peb, thiab AB yog plaub:

hom qe ntshav
hom qe ntshav
  • thawj hom ntshav muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsuas yog hauv plasma.
  • Qhov thib ob muaj "A" antigen nyob rau saum npoo ntawm erythrocyte, thiab, ntxiv rau, "B" tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv cov ntshav ntshav.
  • Pab pawg thib peb muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv "A" hauv cov ntshav ntshav thiab "B" ntawm qhov chaw ntawm erythrocyte.
  • Pab pawg plaub muaj antigens "A" thiab "B" ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm erythrocyte.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub ua ntej seb hom ntshav twg tus neeg mob yog.

Tam sim no xav txog qhov Rh yam yog dab tsi.

Rh yam txawv li cas?

Ntxiv rau cov tshuaj antigens "A" thiab "B" ntawm qhov chaw ntawm erythrocyte, cov neeg mob kuj muaj qhov Rh factor. Qhov no kuj yog ib hom antigen uas yim caum tsib feem pua ntawm cov neeg European muaj. Nws kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv cuaj caum cuaj feem pua ntawm cov neeg Esxias. Cov neeg zoo li no hu ua Rh-positive, lawv raug xaiv los ntawm qhov ntsuas "RH +". Cov neeg uas tsis muaj Rh yam tseem ceeb hauv lawv cov ntshav yog hu ua cov neeg mob Rh-negative nrog qhov ntsuas "RH-".

hom ntshav hom
hom ntshav hom

Yog cov ntshav hloov los ntawm ib tus neeg RH-tsis zoo rau tus neeg zoo, feem ntau tsis muaj teeb meem. Hauv qhov xwm txheej tsis sib xws, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Rh tuaj yeem pib tsim hauv cov neeg tau txais cov ntshav, ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov qe ntshav liab. Muab qhov muaj Rh yam, muaj ntau li yim hom ntshav hauv tshuaj.

Yuav ua li cas yog tias koj muab cov ntshav los ntawm ntau pawg?

Yog tias cov ntshav hom ntawm cov neeg tau txais kev pab thiab cov neeg pub dawb tsis sib haum, ces agglutination tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm agglutination ntawm cov qe ntshav liab tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm cov txheej txheem antigen. Ib qho txheej txheem zoo sib xws tshwm sim yog, piv txwv li, tus neeg muaj hom "B" tau txais cov ntshav ntawm tus neeg mob hom "A".

Agglutinated erythrocytes clog cov hlab ntsha thiab nres cov kua dej lom. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no yuav zoo li tsim cov ntshav txhaws, txawm li cas los xij, nws tshwm sim los ntawm ntau yam laj thawj. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov qe ntshav liab tawg poob hemoglobin, uas, nyob sab nraud ntawm tes, tau txais toxicity. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus.

Kev sib haum xeeb ntawm ntau hom ntshav

Txawm hais tias qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj antigens, hauv qee kis nws tuaj yeem hloov pauv los ntawm tus neeg pub dawb rau cov neeg tau txais nrog ntau pawg. Kev hloov pauv yuav muaj kev nyab xeeb tsuas yog tias tus neeg tau txais kev pab tsis muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau tus neeg pub dawb antigens. Yog li, cov neeg mob uas muaj ntshav "0 Rh-" yog suav tias yog cov neeg pub dawb thoob ntiaj teb, vim tias lawv tsis muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab Rh yam nyob rau saum npoo ntawm erythrocyte. Cov neeg uas muaj "AB Rh +" pab pawg yog cov neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig thoob ntiaj teb, vim tias hauv cov ntshav ntawm lawv cov khoom siv biomaterial tsis muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab muaj qhov Rh factor.

Nws tseem tsim nyog hais tias cov ntshav ntawm cov neeg sib txawv yog kwv yees li tib yam hauv cov khoom xyaw, txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm qee cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm muab faib ua ntau li yim pawg. Tus neeg pub dawb zoo tshaj plaws yog tus neeg uas muaj tib pab pawg thiab Rh yam ua tus txais.

Tom ntej, xav txog cov qe ntshav thiab lawv hom.

tib neeg cov ntshav
tib neeg cov ntshav

ntshav cell hom

Muaj ntau hom hlwb hauv cov ntshav uas ua haujlwm sib txawv, los ntawm kev thauj cov pa oxygen mus rau kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias qee lub hlwb ua haujlwm tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, thaum tus so tsuas yog siv rau kev thauj mus los, thiab ua lawv txoj haujlwm hauv qhov chaw sib txawv kiag li.

cov hlwb no yog dab tsi?

qe ntshav: leukocytes thiab erythrocytes

cov qe ntshav tau muab faib rau hauv cov tshuaj rau hauv cov xim liab thiab dawb (uas yog, rau hauv leukocytes thiab erythrocytes). Cov tom kawg tseem nyob hauv cov hlab ntsha, nqa oxygen nrog carbon dioxide. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv ncaj qha ntsig txog hemoglobin. EryYthrocytes yog qhov loj ntawm cov hlwb uas ci ntsa iab hauv cov ntshav, yog qhov tsis zoo nrog hemoglobin thiab tsis suav nrog cov orgular cov organic. Leukocytes, raws li txoj cai, tawm tsam ntau yam kab mob los ntawm kev zom cov seem ntawm cov qe ntshav uas puas lawm. Ua li no, lawv dhau los ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm cov hlab ntsha me me rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg. Tam sim no cia peb tham txog hom kev kuaj ntshav uas tau ua los ntawm kev kuaj mob thaum tus neeg mob xav tias muaj kab mob tshwj xeeb.

hom tshuaj ntsuam ntshav

Hauv tshuaj, muaj cov kev sim hauv qab no, uas, yog tias tsim nyog, raug muab rau cov neeg mob:

hom kev txheeb xyuas
hom kev txheeb xyuas
  • Kev tshuaj xyuas lossis tshuaj biochemical.
  • Kev tshawb fawb txog qhov concentration ntawm qabzib.
  • Kev tiv thaiv kab mob.
  • Kawm txog hormonal profile thiab coagulogram.
  • Ua ib qho kev tshuaj xyuas rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav.
  • Ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polymerase.

Kev kuaj ntshav tsis yog tso cai rau koj los txiav txim qhov muaj tus kab mob, tab sis kuj tseem pab saib xyuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kho. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kua roj ntsha tseem ceeb heev rau kev kuaj mob ntawm ntau yam kab mob. Nws yog nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas nrog qhov no uas muaj coob tus neeg txaus siab rau lo lus nug ntawm seb cov ntshav kuaj yog dab tsi. Qhov tseeb, muaj ntau tus ntawm lawv, thiab tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov kws kho mob tau sau tseg, nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb ntawm pathology.

ntshav yog hom
ntshav yog hom

Piv txwv li, cov ntshav los ntawm cov hlab ntsha uas yog ib feem ntawm kev tsom xam dav dav yog tau los ntawm punncturing lub phalanx ntawm ib tug ntiv tes ntawm ib txhais tes nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb sterile cwj mem. Txhawm rau ua biochemistry, biomaterial los ntawm cov hlab ntsha yog siv. Tsis tas li ntawd, tseem muaj lwm yam kev kuaj sim uas tau ua los txiav txim siab qab zib, tshuaj hormones, cov cim qog thiab lwm yam kev kuaj.

Peb tau saib tib neeg cov ntshav, cov hlwb thiab hom kev tshawb fawb txog cov kua dej lom lom.

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