Genetic polymorphism yog ib yam mob uas muaj ntau hom noob mus ntev, tab sis qhov zaus ntawm cov noob tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem yog ntau tshaj li ib feem pua. Nws cov txij nkawm tshwm sim vim qhov hloov pauv tsis tu ncua ntawm cov noob, nrog rau lawv cov kev sib txuas tas li. Raws li kev tshawb fawb los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, genetic polymorphism yog dav, vim tias muaj peev xwm muaj ntau lab kev sib txuas ntawm cov noob.
Tshuag loj
Kev hloov pauv zoo ntawm cov pej xeem mus rau ib puag ncig tshiab yog nyob ntawm cov khoom lag luam loj ntawm polymorphism, thiab qhov no, evolution tshwm sim sai dua. Tsis muaj qhov ua tau zoo los ntsuas tag nrho cov naj npawb ntawm polymorphic alleles siv cov txheej txheem caj ces. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias muaj ib tug tej yam noob nyob rau hauv lub genotype yog nqa tawm los ntawm hla cov neeg uas muaj txawv phenotypic nta txiav txim los ntawm cov noob. Yog tias koj paub tias qhov twg hauv qee cov pej xeem yog tsim los ntawm cov tib neeg nrogphenotype sib txawv, nws tuaj yeem tsim muaj pes tsawg tus alleles uas tsim los ntawm ib qho kev zoo nyob.
Nws pib li cas?
Cov noob caj noob ces pib sai sai hauv 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, nws yog tom qab ntawd cov protein lossis enzyme gel electrophoresis pib siv, uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab genetic polymorphism. Txoj kev no yog dab tsi? Nws yog nrog kev pab los ntawm nws hais tias lub zog ntawm cov protein yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug hluav taws xob teb, nyob ntawm seb qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov protein tsiv, nws configuration, raws li zoo raws li tag nrho cov nqi nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub gel. Tom qab ntawd, nyob ntawm qhov chaw thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov chaw uas tau tshwm sim, cov khoom raug txheeb xyuas tau raug txheeb xyuas. Txhawm rau ntsuas cov protein ntau hauv cov pejxeem, nws tsim nyog kuaj xyuas kwv yees li 20 lossis ntau dua loci. Tom qab ntawd, siv txoj kev ua lej, tus lej ntawm cov noob caj noob ces yog txiav txim siab, nrog rau qhov piv ntawm homo- thiab heterozygotes. Raws li kev tshawb fawb, qee cov noob tuaj yeem ua monomorphic, thaum lwm tus tuaj yeem ua txawv txawv polymorphic.
Type of polymorphism
Lub tswvyim ntawm polymorphism yog qhov dav heev, nws suav nrog kev hloov pauv thiab sib npaug. Nws nyob ntawm qhov kev xaiv tus nqi ntawm cov noob thiab kev xaiv ntuj, uas ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab rau cov pejxeem. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem yog caj ces thiab chromosomal.
noob thiab chromosome polymorphism
Gene polymorphism yog sawv cev hauv lub cev los ntawm ntau tshaj ib qho allele, ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm qhov no tuaj yeem yog ntshav. Chromosomalsawv cev rau qhov sib txawv hauv chromosomes uas tshwm sim vim aberrations. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj qhov sib txawv hauv cheeb tsam heterochromatic. Nyob rau hauv qhov tsis muaj pathology uas yuav ua rau muaj kev ua txhaum lossis kev tuag, cov kev hloov pauv no tsis muaj tseeb.
Kev hloov pauv polymorphism
Kev hloov pauv polymorphism tshwm sim thaum ib qho allele uas ib zaug tau hloov pauv hauv cov pej xeem los ntawm lwm tus uas muab nws cov cab kuj nrog kev hloov pauv ntau dua (tseem hu ua ntau yam allelism). Nrog rau qhov ntau yam no, muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm feem pua ntawm cov genotypes, vim tias qhov kev hloov pauv tshwm sim, thiab nws cov kev hloov pauv tau ua tiav. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem kev lag luam tuaj yeem yog ib qho piv txwv zoo uas qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm polymorphism. Dab tsi nws yog qhia los ntawm ib tug npauj npaim yooj yim, uas, nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam, hloov cov xim dawb ntawm nws tis mus rau qhov tsaus ntuj. Qhov tshwm sim no tau pib pom hauv tebchaws Askiv, qhov twg ntau dua 80 hom kab npauj npauj npauj tig tsaus los ntawm daj ntseg paj, uas tau pom thawj zaug tom qab xyoo 1848 hauv Manchester hauv kev sib txuas nrog kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev lag luam. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1895, ntau dua 95% ntawm cov npauj tau txais cov xim tsaus nti. Xws li cov kev hloov pauv tau txuas nrog qhov tseeb tias tsob ntoo trunks tau haus luam yeeb ntau dua, thiab cov npauj npaim lub teeb tau dhau los ua cov tsiaj yooj yim rau thrushes thiab robins. Cov kev hloov pauv tshwm sim vim yog mutant melanistic alleles.
Kev sib npaug polymorphism
Definition"polymorphism balanced" characterizes qhov tsis muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov lej ntawm ntau hom genotypes hauv cov pejxeem uas nyob hauv ib puag ncig ruaj khov. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias los ntawm tiam mus rau tiam tus piv tseem zoo li qub, tab sis tej zaum yuav hloov me ntsis hauv ib lossis lwm tus nqi, uas yog tas li. Muab piv rau kev hloov pauv, sib npaug polymorphism - nws yog dab tsi? Nws yog feem ntau yog cov txheej txheem evolutionary zoo li qub. I. I. Schmalhausen xyoo 1940 kuj tau muab nws lub npe ntawm kev sib npaug heteromorphism.
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev sib npaug polymorphism
Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm kev sib npaug ntawm polymorphism yog qhov muaj ob tus poj niam txiv neej hauv ntau cov tsiaj txhu. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias lawv muaj qhov sib npaug xaiv qhov zoo. Lawv qhov sib piv hauv ib haiv neeg yeej ib txwm sib npaug. Yog tias muaj kev sib deev hauv cov pej xeem, qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ob qho tib si poj niam txiv neej tuaj yeem raug ua txhaum cai, qhov twg cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ib tug poj niam txiv neej tuaj yeem raug rhuav tshem tag nrho lossis tshem tawm ntawm kev yug me nyuam mus rau ntau dua li cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov poj niam cev xeeb tub.
Lwm qhov piv txwv yuav yog hom ntshav raws li AB0 system. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov zaus ntawm cov genotypes sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem sib txawv yuav txawv, tab sis nrog rau qhov no, los ntawm tiam mus rau tiam nws tsis hloov nws qhov tas mus li. Yooj yim muab, tsis muaj ib tus genotype muaj qhov zoo dua xaiv dua lwm tus. Raws li kev txheeb cais, cov txiv neej nrog thawj pawg ntshav muajlub neej expectancy ntau dua li lwm cov kev sib deev muaj zog nrog lwm hom ntshav. Ntawm qhov sib piv nrog qhov no, kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim cov kab mob duodenal nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm thawj pab pawg neeg yog siab dua, tab sis nws tuaj yeem perforate, thiab qhov no yuav ua rau tuag thaum muaj kev pab lig.
Txiv neej sib npaug
Lub xeev tsis yooj yim no tuaj yeem ua txhaum cai hauv cov pej xeem vim muaj kev hloov pauv hloov pauv, thaum lawv yuav tsum nyob nrog qee zaus thiab hauv txhua tiam. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias polymorphisms ntawm cov noob ntawm cov kab mob hemostasis, qhov kev txiav txim siab uas ua rau nws pom tseeb tias cov txheej txheem evolutionary pab txhawb rau cov kev hloov pauv no lossis, qhov sib txawv, kev tawm tsam, yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Yog tias peb taug qab txoj hauv kev ntawm cov txheej txheem mutant hauv ib tus neeg tshwj xeeb, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab nws tus nqi rau kev hloov pauv. Nws tuaj yeem sib npaug rau ib qho yog tias qhov kev hloov pauv tsis raug cais tawm thaum lub sijhawm xaiv, thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau nws qhov kev sib kis.
Feem ntau qhia tau hais tias tus nqi ntawm cov noob no tsawg dua ib qho, thiab yog tias qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm cov mutants no rov tsim dua, txhua yam los mus rau 0. Kev hloov ntawm hom no tau muab pov tseg rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm ntuj tsim. xaiv, tab sis qhov no tsis suav nrog qhov rov hloov pauv ntawm tib lub noob uas them nyiaj rau kev tshem tawm uas tau ua los ntawm kev xaiv. Tom qab ntawd qhov sib npaug tau mus txog, cov noob hloov pauv tuaj yeem tshwm sim lossis, hloov pauv, ploj mus. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev sib npaug.
Ib qho piv txwv uas tuaj yeem ua rau pom qhov tshwm sim yog kab mob ntshav qab zib. Hauv qhov noqhov tseem ceeb mutated noob nyob rau hauv lub homozygous lub xeev muaj txhawb rau kev tuag ntxov ntawm lub cev. Heterozygous kab mob muaj sia nyob tab sis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua rau malaria. Qhov sib npaug ntawm polymorphism ntawm cov kab mob qog nqaij hlav mob ntshav qab zib tuaj yeem tshawb pom hauv thaj chaw ntawm kev faib cov kab mob tropical no. Hauv cov pej xeem zoo li no, homozygotes (cov tib neeg uas muaj cov noob tib yam) raug tshem tawm, nrog rau qhov no, kev xaiv ntawm heterozygotes (cov tib neeg uas muaj cov noob sib txawv) ua haujlwm. Vim muaj kev xaiv ntau-vector txuas ntxiv hauv cov noob caj noob ces ntawm cov pejxeem, genotypes tau khaws cia hauv txhua tiam neeg, uas muab kev hloov pauv zoo ntawm cov kab mob mus rau ib puag ncig. Nrog rau qhov muaj mob ntawm cov kab mob cell anemia hauv tib neeg cov pej xeem, muaj lwm hom genes uas qhia txog polymorphism. Nws muab dab tsi? Lo lus teb rau lo lus nug no yuav yog qhov tshwm sim xws li heterosis.
Heterozygous mutations thiab polymorphism
Heterozygous polymorphism muab rau qhov tsis muaj qhov hloov pauv phenotypic nyob rau hauv muaj kev hloov pauv tsis zoo, txawm tias lawv muaj kev phom sij. Tab sis nrog rau qhov no, lawv tuaj yeem sau rau hauv cov pej xeem mus rau qib siab, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj heev.
A sine qua tsis yog txheej txheem evolutionary
Cov txheej txheem evolutionary yog tas mus li, thiab nws cov kev mob yuav tsum yog polymorphism. Nws yog dab tsi - qhia qhov hloov pauv tsis tu ncua ntawm ib tus neeg tshwj xeeb rau nws ib puag ncig. Cov kab mob sib txawv uas nyob hauv tib pab pawg tuaj yeem nyob hauv lub xeev heterozygous thiab kis tau los ntawm ib tiam mus rau ib tiam.tau ntau xyoo. Nrog rau qhov no, lawv yuav tsis muaj qhov tshwm sim phenotypic - vim yog qhov loj heev ntawm cov caj ces hloov pauv.
YFibrinogen noob
Feem ntau, cov kws tshawb fawb xav txog fibrinogen gene polymorphism ua qhov ua ntej rau kev loj hlob ntawm ischemic stroke. Tab sis tam sim no, qhov teeb meem tab tom los txog, uas cov caj ces thiab cov khoom tau txais tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob no. Hom mob stroke no tshwm sim vim thrombosis ntawm cov hlab ntsha ntawm lub paj hlwb, thiab los ntawm kev kawm cov polymorphism ntawm cov noob fibrinogen, ib tus tuaj yeem nkag siab txog ntau yam txheej txheem, cuam tshuam qhov twg, tus kab mob tuaj yeem tiv thaiv. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev hloov caj ces thiab biochemical tsis muaj ntshav yog tam sim no tsis txaus kawm los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb. Kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yuav tso cai rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob, hloov nws txoj kev kawm lossis tsuas yog tiv thaiv nws thaum ntxov ntawm kev loj hlob.
