Anatomy yog dab tsi? Nws yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Kev faib tawm ntawm receptors thiab stimuli kuj yog cov lus nug ntawm qhov kev qhuab qhia no. Thawj qhov cuam tshuam li cas rau qhov thib ob? Txhua yam yog yooj yim heev. Lub cev yog tas li mus rau ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntau yam stimuli, peb receptors teb rau lawv xaiv, nws tag nrho cov nyob ntawm lawv qhov chaw thiab cov qauv. Cov paj hlwb tseem hu ua qhov kev hnov lus, xa cov kev xav ntawm lub cev mus rau hauv nruab nrab paj hlwb.
Muaj ntau hom receptors, tab sis ua ntej koj yuav tsum txheeb xyuas lub cev nkag siab:
- Eyes.
- pob ntseg.
- Lub cev nqaij daim tawv.
- Language.
- Nug.
- Leather.
Vim li cas peb thiaj xav tau receptors
Txhua tus xav tau cov ntaub ntawv zoo uas ib puag ncig muab. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no yog tsim nyog nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muab cov khoom noj rau tus kheej thiab ib tug neeg ntawm cov opposite pw ua niam txiv, los tiv thaiv lawv tus kheejlos ntawm kev phom sij thiab rau kev taw qhia hauv qhov chaw. Tag nrho cov no yog muab los ntawm cov paj hlwb tsim. Kev faib tawm ntawm cov receptors yog, ntawm chav kawm, ib qho teeb meem tseem ceeb, tab sis ua ntej ntawd, peb yuav txheeb xyuas cov hom teeb liab ua rau lawv.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws.
Lawv raug cais raws li cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
- qauv.
- Kev txaus siab.
Raws li thawj lub ntsiab lus, sab nraud stimuli paub qhov txawv ntawm thermal, hluav taws xob, mechanical, osmotic, tshuaj, lub teeb thiab lwm yam. Lawv raug xa mus ncaj qha nrog kev pab los ntawm ntau hom ntawm lub zog, piv txwv li, thermal, raws li koj xav tau, kis tau nrog kev pab ntawm kub thiab lwm yam.
Dhau li ntawm qhov no, lawv tau muab faib ua qhov tsim nyog thiab tsis txaus, nws tsim nyog tham txog qhov no me ntsis ntxiv.
Kev txaus siab
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov lub tswv yim zoo kawg nkaus ntawm Friedrich Engels, uas ntseeg hais tias lub siab lub cev yog lub ntsiab ntawm lub hlwb. Nws yeej yog lawm, vim hais tias txhua yam uas peb pom, hnov thiab hnov yog qhov tsim nyog ntawm lub cev thiab receptors, thiab qhov khaus ntawm qhov kawg yog qhov pib txuas hauv kev paub ntawm sab nraud ntiaj teb. Piv txwv li, peb hnov qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom qab zib thaum peb hnov qhov saj ntawm cov zaub mov (iab, qab ntsev, qaub los yog qab zib), khaus ntawm lub qhov muag receptors ua rau peb hnov lub teeb lossis nws tsis tuaj.
Qhov kev txhawb nqa uas tus neeg txais kev hloov pauv yog hu ua txaus. Tus nplaig receptors yog ib qho piv txwv zoo. Thaum ntaus hauvlub qhov ncauj ntawm ib yam khoom uas peb muaj ib tug saj, xws li iab, qab ntsev, qab zib, los yog qaub. Lub retina ntawm lub qhov muag khaws lub teeb nthwv dej, yog li peb nkag siab tias lub teeb nyob rau.
Kev tsis txaus ntseeg
Cov khoom ntawm receptors muaj ntau haiv neeg, tab sis hais txog qhov tsis txaus ntawm stimuli, cov hauv qab no tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv: thaum raug lub zog uas cov receptor tsis hloov, ib qho tsis tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev xav tau tshwm sim, xws li thaum stimulated txaus. Ib qho piv txwv yuav yog hluav taws xob poob lossis tshuaj lom neeg.
Yog tias lub qhov muag ntawm lub qhov muag tau txais kev kho qhov muag, ces yuav muaj qhov pom ntawm lub teeb, qhov tshwm sim no feem ntau hu ua "phosphene". Lossis thaum peb tau txais hluav taws xob hauv pob ntseg, peb tuaj yeem hnov lub suab, tab sis lub tshuab hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua rau hnov qab.
Kev faib tawm ntawm receptors: physiology
Peb tau txheeb xyuas qhov teeb meem ntawm kev khaus, tam sim no peb muaj cov lus nug tseem ceeb sib npaug. Txhawm rau nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua, kev faib tawm ntawm cov receptors yog qhov tseem ceeb. Yuav pib nrog, peb yuav txheeb xyuas cov lus nug ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv ntawm tib neeg kev xav ntawm lub cev, qhia txog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, thiab tham txog kev hloov pauv. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, kev faib tawm ntawm receptors los ntawm hom suav nrog cov hauv qab no:
- pain receptors.
- Visual.
- Receptors uas txiav txim siab txoj haujlwm ntawm lub cev thiab nws qhov chaw hauv qhov chaw.
- auditory.
- Tactile.
- Olfactory.
- Nyob zoo.
Qhov no tsis yog qhov kev faib tawm nkaus xwb ntawm cov receptors, ntxiv rau cov hom no, muaj kev faib raws li lwm tusyam zoo. Piv txwv li, los ntawm localization (sab nrauv thiab sab hauv), los ntawm qhov xwm ntawm kev sib cuag (nyob deb thiab kev sib cuag), thawj thiab theem nrab.
Sab nraud yog cov receptors lub luag haujlwm rau kev hnov, pom, hnov tsw, kov thiab saj. Cov sab hauv yog lub luag haujlwm rau lub cev musculoskeletal thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm cov kabmob sab hauv.
Raws li lub ntsiab lus thib ob, peb tau txheeb xyuas cov hom receptors hauv qab no: nyob deb, uas yog, cov uas khaws lub teeb liab ntawm qhov deb (tsis pom kev lossis hnov lus), thiab kev sib cuag, uas xav tau kev sib cuag ncaj qha, piv txwv li, saj.
Raws li kev faib ua thawj thiab theem nrab, thawj pab pawg suav nrog cov uas hloov kev khaus khaus mus rau hauv lub zog ntawm thawj cov neuron (piv txwv: tsis hnov tsw), thiab qhov thib ob - cov neeg uas muaj lub cell receptor (piv txwv li: saj lossis tsis pom kev.).
Kev tsim kho
Yog tias peb xav txog cov qauv ntawm tib neeg receptors, nws muaj peev xwm hais txog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus, xws li:
- Ntau txheej ntawm cov hlwb, uas yog: cov paj hlwb txuas nrog rau thawj txheej ntawm cov hlwb, thiab cov txheej txheem kawg yog tus neeg xyuas pib rau lub paj hlwb cortex, lossis theej rau nws lub cev muaj zog neurons. Cov yam ntxwv no tso cai rau koj ua cov khoom xa tuaj ntawm qhov kev kub ceev, ua tiav ntawm thawj txheej ntawm lub cev.
- Rau qhov raug thiab kev ntseeg tau ntawm kev sib kis ntawm cov paj hlwb, ntau lub channel tau muab. Raws li tau piav nyob rau hauv kab lus dhau los, qhov kev hnov lus muaj ntau txheej, thiab lawv, dhau los, muaj los ntawm ntau kaum tawm txhiab mus rau ntau lab lub hlwb uas xa cov ntaub ntawv mus rau txheej tom ntej. Ntxiv nrog rau kev ntseeg siab, qhov no kuj tseem muab cov ncauj lus kom ntxawsteeb liab tsom xam.
- Funnel formation. Piv txwv li, xav txog cov receptors ntawm retina ntawm lub qhov muag. Hauv retina nws tus kheej, muaj ib puas thiab peb caug lab receptors, tab sis nyob rau hauv txheej ntawm ganglion hlwb twb muaj ib lab peb puas txhiab, uas yog ib puas npaug tsawg dua. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias qhov nqaim funnel tau pom. Nws txhais li cas? Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tsis tsim nyog raug lim tawm, tab sis nyob rau theem tom ntej ib qho kev nthuav dav yog tsim, uas muab cov teeb liab tsom xam siab.
- Vertical and horizontal differentiation. Thawj pab txhawb rau kev tsim cov tuam tsev uas muaj cov txheej txheem thiab ua tiav ib qho haujlwm. Qhov thib ob yog qhov xav tau txhawm rau txhawm rau faib cov hlwb rau hauv cov chav kawm hauv tib txheej. Piv txwv li, cia peb ua lub zeem muag, muaj ob txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm ib zaug, uas ua tiav lawv txoj haujlwm sib txawv.
Receptor functions
Ib qho tshuaj ntsuam xyuas yog ib feem ntawm peb lub paj hlwb, uas muaj ob peb lub ntsiab lus: lub perceiver, hlab ntsha txoj hauv kev thiab qhov chaw ntawm lub hlwb.
Muaj peb yam hauv tag nrho:
- Receptors.
- Cov neeg siv khoom.
- Lub paj hlwb.
Lawv lub luag haujlwm kuj yog tus kheej, uas yog, thawj zaug ntes cov cim, qhov thib ob coj lawv mus rau lub hlwb, thiab qhov thib peb txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem no ua haujlwm synchronously los xyuas kom meej, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, kev nyab xeeb ntawm tib neeg thiab lwm yam tsiaj nyob.
Table
Peb thov kom hais txog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceebkev khiav hauj lwm ntawm tag nrho cov sensory system, rau qhov no peb nthuav ib lub rooj.
| Functions | Kev piav qhia |
| Ntseeg | Lub sijhawm dhau mus, qhov kev hnov mob hloov zuj zus, thaum lub sijhawm cov receptors tuaj yeem ntes tau ntau tus cim, ob qho tib si txaus thiab tsis txaus. Piv txwv li, tib neeg lub qhov muag muaj peev xwm ntes tau lub teeb, thiab tseem paub qhov txawv ntawm txhua yam thiab hluav taws xob poob siab. |
| Txhim kho cov khoom xa tuaj | |
| Kev hloov pauv thiab hloov pauv | Tag nrho cov receptors yog ib hom kev hloov pauv, txij li lawv tau txais qhov sib txawv kiag li ntawm ib lub zog (kev ntxhov siab). Tsis muaj teeb meem lawv yuav tsum distort lub teeb liab. |
| Encoding | Qhov no (muaj nuj nqi) tau piav qhia saum toj no. Coding lub teeb liab rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm paj hlwb stimulation. |
| Ntseeg | Tus receptor, ntxiv rau kev khaws lub teeb liab, yuav tsum tseem ceeb nws cov cim. |
| Ua kom pom daim duab | |
| Customization | |
| Kev sib tham | Nws yog txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb uas tsim lub tswv yim ntawm lub ntiaj teb, txhawm rau hloov kho, peb yuav tsum cuam tshuam peb tus kheej rau nws. Tsis muaj kab mob tuaj yeem tshwm sim yam tsis muaj kev nkag siab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, txoj haujlwm no ua kom muaj kev tawm tsam kom muaj sia nyob. |
Txoj kev ntawm receptors
Kev sib txuas ntxiv. Tam sim no nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los qhia txog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm receptors. Thawj peb yuav hu ua selectivity. Qhov tshaj plaws yog hais tias feem ntau tib neeg receptors yog aimed ntawm tau txais tsuas yog ib hom ntawm lub teeb liab, piv txwv li, lub teeb los yog suab, lawv yog heev raug rau xws li cov teeb liab, qhov rhiab heev yog txawv txawv. Lub receptor zoo siab tsuas yog tias nws pom qhov teeb liab yam tsawg kawg nkaus, rau qhov no lub tswv yim ntawm "kev ua kom zoo siab" tau qhia.
Qhov khoom thib ob yog cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau thawj zaug, thiab nws suab zoo li tus nqi qis rau qhov txaus stimuli. Piv txwv li, cia peb ua lub zeem muag, uas khaws cov teeb liab yam tsawg kawg nkaus uas nws yuav siv kom sov ib milliliter ntawm dej los ntawm ib degree Celsius rau rau caum txhiab xyoo. Yog li, cov lus teb rau qhov tsis tsim nyog stimuli, xws li hluav taws xob thiab tshuab, tsuas yog ua tau rau cov hom no, raws li, thiab qhov pib muaj ntau dua. Ntxiv rau txhua yam uas tau hais, muaj ob hom kev pib:
- absolute,
- sib txawv.
Tus qub txiav txim siab tus nqi tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm lub cev, thiab qhov kawg tso cai rau peb kom paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov pom, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov xim sib txawv, thiab lwm yam, uas yog qhov sib txawv ntawm ob qhov kev xav.
Lwm yam khoom tseem ceeb ntawm txhua yam kab mob nyob hauv ntiaj teb yog kev hloov pauv. Qhov no yog li cas peb cov kev hnov lus hloov mus rau lwm yam xwm txheej.
Kev hloov pauv
cov txheej txheem no tsis yog tsuas yog cov receptors ntawm lub cev, tab sis kuj tag nrho nws cov txheej txheem. Qhov no tshwm sim li cas? Nws yog qhov yooj yim, qhov pib ntawm arousal, uas pebhais ua ntej, qhov no tsis yog tus nqi tas mus li. Nrog kev pab los ntawm adaptation, lawv hloov, ua tsis tshua muaj rhiab heev rau ib tug tas li stimulus. Koj puas muaj lub moos nyob hauv tsev? Koj tsis xyuam xim rau lawv cov ticking mus ib txhis, vim tias koj cov receptors (qhov no, auditory) tau dhau los ua qhov tsis zoo rau qhov kev txhawb nqa no. Thiab peb tau tsim kev tiv thaiv rau lwm yam kev ua kom ntev thiab tsis muaj zog.
Cov txheej txheem hloov pauv tsis yog tsuas yog cov receptors xwb, tab sis txhua qhov ntawm cov tshuab hnov lus. Adaptation ntawm peripheral ntsiab yog manifested nyob rau hauv lub fact tias lub excitation pib ntawm receptors tsis yog ib tug tas li tus nqi. Los ntawm kev nce qhov pib ntawm excitation, uas yog, los ntawm kev txo cov rhiab heev ntawm cov receptors, adaptation rau lub sij hawm ntev monotonous stimuli tshwm sim. Piv txwv li, ib tug neeg tsis hnov txog qhov siab ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm nws cov khaub ncaws, tsis pom lub moos tas li.
Phase thiab tonic receptors
Nco ntsoov tias tag nrho cov receptors muab faib ua:
- nrawm nrawm,
- slow to adapt.
Ntxiv mus, thawj, lawv tseem hu ua phasic, muab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau stimuli tsuas yog thaum pib thiab thaum kawg ntawm nws qhov kev txiav txim, tab sis qhov thib ob (tonic) xa cov cim tsis tu ncua rau peb lub hauv paus paj hlwb rau ib qho lub sij hawm ntev heev.
Nws tseem yuav tsum paub tias kev hloov pauv tuaj yeem ua nrog ob qho tib si nce thiab txo qis ntawm qhov excitability ntawm receptor. Piv txwv li, xav txog tias koj tab tom tsiv los ntawm chav tsev kaj mus rau qhov tsaus ntuj, qhov twg muaj qhov nce ntxiv hauv kev txaus siab, ua ntejkoj pom cov khoom illuminated, thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd tsaus sawv daws yuav. Qhov sib txawv, yog tias koj tsiv los ntawm chav tsaus ntuj mus rau lub teeb, txhua tus paub qhov kev qhia "lub teeb ua rau lub qhov muag", peb squint vim tias peb cov receptors tau rov tsim dua tshiab, uas yog, qhov excitability ntawm peb cov photoreceptors txo qis, tam sim no lub npe hu ua. Kev hloov kho qhov tsaus ntuj tab tom tshwm sim.
Regulation
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub tias tus neeg lub paj hlwb muaj peev xwm tswj tau, txhua yam nyob ntawm qhov xav tau ntawm lub sijhawm. Yog hais tias, tom qab lub xeev ntawm so, ib tug neeg sai sai pib lub cev ua hauj lwm, ces lub rhiab heev ntawm cov receptors (lub cev muaj zog apparatus) nce sharply. Vim li cas qhov no tsim nyog? Txhawm rau pab txhawb kev nkag siab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntsig txog lub xeev ntawm cov kab mob musculoskeletal. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem hloov kho muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam rau lwm yam kev tsim ntxiv rau cov receptors. Piv txwv li, cia peb mloog, yog tias muaj kev hloov pauv, ces qhov kev txav mus los ntawm cov khoom xws li:
- rauj,
- anvil,
Yog, ossicles ntawm nruab nrab pob ntseg.
Cov Lus Qhia
Summming tag nrho cov saum toj no, peb yuav rov hais dua txog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm peb cov kev hnov lus: kev kuaj pom, kev ntxub ntxaug, kev hloov pauv ntawm ib hom ntawm lub zog mus rau lwm qhov (paj hlwb), kev xa cov teeb liab hloov mus rau lwm qhov. txheej ntawm sensory systems, qauv paub. Cov khoom tseem ceeb yog cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no: kev xaiv, tsis tshua muaj cov lus teb rau qhov txaus stimuli, muaj peev xwm hloov mus rau ib puag ncig. Peb kuj tau txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb xws li cov qauv thiabKev faib tawm ntawm kev hnov lus, kev faib tawm raws li cov yam ntxwv sib txawv ntawm stimuli, adaptation.
