X-ray raj ua haujlwm li cas?

2024 Tus sau: Curtis Blomfield | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-15 09:39

X-rays yog tsim los ntawm kev hloov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob rau hauv photons, uas tshwm sim hauv lub raj x-ray. Tus nqi (exposure) thiab zoo (spectrum) ntawm hluav taws xob tuaj yeem hloov kho los ntawm kev hloov pauv tam sim no, qhov hluav taws xob thiab lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm lub cuab yeej.

Txoj Cai Ua Haujlwm

X-ray raj (cov duab tau muab rau hauv tsab xov xwm) yog lub zog hloov pauv. Lawv coj nws los ntawm lub network thiab tig mus rau hauv lwm cov ntaub ntawv - nkag mus rau hluav taws xob thiab cua sov, qhov kawg yog ib qho khoom siv tsis zoo. Tus tsim ntawm X-ray raj yog xws li hais tias nws maximizes photon ntau lawm thiab dissipates tshav kub kom sai li sai tau.

Ib lub raj yog ib yam khoom siv yooj yim, feem ntau muaj ob lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb - cathode thiab anode. Thaum tam sim no ntws los ntawm cathode mus rau lub anode, cov electrons poob zog, uas ua rau lub cim X-rays.

Anode

Lub anode yog cov khoom uas tawmsiab zog photons. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau uas txuas nrog rau tus ncej zoo ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Ua ob lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb:

hloov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob rau hauv x-rays,
dissipates tshav kub.

Cov khoom siv anode raug xaiv los txhim kho cov haujlwm no.

Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, feem ntau ntawm cov electrons yuav tsum tsim cov photons siab, tsis yog cua sov. Qhov feem ntawm lawv tag nrho lub zog uas hloov mus rau hauv X-rays (kev ua tau zoo) nyob ntawm ob yam:

tus lej atomic (Z) ntawm cov khoom siv anode,
zog ntawm electrons.

X-ray raj feem ntau siv tungsten los ua cov khoom siv anode, uas muaj tus lej atomic ntawm 74. Ntxiv rau qhov muaj Z loj, cov hlau no muaj qee yam uas ua rau nws haum rau lub hom phiaj no. Tungsten yog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv nws lub peev xwm los tuav lub zog thaum rhuab, muaj qhov siab melting point thiab qis evaporation tus nqi.

Tau ntau xyoo, cov anode yog tsim los ntawm cov tungsten ntshiab. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los no, ib tug alloy ntawm no hlau nrog rhenium tau pib siv, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau saum npoo. Lub anode nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv tungsten-rhenium txheej yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv sib sib zog nqus uas khaws cov cua sov zoo. Ob yam tshuaj no yog molybdenum thiab graphite.

X-ray raj siv rau mammography yog tsim nrog molybdenum coated anode. Cov khoom siv no muaj tus lej nruab nrab atomic (Z=42) uas tsim cov duab photons nrog lub zog yooj yim raurau kev thaij duab hauv siab. Qee cov khoom siv mammography kuj muaj qhov thib ob anode ua los ntawm rhodium (Z=45). Qhov no tso cai rau koj kom muaj zog thiab ua tiav kev nkag mus rau lub mis nruj dua.

Kev siv rhenium-tungsten alloy txhim kho cov hluav taws xob ntev ntev - dhau sijhawm, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv ntshiab tungsten txo qis vim thermal puas rau saum npoo.

Feem ntau cov anodes zoo li zoo li beveled discs thiab txuas rau lub tshuab fais fab uas tig lawv ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm thaum emitting X-rays. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib hloov yog tshem tawm cov cua sov.

Focal Spot

Tsis yog tag nrho cov anode koom nrog hauv tiam X-rays. Nws tshwm sim ntawm thaj chaw me me ntawm nws qhov chaw - qhov chaw focal. Qhov ntev ntawm qhov kawg yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov ntev ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob los ntawm cathode. Hauv cov khoom siv feem ntau, nws muaj cov duab plaub thiab sib txawv ntawm 0.1-2 hli.

X-ray raj yog tsim los nrog qhov tshwj xeeb focal qhov loj me. Qhov me me, qhov tsis pom tseeb thiab pom cov duab zoo dua, thiab qhov loj dua, qhov cua sov zoo dua.

Focal qhov loj me yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum xav txog thaum xaiv cov raj X-ray. Cov neeg tsim khoom tsim cov khoom siv nrog me me focal me ntsis thaum nws tsim nyog kom ua tiav cov kev daws teeb meem siab thiab txaus hluav taws xob tsawg. Piv txwv li, qhov no yuav tsum tau thaum kuaj xyuas qhov me thiab nyias ntawm lub cev, xws li hauv mammography.

X-ray raj yog tsim los nrog ob qhov chaw focal qhov loj me, loj thiab me, uas tuaj yeem xaiv los ntawm tus neeg teb xov tooj raws li cov txheej txheem duab.

Cathode

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov cathode yog tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab sib sau ua ke rau hauv lub teeb qhia ntawm lub anode. Raws li txoj cai, nws muaj cov xaim me me kauv (xov) rau hauv lub khob zoo li kev nyuaj siab.

Electrons hla Circuit Court feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem tawm ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib thiab nkag mus rau qhov chaw dawb. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tuaj yeem ua tau yog tias lawv tau txais lub zog txaus. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem hu ua thermal emission, cua sov yog siv los tshem tawm electrons los ntawm cathode. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tau thaum lub siab ntawm lub raj xa hluav taws xob tawm mus txog 10 ^-6 -10 ^{-7 mmHg. Art. Cov filament heats li ib yam li cov filament ntawm lub teeb incandescent thaum tam sim no dhau los ntawm nws. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm X-ray raj yog nrog los ntawm cua sov lub cathode mus rau qhov kub thiab txias nrog kev hloov ntawm ib feem ntawm cov electrons los ntawm nws los ntawm thermal zog.}

Balloon

Cov anode thiab cathode muaj nyob rau hauv lub thawv ntim hermetically. Lub zais pa thiab nws cov ntsiab lus feem ntau hu ua ib qho ntxig, uas muaj lub neej txwv thiab tuaj yeem hloov tau. X-ray raj feem ntau muaj iav qhov muag teev, txawm hais tias hlau thiab ceramic qhov muag teev yog siv rau qee qhov kev siv.

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub zais pa yog muab kev txhawb nqa thiab rwb thaiv tsev rau cov anode thiab cathode, thiab tswj lub tshuab nqus tsev. Siab nyob rau hauv lub evacuated X-ray rajntawm 15°C yog 1.2 10-3 Pa. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov pa roj hauv lub zais pa yuav tso cai rau hluav taws xob ntws los ntawm lub cuab yeej, thiab tsis yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub teeb hluav taws xob.

Cas

Kev tsim ntawm lub raj x-ray yog qhov zoo li ntawd, ntxiv rau kev kaw thiab txhawb nqa lwm yam khoom, nws lub cev ua haujlwm raws li cov ntaub thaiv npog thiab nqus cov hluav taws xob, tshwj tsis yog cov nqaj muaj txiaj ntsig dhau los ntawm lub qhov rais. Nws qhov loj sab nrauv dissipates ntau ntawm cov cua sov tsim hauv lub cuab yeej. Qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub cev thiab qhov ntxig yog ntim nrog roj rau rwb thaiv tsev thiab cua txias.

Chain

Ib qho hluav taws xob txuas lub raj mus rau lub zog hu ua lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Lub hauv paus tau txais lub zog los ntawm lub ntsiab thiab hloov pauv tam sim no mus rau tam sim no ncaj qha. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob kuj tso cai rau koj los kho qee qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob:

KV - voltage lossis hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm;
MA yog qhov tam sim no uas ntws los ntawm lub raj;
S - ncua sijhawm lossis lub sijhawm raug, hauv feem ntawm ib thib ob.

Lub voj voog muab kev txav ntawm electrons. Lawv raug them nrog lub zog, dhau los ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob, thiab muab rau lub anode. Thaum lawv txav mus, ob qhov kev hloov pauv tshwm sim:

muaj peev xwm hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hloov mus ua lub zog kinetic;
kinetic, tig, hloov mus ua x-rays thiab cua sov.

Muaj Peev Xwm

Thaum cov hluav taws xob nkag mus rau lub teeb, lawv muaj peev xwm hluav taws xob, qhov nyiaj txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov hluav taws xob KV ntawm lub anode thiab cathode. X-ray tube ua haujlwmnyob rau hauv voltage, los tsim 1 KV ntawm uas txhua particle yuav tsum muaj 1 keV. Los ntawm kev kho KV, tus neeg teb xov tooj muab txhua lub tshuab hluav taws xob nrog qee lub zog.

Kinetics

Tsis tshua muaj siab nyob rau hauv lub raj xa hluav taws xob (ntawm 15 ° C nws yog 10 ^-6 -10 ^{-7 mmHg.) tso cai rau cov khoom ya tawm ntawm cathode mus rau lub anode nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm thermionic emission thiab hluav taws xob quab yuam. Qhov no quab yuam accelerates lawv, uas ua rau kom ib tug nce nyob rau hauv ceev thiab kinetic zog thiab ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm. Thaum ib tug particle hits lub anode, nws lub peev xwm poob thiab tag nrho nws lub zog yog hloov mus rau kinetic zog. Ib qho 100-keV electron nce mus txog qhov nrawm tshaj li ib nrab ntawm qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb. Kev tsoo ntawm qhov chaw, cov khoom qeeb qeeb sai heev thiab poob lawv lub zog kinetic. Nws hloov mus ua X-rays lossis cua sov.}

Electrons tuaj rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog tus kheej atoms ntawm cov khoom siv anode. Radiation yog tsim thaum lawv cuam tshuam nrog orbitals (X-ray photons) thiab nrog cov nucleus (bremsstrahlung).

Link Energy

Txhua lub tshuab hluav taws xob hauv ib lub atom muaj qee lub zog khi, uas nyob ntawm qhov loj ntawm qhov kawg thiab theem ntawm qhov particle nyob. Lub zog khi ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov duab X-rays thiab tsim nyog tshem tawm cov hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom.

Bremsstrahlung

Bremsstrahlung tsim cov duab ntau tshaj plaws. Cov hluav taws xob nkag mus rau cov khoom siv anode thiab dhau los ze ntawm lub nucleus yog deflected thiab qeeblub zog ntawm attraction ntawm lub atom. Lawv lub zog poob thaum lub sij hawm ntsib no tshwm sim raws li X-ray photon.

Spectrum

Tsuas yog ob peb photons muaj lub zog ze ntawm cov electrons. Lawv feem ntau yog qis dua. Cia peb xav tias muaj ib qho chaw lossis thaj chaw nyob ib puag ncig lub nucleus uas cov hluav taws xob tau ntsib "braking" quab yuam. Daim teb no tuaj yeem muab faib ua ib cheeb tsam. Qhov no muab lub teb ntawm lub nucleus zoo li lub hom phiaj nrog ib tug atom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Ib qho hluav taws xob ntaus txhua qhov taw tes ntawm lub hom phiaj kev ua haujlwm qeeb thiab ua rau X-ray photon. Cov khoom sib tsoo ze tshaj plaws rau qhov chaw yog qhov cuam tshuam tshaj plaws thiab yog li poob lub zog tshaj plaws, ua rau lub zog siab tshaj photons. Cov hluav taws xob nkag mus rau thaj chaw sab nrauv muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo thiab ua kom muaj zog qis dua. Txawm hais tias cov cheeb tsam muaj qhov dav tib yam, lawv muaj thaj chaw sib txawv nyob ntawm qhov kev ncua deb mus rau qhov tseem ceeb. Txij li tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom poob rau ntawm ib cheeb tsam nyob ntawm nws cheeb tsam tag nrho, nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias thaj chaw sab nrauv ntes tau electrons ntau dua thiab tsim ntau cov photons. Cov qauv no tuaj yeem siv los kwv yees lub zog spectrum ntawm X-rays.

E_max photons ntawm lub ntsiab bremsstrahlung spectrum sib raug rau E_{max electrons. Hauv qab no taw tes, raws li lub zog photon txo, lawv cov lej nce.}

Ib tus naj npawb tseem ceeb ntawm cov duab hluav taws xob tsawg tau nqus los yog lim thaum lawv sim dhau los ntawm qhov chaw anode, lub qhov rais raj lossis lim. Kev lim dej feem ntau yog nyob ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab thickness ntawm cov khoom los ntawm qhov ntawdlub nqaj hla dhau, uas txiav txim siab kawg daim ntawv ntawm lub zog qis ntawm lub spectrum.

x-ray raj ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv voltage

KV Influence

Lub zog siab ntawm lub spectrum yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov hluav taws xob hauv X-ray raj kV (kilovolt). Qhov no yog vim nws txiav txim siab lub zog ntawm electrons mus txog lub anode, thiab photons tsis tuaj yeem muaj peev xwm siab dua qhov no. Qhov hluav taws xob x-ray ua haujlwm li cas? Qhov siab tshaj plaws photon zog sib raug rau qhov siab tshaj plaws siv tau. Qhov hluav taws xob no yuav hloov pauv thaum raug vim yog AC mains tam sim no. Hauv qhov no, E_max ntawm photon yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov siab tshaj qhov hluav taws xob ntawm lub sijhawm oscillation KV_p..

Dhau li ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm quantum, KV _p txiav txim siab cov hluav taws xob tsim los ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm cov hluav taws xob ntaus lub anode. Txij li tag nrho cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm bremsstrahlung nce vim qhov nce ntawm lub zog ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws xob, uas tau txiav txim los ntawm KV_p, nws ua raws li KV _{pcuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cuab yeej.}

Hloov KV_{p feem ntau hloov cov spectrum. Tag nrho cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv lub zog nkhaus yog tus naj npawb ntawm photons. Yog tsis muaj lim, lub spectrum yog daim duab peb sab, thiab tus nqi hluav taws xob yog proportional rau square ntawm KV. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm lub lim, ib qho kev nce hauv KV kuj nce qhov nkag ntawm photons, uas txo qhov feem pua ntawm cov hluav taws xob lim. Qhov no ua rau kom muaj hluav taws xob ntau ntxiv.}

yam ntxwv hluav taws xob

Hom kev sib cuam tshuam uas ua rau tus yam ntxwvhluav taws xob, suav nrog kev sib tsoo ntawm high-speed electrons nrog orbital sawv daws yuav. Kev sib cuam tshuam tsuas yog tshwm sim thaum cov khoom xa tuaj muaj E_kntau dua li lub zog khi hauv lub atom. Thaum qhov xwm txheej no tau ntsib thiab kev sib tsoo tshwm sim, lub tshuab hluav taws xob raug tshem tawm. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib qho chaw seem, uas yog sau los ntawm ib tug particle ntawm ib tug ntau zog theem. Raws li cov electron txav, nws muab tawm lub zog, uas yog emissions nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug X-ray quantum. Qhov no yog hu ua tus yam ntxwv hluav taws xob, txij li E ntawm photon yog ib yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg los ntawm cov anode ua. Piv txwv li, thaum ib qho hluav taws xob los ntawm K-theem ntawm tungsten nrog E_bond=69.5 keV raug tshem tawm, qhov chaw seem yog sau los ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob los ntawm L-theem nrog E _{bond=10, 2 keV. Tus yam ntxwv X-ray photon muaj lub zog sib npaug ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm ob theem, lossis 59.3 keV.}

Qhov tseeb, cov khoom siv anode no ua rau muaj ntau yam kev ua x-ray energies. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov hluav taws xob ntawm cov qib sib txawv ntawm lub zog (K, L, thiab lwm yam) tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev sib tsoo, thiab cov chaw ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm ntau qib zog. Txawm hais tias qhov ua tiav ntawm L-theem cov neeg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm tsim cov photons, lawv lub zog tsawg dhau los siv rau hauv kev kuaj pom. Txhua tus yam ntxwv lub zog tau muab ib qho kev taw qhia uas qhia txog lub orbital nyob rau hauv uas qhov chaw ua hauj lwm tsim, nrog ib tug Performance index uas qhia lub hauv paus ntawm electron filling. Index alpha (α) qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob los ntawm L-theem, thiab beta (β) qhiasau los ntawm qib M lossis N.

Spectrum ntawm tungsten. Cov yam ntxwv hluav taws xob ntawm cov hlau no tsim cov kab hluav taws xob uas muaj ntau lub zog sib cais, thaum lub bremsstrahlung tsim ib qho kev faib tawm tas mus li. Tus naj npawb ntawm photons tsim los ntawm txhua tus yam ntxwv lub zog sib txawv nyob rau hauv qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sau cov K-theem qhov tsis txaus nyob ntawm lub orbital.

Spectrum ntawm molybdenum. Anodes ntawm cov hlau no siv rau kev mammography ua rau ob qho kev mob siab rau X-ray energies: K-alpha ntawm 17.9 keV, thiab K-beta ntawm 19.5 keV. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws spectrum ntawm X-ray raj, uas tso cai rau kom ua tiav qhov zoo tshaj plaws sib npaug ntawm qhov sib piv thiab cov koob tshuaj hluav taws xob rau lub mis nruab nrab, ua tiav ntawm E_{ph=20 keV. Txawm li cas los xij, bremsstrahlung yog tsim los ntawm lub zog siab. Cov khoom siv mammography siv cov lim molybdenum tshem tawm qhov tsis xav tau ntawm cov spectrum. Cov lim dej ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus "K-edge". Nws absorbs hluav taws xob ntau dhau ntawm lub zog khi ntawm electrons ntawm K-theem ntawm molybdenum atom.}
Spectrum ntawm rhodium. Rhodium muaj atomic tooj ntawm 45, thaum molybdenum muaj atomic tooj 42. Yog li ntawd, tus yam ntxwv X-ray emission ntawm ib tug rhodium anode yuav muaj ib tug me ntsis zog dua li ntawm molybdenum thiab yog ntau nkag mus. Qhov no yog siv los ntsuas lub mis tuab.

Ob-nto molybdenum-rhodium anodes tso cai rau tus neeg teb xov tooj xaiv qhov kev faib tawm kom zoo rau qhov sib txawv ntawm lub mis thiab qhov ntom ntom.

Qhov hluav taws xob x-ray ua haujlwm li cas?ib cev

KV ntawm spectrum

Tus nqi ntawm KV cuam tshuam rau cov yam ntxwv hluav taws xob, vim nws yuav tsis raug tsim tawm yog tias KV tsawg dua lub zog ntawm K-theem electrons. Thaum KV tshaj qhov pib no, tus nqi hluav taws xob feem ntau sib npaug rau qhov sib txawv ntawm lub raj KV thiab qhov pib KV.

Lub zog spectrum ntawm X-ray photons tawm ntawm qhov ntsuas yog txiav txim los ntawm ntau yam. Raws li txoj cai, nws muaj bremsstrahlung thiab cov yam ntxwv sib cuam tshuam quanta.

Cov txheeb ze ntawm cov spectrum nyob ntawm cov khoom siv anode, KV thiab lim. Nyob rau hauv ib lub raj nrog ib tug tungsten anode, tsis muaj cov yam ntxwv hluav taws xob yog tsim ntawm KV< 69.5 keV. Ntawm qhov siab dua CV qhov tseem ceeb siv hauv kev tshawb nrhiav kev tshawb nrhiav, cov yam ntxwv hluav taws xob ua kom tag nrho cov hluav taws xob nce mus txog 25%. Hauv cov khoom siv molybdenum, nws tuaj yeem ua ib feem loj ntawm tag nrho tiam.

Efficiency

Tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm lub zog xa los ntawm electrons hloov mus rau hauv hluav taws xob. Qhov tseem ceeb yog absorbed thiab hloov mus rau hauv tshav kub. Radiation efficiency yog txhais raws li qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm tag nrho cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob los ntawm tag nrho cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob xa mus rau anode. Cov yam ntxwv uas txiav txim siab qhov ua tau zoo ntawm X-ray raj yog qhov siv hluav taws xob KV thiab tus lej atomic Z. Ib qho piv txwv kev sib raug zoo yog raws li hauv qab no:

Efficiency=KV x Z x 10-6.

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ua tau zoo thiab KV muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb rau kev siv cov khoom siv X-ray. Vim qhov kev tso tawm ntawm tshav kub, cov raj muaj qee qhov txwv ntawm cov hluav taws xoblub zog lawv tuaj yeem ploj mus. Qhov no imposes ib qho kev txwv ntawm lub zog ntawm lub cuab yeej. Raws li KV nce, txawm li cas los xij, cov hluav taws xob tsim tawm ib chav tsev ntawm cov cua sov nce ntau.

Qhov kev vam khom ntawm qhov ua tau zoo ntawm X-ray tiam ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm anode tsuas yog kev kawm txaus siab, txij li cov khoom siv feem ntau siv tungsten. Ib qho kev zam yog molybdenum thiab rhodium siv hauv mammography. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv no qis dua tungsten vim lawv cov lej atomic qis dua.

siab nyob rau hauv lub evacuated x-ray raj

Efficiency

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub raj X-ray yog txhais tau tias yog qhov raug, hauv milliroentgens, xa mus rau qhov chaw nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov nqaj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov deb ntawm 1 m ntawm qhov chaw focal rau txhua 1 mAs ntawm electrons hla lub cuab yeej. Nws tus nqi qhia txog lub peev xwm ntawm lub cuab yeej los hloov lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau hauv x-rays. Tso cai rau koj los txiav txim qhov raug tus neeg mob thiab cov duab. Zoo li kev ua tau zoo, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov cuab yeej yog nyob ntawm ntau yam, suav nrog KV, qhov hluav taws xob waveform, cov khoom siv anode thiab kev puas tsuaj saum npoo, lim, thiab lub sijhawm siv.

KV tswj

KV zoo tswj cov X-ray raj tso zis. Nws yog feem ntau xav tias cov zis yog proportional rau square ntawm KV. KV 4x.

Waveform

Waveform piav qhia txog txoj kev KV hloov pauv lub sijhawm thaum tiamhluav taws xob vim lub cyclic xwm ntawm lub hwj chim mov. Muaj ntau hom waveforms sib txawv. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog qhov tsawg dua qhov hloov pauv ntawm KV, qhov ua tau zoo X-ray yog tsim. Cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub siv cov tshuab hluav taws xob nrog KV tas li.

X-ray raj: manufacturers

Oxford Instruments tsim ntau yam khoom siv, suav nrog cov khoom siv iav txog 250 W, 4-80 kV muaj peev xwm, focal chaw txog 10 microns thiab ntau yam khoom siv anode, suav nrog Ag, Au, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Pd, Rh, Ti, W.

Varian muaj ntau dua 400 ntau hom kev kho mob thiab muaj x-ray raj. Lwm cov tuam txhab paub zoo yog Dunlee, GE, Philips, Shimadzu, Siemens, Toshiba, IAE, Hangzhou Wandong, Kailong, thiab lwm yam.

X-ray raj "Svetlana-Rentgen" yog tsim nyob rau hauv Russia. Ntxiv nrog rau cov khoom siv ib txwm muaj nrog kev sib hloov thiab nyob ruaj khov anode, lub tuam txhab tsim cov khoom siv nrog lub cathode txias tswj los ntawm lub teeb flux. Qhov zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej muaj raws li hauv qab no: