Rotaviruses yog ib pawg kab mob sib kis uas feem ntau ua rau mob plab hnyuv hauv cov menyuam hnub nyoog 6 hli txog 2 xyoos. Tus kab mob no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tsis tsuas yog menyuam yaus xwb, tab sis kuj tseem yog cov neeg laus, txawm li cas los xij, hauv lawv tus kab mob ua rau muaj mob hnyav dua nrog cov tsos mob tshem tawm. Tus kab mob no kis tau zoo heev.
Kab mob plab hnyuv kis tau los ntawm cov zaub mov tsis huv, kev hauv tsev, nrog rau kev sib cuag nrog tus neeg mob. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob rotavirus yog raws caij nyoog, thiab feem ntau qhov no tshwm sim thaum lub caij ntuj no.
kab mob yog dab tsi?
Tus kab mob Rotavirus yog ib qho kab mob sib kis ntawm cov hnyuv, provoked los ntawm qee cov kab mob thiab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm raws plab, lub cev qhuav dej, ntuav thiab lwm yam cim cim. Kev kis tus kabmob rotavirus feem ntau tshwm sim thaum lub caij txias, thaum muaj qhov tshwm sim ntau tshaj plaws ntawm tus mob khaub thuas, suav nrog mob khaub thuas.
Vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob no, cov neeg mob tsis tsuas muaj cov tsos mob ntawm tus mob khaub thuas, tab sis kuj muaj cov tsos mobplab hnyuv. Feem ntau cov menyuam yaus raug mob los ntawm tus kab mob no, tab sis qhov teeb meem no tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum muaj hnub nyoog laus dua. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias tom qab kis tus kab mob rotavirus, tus menyuam tsis tsim kev tiv thaiv ruaj khov uas tiv thaiv kev kis kab mob yav tom ntej.
Tus kab mob tshwm sim li cas?
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab meej tias tus kab mob rotavirus kis tau li cas thiaj li tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv thiab zam kev kis kab mob. Ntawm cov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm kev kis tus kab mob no yog qhov tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob, nrog rau cov qauv tshwj xeeb anatomical ntawm txoj hnyuv mucosa. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kis kab mob yog siab tsis yog rau cov menyuam yaus xwb, tab sis kuj rau cov neeg laus, vim lub cev tsis muaj zog thiab lub cev tsis muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kab mob ib txwm.
Ntau tus neeg xav paub yuav ua li cas rotavirus kis tau kom nkag siab meej tias tus kab mob tuaj yeem tshwm sim li cas. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov chaw ntawm tus kab mob tuaj yeem ua tsis tau tsuas yog tus neeg mob uas qhia meej cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob, tab sis kuj yog tus kab mob asymptomatic. Nws tsis muaj cov cim qhia txog kev puas tsuaj, tab sis cov kab mob raug tso tawm.
hom kev kis tus kabmob tseem ceeb yog fecal-oral. Tom qab tus kab mob nkag mus rau hauv lub cev, nws pib ua kom nquag plias hauv cov hnyuv. Tom qab ntawd, cov kab mob pathological raug cais tawm ntawm cov mucosa thiab tawm nrog cov quav. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tseem khaws lawv txoj kev vam meej mus ntev.
Yog tias yav tom ntej tus neeg noj qab haus huv tuaj ntsib cov khoom tsis huvquav ntawm tus neeg mob, tus kab mob tuaj yeem nkag mus rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, thiab tom qab ntawd cov hnyuv ntawm tus neeg. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, daim duab qhia pom ntawm rotavirus tshwm sim.
Cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb tus kab mob puas tuaj yeem kis tau los ntawm cov tee hauv huab cua. Ntau tus menyuam yaus muaj cov tsos mob ntawm rotavirus nrog rau cov tsos mob ua pa. Hauv qhov no, tsis yog mob khaub thuas lossis mob khaub thuas tshwm sim. Qhov no yuav qhia tau tias tus kab mob pib nkag mus rau hauv lub ntsws mucosa, thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd cov kab mob hauv plab tau raug puas lawm.
Cov tsos mob tseem ceeb
Cov tsos mob rotavirus yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau lub plab hnyuv mucosa thiab malabsorption ntawm cov txiaj ntsig thiab cov as-ham, nrog rau kev ua kom tsis muaj zog ntawm lub cev thiab tag nrho lub cev. Tus kab mob tuaj yeem tshwm sim li:
- xeev siab thiab ntuav;
- mob plab;
- bloating;
- mob plab;
- kub nce;
- mob taub hau;
- tsis muaj zog.
Thaum tus kab mob rotavirus, lub sijhawm incubation kav li 1-7 hnub, txawm tias qee zaum nws tsuas yog ob peb teev xwb. Thaum lub sij hawm tag nrho cov sij hawm no, tus kab mob no twb nkag mus rau hauv cov hnyuv, ntaus lub mucous daim nyias nyias thiab pib mus active ntau. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev zom zaub mov, thiab tsis muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob, vim tias cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob tseem tsis tau tswj xyuas kom nkag mus rau hauv cov ntshav, thiab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tseem tsis tau pib tawm tsam tus kab mob.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias thaum lub sij hawm incubation ntawm rotavirus, ib tug neeg yuav muaj kev qaug zog, kub taub hau,qaug zog, mob caj pas thiab hnoos. Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog vim kev puas tsuaj rau lub ntsws. Tom qab lub sij hawm incubation, ib tug mob ntawm tus kab mob tshwm sim, nrog rau ib tug nce nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv cim qhia. Ob peb teev dhau los ntawm lub sijhawm thawj cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob rotavirus tshwm sim rau kev txhim kho tus yam ntxwv ntawm daim duab kho mob.
Ib yam cim qhia ntawm tus kab mob yog xeev siab thiab ntuav. Feem ntau nws yog ib leeg, tab sis nws tuaj yeem rov ua dua 2-3 zaug. Cov ntuav muaj cov khoom noj uas tsis tau digested, thiab tej zaum kuj muaj cov kua tsib impurities. Ntau tus xav paub yuav ua li cas paub qhov txawv ntawm rotavirus los ntawm kev lom. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lom, ntuav yog rov ua dua, profuse thiab tej zaum yuav txawm yog dej. Nrog rau tus kab mob rotavirus, ntuav nres thaum kawg ntawm thawj hnub ntawm tus kab mob thiab tsuas yog qee qhov tuaj yeem pom tau 2-3 hnub.
Zoo plab tshwm sim yuav luag tam sim nrog ntuav lossis hais lus ib teev tom qab nws. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsos mob no feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev puas tsuaj rau cov hnyuv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm mucosa, qhov nqus ntawm cov as-ham yog impaired. Kev yaum kom defecate yog nquag heev thiab tshwm sim 2-3 zaug hauv ib hnub nrog tus kab mob me me thiab 20-50 zaug nrog kev mob hnyav. Lawv muaj zog heev uas tus neeg mob tsuas yog tswj tsis tau lawv. Cov quav nrog tus kab mob rotavirus yog qhov sib txawv ntawm nws:
- kua;
- fetid;
- daj lossis ntsuab.
Qee zaum cov quav tuaj yeem muajviscous mucus impurities, tab sis qhov no tsis yog ib txwm ib tug kos npe rau ntawm rotavirus. Lub sij hawm ua raws plab txawv nyob ntawm tus kab mob thiab yog kwv yees li 1-6 hnub.
Ntau tus neeg mob muaj mob hauv plab, tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm tus kab mob. Tus neeg mob tuaj yeem yws yws ntawm rub, mob lossis mob cramping, uas tuaj yeem ua rau hnyav heev los ntawm ntuav lossis raws plab. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no tej zaum yuav spasms ntawm cov hnyuv, uas tsim tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm kev ua kom muaj zog. Kev tawm tsam hauv qhov no tshwm sim txhua 3-5 feeb thiab nrog rau kev yaum kom defecate.
Ib yam tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob yog kub taub hau uas tshwm sim tam sim tom qab kawg ntawm lub sij hawm incubation. Tsis tas li ntawd, tej zaum yuav muaj cov tsos mob ntawm kev qaug dab peg ntawm lub cev, tshwm sim xws li:
- siab nkees;
- sluggishness;
- mob taub hau;
- mob hauv cov leeg thiab pob qij txha;
- ua tsis taus pa.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov mob hnyav ntawm cov tsos mob no feem ntau nyob ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm tus kab mob, nrog rau qhov muaj lossis tsis muaj kev sib kis. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum paub meej tias yuav ua li cas paub qhov txawv ntawm rotavirus los ntawm kev lom neeg kom thiaj li tau txais kev kho mob tsim nyog. Thaum lub sijhawm kis tus kabmob rotavirus, cov tsos mob ntawm tus mob khaub thuas thiab mob plab hnyuv tau pom.
Diagnostics
Kev kuaj mob thiab kho tus kab mob rotavirus yog ua los ntawm tus kws kho mob kis kab mob. Yog thawj cov tsos mob tshwm sim, koj yuav tsum hu rau koj tsev neeg tus kws kho mob lossis hu rau lub tsheb thauj neeg mob. Thaum kuaj, nws yuav tsim nyogkev sab laj nrog tus kws kho mob otolaryngologist thiab gastroenterologist. Cov txheej txheem kuaj mob suav nrog:
- daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas tus neeg mob;
- kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam;
- laboratory diagnostics.
Thaum lub sijhawm tshawb fawb, tus kws kho mob qhia cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov pib thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob, uas yuav tsum tau ua kom paub tseeb qhov tseeb. Tom qab ntawd, kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam ntawm tus neeg mob yog tsim nyog los ntsuas nws tus mob. Kev kuaj mob muaj xws li:
- tshuaj ntsuam;
- palpation;
- tapping;
- mloog.
Ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas, tus kws kho mob yuav pom tias cov tawv nqaij qhuav, txo qis hauv lawv cov luster. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no tej zaum yuav lub cev qhuav dej, provoked los ntawm ntuav thiab raws plab. Palpation muaj nyob rau hauv kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm daim tawv nqaij, nrog rau lwm yam kabmob.
Ntxiv rau, koj yuav tsum tau kuaj tus kab mob rotavirus, uas yuav tso cai rau koj kuaj xyuas kom raug, nrog rau lub sijhawm txiav txim siab txog qhov muaj teeb meem uas yuav tshwm sim tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm tus kab mob. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los ua txhua yam kev tshawb fawb ua ntej pib kho, txij li kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob lossis tshuaj tua kab mob tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov ntaub ntawv thiab ua rau nws nyuaj rau txheeb xyuas cov kab mob lossis cov kab mob, yog li txo cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kho mob. Txhawm rau kuaj kab mob rotavirus, koj tuaj yeem siv:
- ntshav;
- pis;
- cal;
- qaub ncaug thiab lwm yam khoom siv lom neeg.
Kev suav cov ntshav tsis muaj ntaub ntawv txaus, tsuas yog qee cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem ua tauqhia tias muaj kab mob hauv lub cev. Cov txheej txheem polymerase saw cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog suav tias yog txoj kev rhiab tshaj plaws rau kev kuaj mob rotavirus. Txoj kev tshawb no tuaj yeem nthuav tawm cov khoom siv caj ces ntawm tus kab mob.
Koj tuaj yeem paub meej tias muaj tus kab mob rotavirus hauv lub cev siv kev sim sai. Nws tso cai rau koj txheeb xyuas cov kab mob hauv cov quav. Koj tuaj yeem yuav nws ntawm lub tsev muag tshuaj, thiab cov khoom siv suav nrog txhua yam khoom siv uas xav tau rau txoj kev kawm.
Txoj kev kho mob
Tsis muaj tshuaj tshwj xeeb rau kev kho tus kab mob rotavirus. Kev ntsuas kev kho mob yog tsom rau kev tawm tsam cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob. Yog tias tus neeg mob qab los noj mov, nws tsis tuaj yeem yuam nws noj, koj tuaj yeem muab cov kua mis lossis jelly rau haus. Cov khoom noj mis nyuj yuav tsum tsis txhob noj vim lawv yog cov chaw yug me nyuam zoo heev rau cov kab mob.
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv lub cev qhuav dej, nws raug nquahu kom haus dej huv lossis dej ntsev. Cov kua yuav tsum tau noj me me txhua 30 feeb. Yog tias tus neeg mob qhov mob hnyav heev, yuav tsum tau txhaj cov kua dej tso rau hauv cov hlab ntsha.
Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov co toxins, koj yuav tsum siv cov tshuaj sorbents, thiab txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev sib ntxiv ntawm cov kab mob - tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev npaj muaj cov enzymes yuav tsum tau.
Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los txo qhov kub tsuas yog tias koj tsis xis nyob thiab ua rau nws tsis haum, vim qhov no tua rotaviruses. Thaum lub xeev ntawm kev noj qab haus huv rov qab mus rau qhov qub thiab tus neeg mob muaj kev noj qab haus huv, nws tau muab tshuaj los kho cov microflora.plab.
kev kho mob
kev kho mob rotavirus yuav tsum tsuas yog ua raws li kev saib xyuas ntawm tus kws kho mob. Hauv tshwj xeeb yog mob hnyav, tus neeg mob tau mus pw hauv tsev kho mob hauv chav saib xyuas kab mob sib kis. Txawm hais tias muaj kev kis tus kab mob no, tsis muaj cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb los rhuav tshem tus kab mob, vim li ntawd cov kev kho mob yog tsom rau kev tshem tawm cov tsos mob uas twb muaj lawm, rov ua kom cov dej-ntsev sib npaug thiab rov ua haujlwm ntawm cov hnyuv thiab plab. Puas yog cov tshuaj rau rotavirus tau sau los ntawm tus kws kho mob? thiab kev kho mob suav nrog kev siv tshuaj xws li:
- antiviral;
- antiemetic;
- enterosorbents;
- antipyretic;
- tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv lub cev qhuav dej, cov tshuaj "Regidron" yuav raug sau tseg. Cov tshuaj tua kab mob "Citovir-3" lossis "Viferon" pab txo cov haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob. Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov co toxins, cov tshuaj enterosorbents, tshwj xeeb, xws li Smecta lossis Enterosgel.
Bifidumbacteria pab kho cov hnyuv microflora ib txwm, thiab tseem tiv thaiv cov mucosa ntawm kev puas tsuaj, tshwj xeeb, xws li Linex, Normobact. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsis haum tshuaj, tshuaj antihistamines raug sau tseg, piv txwv li, xws li Zodak, Claritin, Tavegil.
Cov tshuaj rau tus kab mob rotavirus, kev kho mob thiab kev siv tshuaj ntau npaum li cas yog tus kws kho mob tau sau tseg raws li tus neeg mob lub hnub nyoog thiab lwm yam. Hauv tsev kho mob, cov tshuaj tuaj yeem siv tauintramuscularly los yog intravenously. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias nws yuav tsum ua raws li kev noj zaub mov tshwj xeeb thiab ua raws li tus kws kho mob cov lus pom zoo.
Kev kho mob nrog pej xeem tshuaj
Ua ke nrog cov tshuaj thiab kev noj haus rau kev kho mob ntawm tus kab mob rotavirus, koj tuaj yeem siv cov tshuaj pej xeem uas yuav pab rov qab ntim cov kua dej, ua kom lub cev tsis kam, thiab tseem ua kom tshem tawm cov khoom tsis zoo thiab tsis zoo. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev noj blueberries qhuav, uas tuaj yeem siv los ua compote.
tshuaj ntsuab decoctions ntawm wormwood, chamomile, ntoo qhib tawv kuj pab ua kom tus neeg mob noj qab nyob zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsim nyog nco ntsoov tias ua ntej kho cov tshuaj no, koj yuav tsum sab laj nrog kws kho mob. Lwm txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev siv cov paj chamomile yog cov tshuaj "Gastrolit", uas muaj cov nroj tsuag no. Nws qhov txiaj ntsig zoo yog tias cov tshuaj siv tau los ntawm cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 6 hli.
Dieting
Nrog rau tus kab mob rotavirus hauv cov neeg laus, kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog them rau kev noj zaub mov, txij li kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem pathological cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm plab zom mov, tshwj xeeb yog lactase. Nyob rau lub sijhawm mob hnyav ntawm tus kabmob, nws raug nquahu kom tsis suav cov khoom noj muaj roj thiab txwv tsis pub noj cov zaub mov uas muaj carbohydrates. Tsis tas li ntawd, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob haus cov nqaij rog rog, nplua nuj broths, kib zaub mov.
Cov zaub mov yuav tsum tau noj me me, thiab cov npe ntawm cov zaub mov tso cai suav nrog zaub purees thiabkua zaub, kua porridge, ci apples. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau ua raws li kev noj haus kom raug. Nrog mob raws plab thiab ntuav, koj yuav tsum tau tas li ntxiv cov kua dej uas ploj lawm. Koj yuav tsum haus dej maj mam, hauv me me sips, nrog so ntawm ob peb feeb. Nrog rau qhov tsis zoo ntawm tus mob rotavirus, tsuas yog tus kws kho mob tuaj yeem txiav txim siab yuav ua li cas, vim tias tus kab mob tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem ntau yam.
Muaj Teeb Meem
Rotavirus hauv cov neeg laus thiab menyuam yaus muaj kev loj hlob sai heev, thiab nws qhov mob hnyav yuav kav ntev li 5 hnub. Thaum pib, nws yog ib qho nyuaj heev kom paub txog cov kab mob kis tau, vim kub taub hau, ntuav thiab raws plab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau yam kab mob. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau ua raws li kev kho mob raws sij hawm, vim qhov no yuav ua rau muaj teeb meem loj. Ntawm cov xwm txheej txaus ntshai tshaj plaws yog cov hauv qab no:
- dehydration;
- dysbacteriosis;
- siab tsis ua hauj lwm;
- txo qis tiv thaiv kab mob.
Lub cev qhuav dej tseem ceeb tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tseem ceeb, nrog rau ua rau tus neeg mob tuag. Kev kho tsis raug thiab tsis raws sijhawm tuaj yeem ua rau qhov tseeb tias pathogenic microflora colonizes cov hnyuv, thiab lub cev tsis muaj zog los ntawm kev kis kab mob thiab tshuaj, tsis muaj peev txheej txaus los tiv thaiv tus kabmob.
Nrog rau cov kab mob no, cov peev txheej ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob tau txo qis. Lub cev tsis muaj zog tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus cov kab mob ib txwm muaj, yog vim li cas thiaj li muaj kev pheej hmoo loj ntawm kev rov kis mob. Nrog rotavirusHauv cov menyuam yaus, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tuag yog qhov siab heev, tab sis kev kho mob muaj teeb meem heev.
prophylaxis
Ntau tus xav paub yuav ua li cas kom tsis txhob kis tus kabmob rotavirus, vim tias kev kho tus kabmob no muaj teebmeem heev, thiab nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teebmeem ntau yam. Muaj kev xav tias tus kab mob kis tau los ntawm cov khoom tsis huv, ces nws txaus ua raws li cov cai ntawm kev tu tus kheej kom tshem tawm qhov teeb meem.
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv tus kab mob rotavirus, koj yuav tsum siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj ntxuav tes. Tsuas yog cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm cawv, chlorine thiab iodine cuam tshuam rau tus kab mob. Ntau tus ntseeg tias nws txaus los mob ib zaug kom tau txais kev tiv thaiv kab mob rau lub neej. Qhov no tsis yog lawm vim muaj ntau ntau hom rotaviruses.
Tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob yog siv los tiv thaiv kab mob rotavirus. Nov yog tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob "Rotatec" rau kev tswj qhov ncauj. Nws tiv thaiv ntau hom kab mob. Kev tiv thaiv tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kav ntev li 5 xyoos.
Txoj kev kis tus kabmob hauv menyuam yaus
Rotavirus hauv cov menyuam yaus mob hnyav heev nrog cov tsos mob hnyav. Txij li thawj hnub ntawm tus kab mob, qhov kub thiab txias nce, xeev siab, ntuav thiab cov quav xoob tshwm sim. Raws li cov txheej txheem inflammatory tshwm sim, cov quav tau txais cov yam ntxwv daj-grey tint, thiab kuj muaj av nplaum zoo li sib xws.
Ntxiv rau, muaj cov tsos mob catarrhal, tshwj xeeb, xws li mob thiab mob hauv caj pas,hnoos, thiab hnoos. Tus me nyuam ua tsis taus pa thiab tsis kam noj.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsis yog kom nkag siab txog kev kho tus kab mob, tab sis kuj yuav ua li cas kom tsis txhob kis tus kab mob rotavirus, vim nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem ntau yam, mus txog rau tus menyuam tuag. Thaum thawj cov cim tshwm sim, koj yuav tsum hu rau lub tsheb thauj neeg mob tam sim.
Lub sijhawm kho, kev noj zaub mov tshwj xeeb thiab kev noj zaub mov tshwj xeeb yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Txhua yam tshuaj yuav tsum tau muab los ntawm tus kws kho mob uas tuaj koom, suav nrog lub hnub nyoog ntawm tus menyuam. Tshwj xeeb yog mob hnyav, yuav tsum tau mus pw hauv tsev kho mob hauv chav saib xyuas kab mob sib kis.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau kev tiv thaiv, uas qhia txog kev tu cev. Tsis txhob sib cuag nrog tus neeg mob, ntxuav txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub, thiab tsis txhob haus cov dej nyoos.
