Polio yog ib yam kab mob uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo. Kev txhaj tshuaj yog tib txoj hauv kev los tiv thaiv tus kab mob no. Kev txhaj tshuaj OPV thiab IPV yuav tsum tau txhaj rau menyuam yaus. Niaj hnub no peb yuav pom tias cov ntawv luv no sawv cev li cas, vim li cas qee cov niam txiv tiv thaiv kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab lawv sib cav li cas lawv tsis kam siv tshuaj tiv thaiv. Peb tseem yuav paub seb cov kws kho mob xav li cas txog kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv menyuam yaus, suav nrog OPV.
polio yog dab tsi?
Qhov no yog tus kab mob kis uas cuam tshuam rau hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb (qhov teeb meem grey ntawm tus txha caj qaum), uas tom qab ua rau tuag tes tuag taw. Lub hauv paus ntawm cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob tuaj yeem yog ob tus neeg mob kom meej meej, thiab tus neeg uas muaj tus kab mob, tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem hais los ntawm nws tias nws raug ntaus. Polio kis tau los ntawm huab cua, fecal-qhov ncauj.
Cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 3 hli txog 5 xyoos feem ntau raug tus kab mob no.
Nws nyuaj los kho qhov teeb meem no, tab sis nws tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tau. Rau qhov no, raws sijhawmtxhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv menyuam. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tau siv los tiv thaiv tus mob polio yog tshuaj tiv thaiv OPV. Nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau txhua tus menyuam yaus, tab sis qee tus niam txiv tsis kam ua rau lawv cov menyuam. Thaum kawg ntawm kab lus, peb yuav nkag siab tias vim li cas lawv ua li no.
OPV-kev txhaj tshuaj: deciphering the abbreviation
Peb tsab ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj yog cov tsiaj ntawv loj ntawm lub npe tshuaj tiv thaiv. Lawv raug txiav tawm raws li "qhov ncauj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio". Qhov ncauj - qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov tshuaj yog muab los ntawm lub qhov ncauj.
Cov tshuaj yog tsim nyob rau hauv Russia. Nws yog tsim los ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Poliomyelitis thiab Viral Encephalitis. M. P. Chumakova RAMN.
Type of vaccines
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv tus kab mob no, siv 2 hom tshuaj:
- OPV tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio uas tau hloov kho. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog ib qho kev daws teeb meem (tej) rau hauv lub qhov ncauj.
- IPV – inactivated polio vaccine. Qhov no suav nrog cov kab mob tua. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog tshuaj intramuscular.
Vim li cas ob qho tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau txhaj?
Txog xyoo 2010, Russia tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob txaus ntshai no tsuas yog nrog kev pab ntawm IPV, uas yog, cov tshuaj tsis ua haujlwm. Lub sijhawm ntawd, muaj qhov xwm txheej zoo sib kis hauv lub tebchaws. Tab sis xyoo 2010, muaj tus kab mob no tshwm sim hauv Tajikistan, uas tseem cuam tshuam rau Russia. Ces ib tug neeg tuag hauv lub tebchaws. Yog li ntawd, tsoomfwv tau txiav txim siab rau kev txhaj tshuaj sib xyaw. Tam sim no nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo ntawm lub neejCov menyuam mos tau muab IPV, ces OPV. Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov menyuam loj dua tsuas yog ua nrog tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob.
Kev txhaj tshuaj poob mus li cas?
Cov tshuaj rau OPV txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio yog cov kua liab liab uas muaj qab ntsev-iab. Order drops in the mouth:
- Rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 2 xyoos - ntawm cov qog ntshav hauv caj pas.
- Rau cov menyuam yaus tshaj 2 xyoos - ntawm palatine tonsils.
Tam sim no tsis muaj qhov tsw qab, yog li cov tub thiab ntxhais tsis txhob iab.
Cov kua yog instilled los ntawm tus nais maum siv ib tug pov tseg yas dropper nrog ib tug syringe. Qhov ntau npaum ntawm cov tshuaj yuav txawv, nyob ntawm seb qhov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv siv. Yog li, tus kws kho mob tuaj yeem thov 2 lossis 4 tee.
Qee zaum me nyuam mos nplawm tshuaj. Hauv qhov no, cov txheej txheem yuav tsum tau rov ua dua. Yog hais tias tom qab zaum ob tus me nyuam nqhis, ces tus nais maum tsis ua zaum thib peb.
Ib koob tshuaj OPV tiv thaiv kev noj thiab haus ib teev tom qab txhaj tshuaj.
Scheme of drug administration
Txoj kev tiv thaiv kab mob kis no yog ua raws li txoj kev npaj hauv qab no:
- Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 3, 4, 5 thiab 6 hli.
- Kev rov txhaj tshuaj yog nqa tawm thaum 18, 20 lub hlis, thiab tom qab ntawd ntawm 14 xyoos.
Kev noj qab haus huv tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv
OPV - txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, muaj teeb meem tom qab uas xyaum tsis tuaj. Hauv cov xwm txheej cais, tus neeg mob me tuaj yeem ntsib qhov tsis zoo xws li:
-Nce hauv lub cev kub.
- Cov quav ntxiv.
Cov tsos mob no feem ntau ploj mus ntawm lawv tus kheej hauv 2 hnub tom qab txhaj tshuaj, yog li tsis tas yuav kho.
Kub tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv OPV yuav tsis nce siab lossis hloov pauv ntawm 37.5-38 degrees. Cov kws kho mob paub tseeb tias tsis tas yuav txhawj xeeb txog qhov no, tshwj tsis yog tias nws tau nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hnyav ntxiv.
Hyperthermia (overheating) yuav tshwm sim 2-3 teev tom qab txhaj tshuaj, nrog rau 2 lossis 3 hnub tom qab cov tshuaj nkag mus rau hauv lub cev. Qhov kub no tuaj yeem nyob ntawm 3 hnub mus rau 2 lub lis piam. Yog hais tias nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tus me nyuam nquag nquag, tsis muaj dab tsi thab nws, ces tsis tas yuav coj nws los. Yog hais tias tus me nyuam yog whiny, apathetic, ces siv tshuaj rau kub taub hau.
Cov khoom xyaw tshuaj
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio OPV yog raws li hauv qab no:
- Tus kab mob kis tus kab mob ntawm thawj peb hom kab mob, loj hlob los ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm African ntsuab liab raum hlwb.
- Magnesium chloride stabilizer.
- Preservative - kanamycin sulfate.
Sold in 10 or 20 doses.
YContraindications
OPV tsis txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv cov xwm txheej hauv qab no:
- Hauv cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob, suav nrog HIV, kab mob oncological.
- Nrog kev tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog, nrog rau yog tias muaj cov neeg kis kab mob hauv tsev neeg.
- Rau cov teeb meem hauv paj hlwb los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj OPV yav dhau los.
Nrog ceev faj thiab nkaus xwbnyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm kws kho mob, txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov hnyuv thiab plab.
Tsis tshua muaj kev phiv tshwm sim tom qab OPV
Muaj qee qhov xwm txheej thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo li kev kis tus kabmob polio. Qhov no tuaj yeem tshwm sim, tab sis nws yog qhov tsawg heev, qhov chaw nyob ib ncig ntawm 1 ntawm 3 lab tus tib neeg. Qhov xwm txheej no tuaj yeem tshwm sim rau ib qho laj thawj: yog tias txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv OPV rau tus menyuam mos uas muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Vim li no, nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws uas polio tau swb lawm, IPV, uas yog, txhaj tshuaj, tau muab los ua ib feem ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj txhua hnub. Tab sis yog tias ib tug neeg mus rau lwm lub teb chaws uas muaj kev pheej hmoo kis tus kab mob no, nws yog qhov zoo dua rau nws ua OPV. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tsim kom muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob.
Npaj txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv
Kev txhaj tshuaj OPV thiab IPV yuav tsum npaj tus menyuam rau nws. Rau tus me nyuam no, koj yuav tsum tau qhia rau tus kws kho mob. Tus kws kho mob ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas tus menyuam, mloog nws, kuaj nws lub caj pas, nug seb puas muaj cov neeg mob hauv tsev. Yog tias txhua tus noj qab nyob zoo, tus kws kho menyuam yaus muab kev xa mus rau kev txhaj tshuaj.
Ua ntej thiab tom qab txhaj tshuaj, koj tsis tuaj yeem pub thiab dej rau tus menyuam li 1 teev. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo dua los ntawm cov menyuam lub cev.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis zoo tom qab IPV
Vim tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tsis ua haujlwm, nws txhais tau tias nws yuav tsis kis tus menyuam mob polio. Tsis zoo li OPV. Muaj tseeb, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawd, kev kis kab mob tuaj yeem tshwm sim tsis tshua muaj. Raws li qhov teeb meem, qee zaum cov menyuam mos yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv zos. Qee tus yuav poob lawv txoj kev qab los noj mov, txo qiskev ua si. Tab sis cov no yog cov kev hloov pauv uas tsis muaj teeb meem uas dhau los ntawm lawv tus kheej.
DTP
Nov yog lwm hom kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis, ib yam li tshuaj tiv thaiv OPV. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm plaub tsab ntawv no yog qhov yooj yim - tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus. DPT yog ua tiav rau cov menyuam yaus txij li 3 lub hlis. Raws nraim tib yam li OPV. Cov tshuaj yog txhaj intramuscularly rau hauv lub xub pwg nyom.
txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis yooj yim
Hauv Russia thiab Ukraine, DPT, tshuaj tiv thaiv OPV feem ntau ua tiav raws li tau npaj tseg. Tsuas yog qhov tshwj xeeb yog cov xwm txheej thaum tus menyuam tau txhaj tshuaj raws li lub sijhawm teem tseg. Cov kws tshaj lij tau sau tseg tias kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio, hnoos hawb pob, tetanus thiab diphtheria pab txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Tus kws kho mob tuaj yeem muab cov lus qhia rau kev txhaj tshuaj nrog ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj no: Pentaxim, Infarix Hexa. Lossis koj tuaj yeem muab cov tshuaj nrog ob hom tshuaj tiv thaiv tib lub sijhawm. Piv txwv li, cov no tuaj yeem yog cov tshuaj xws li Infarix + Imovax.
Txawm tias qhov tseeb tias kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv nyuaj yog qhov zoo heev, txawm li cas los xij, kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm tus kheej vim tias DPT nws tus kheej muaj lub nra hnyav rau lub cev.
ADSM
Qhov no yog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv DPT, tab sis tsis muaj cov kab mob pertussis.
Tseem pom tias tom qab 4 xyoos tus kab mob no tsis muaj neeg tuag. Yog li ntawd, txhua tus niam txiv tuaj yeem txiav txim siab, nrog rau tus kws kho mob, yuav txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv dab tsi rau tus menyuam tom qab 4 xyoos - DPT lossis ADSM.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog siv rau cov neeg laus(kev txhaj tshuaj yog muab txhua 10 xyoo), nrog rau cov menyuam yaus uas muaj contraindications rau DTP. Inoculation ADSM, OPV tuaj yeem ua tiav rau tib lub sijhawm. Qhov kev hloov kho ntawm DPT no yog kev daws teeb meem hauv ampoules rau kev txhaj tshuaj. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog muab intramuscularly. Qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws rau kev txhaj tshuaj yog: ncej puab, xub pwg, qhov chaw hauv qab lub xub pwg hniav. Nws tsis pom zoo kom muab cov tshuaj rau hauv lub pob tw, vim tias cov hlab ntsha sciatic tuaj yeem ua rau mob tom qab tus neeg mob lossis tus neeg sawv cev yuav nkag mus rau cov rog subcutaneous. Kev txhaj tshuaj ADSM, OPV yog ua los ntawm tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb tom qab kuaj xyuas los ntawm kws kho mob. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob diphtheria thiab tetanus tej zaum yuav muaj xws li:
- Ua npaws.
- Kev npau taws, ntxhov siab.
- cuam tshuam kev qab los.
- Teeb meem nrog quav.
Cov lus tsis zoo txog tshuaj tiv thaiv
OPV txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tau txais kev tshuaj xyuas sib xyaw. Qee leej niam xav tias tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, tus menyuam yuav nkag siab rau tus kabmob thiab yuav tuaj yeem khaws tus kabmob no sai sai - polio. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yuav tsis tshwm sim. Yog vim li cas thiaj yuav tsum tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv koj tus kheej thiab koj tus menyuam los ntawm tus kab mob txaus ntshai hu ua polio. Qee leej niam qhuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, lwm tus thuam nws. Cov neeg uas tsis nyiam cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj los ntawm polio nco ntsoov tias muaj qhov tshwm sim los ntawm cov tee dej. Qee cov menyuam yaus pib ua, lawv poob qab los noj mov, teeb meem nrog cov quav pib. Cov tsos mob ntawm qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj OPV. Kub, trembling nyob rau hauv lub cev - qhov no kuj yuav pom nyob rau hauv thawj 2 hnub tom qab txhaj tshuaj. Cov tsos mob no tsuas yogtos, lawv yuav tsum dhau ntawm lawv tus kheej.
Tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov niam uas paub tseeb tias tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv OPV, cov menyuam yaus pib mob nrog tus kab mob ua pa hnyav. Rau qee qhov laj thawj, cov niam txiv tau ntseeg tias nws yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no uas ua rau tus menyuam muaj mob. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev muaj tiag, qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb. Tsis muaj kev txhaj tshuaj, suav nrog kev pab ntawm cov tshuaj polio, tuaj yeem ua rau tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv lub cev. Thiab qhov tseeb tias cov menyuam muaj mob tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov teeb meem ntawm cov niam txiv. Tej zaum leej niam thiab tus menyuam nyob hauv tsev kho mob tau ntev. Lub sijhawm no, thaum tos lawv tig mus txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, tus menyuam tau ntsib nrog lwm tus menyuam mos uas yuav tsis noj qab haus huv. Kab mob thiab kab mob kis tau sai heev hauv tsev, thiab nws yog nyob rau hauv tsev kho mob uas cov tub thiab cov ntxhais feem ntau yuav kis tau. Thiab yog li ntawd tsis muaj qhov tshwm sim, koj yuav tsum npau taws rau koj tus menyuam kom tsis txhob muaj kab mob mus rau nws, tom qab nws tau txais cov tshuaj zoo, uas yog, nws tau txhaj tshuaj. OPV kuj tau tawm tsam los ntawm cov neeg uas tau ntsib teeb meem ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis zoo. Qhov ntawd, lawv hais tias, tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, tus menyuam mob, ntuav pib, cov quav xoob tshwm sim, qhov kub thiab txias tau nce, thiab tus menyuam raug coj mus rau tsev kho mob. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov no tshwm sim, koj yuav tsum siv cov lus qhia hauv qab no.
cov lus qhia tseem ceeb rau niam txiv
Yog tias qee leej niam ntshai tsam lawv tus menyuam mos yuav tsis muaj qhov tshwm sim tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, koj yuav tsum ua raws li cov lus qhia no:
- Nco ntsoov nug txog qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, hnub timnws ntau lawm, cia tej yam kev mob.
- Ib leej niam yuav tsum paub txog kev noj qab haus huv ntawm nws tus menyuam ua ntej txiav txim siab txhaj tshuaj. Yog hais tias tus me nyuam muaj mob los yog mob ib lub lis piam dhau los, ces nws yog txwv tsis pub muab tee rau nws. OPV tsuas yog muab rau tus menyuam noj qab nyob zoo xwb.
- Tom qab txhaj tshuaj, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau muab tshuaj tua kab mob rau koj tus tub lossis tus ntxhais.
- Yog ua tau, tuaj txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tag nrho tsev neeg. Cia txiv thiab menyuam taug kev sab nraum thaum niam tos nws tig. Yog li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev kis tus kab mob hauv tsev kho mob tau txo qis, thiab tus menyuam yuav zam tau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv OPV zoo kawg nkaus.
tawm tswv yim zoo los ntawm tib neeg
OPV txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tau tsuas yog tsis pom zoo rau kev tshuaj xyuas, tab sis kuj ua rau cov neeg thuam. Feem ntau, muaj cov lus teb zoo dua li qhov tsis zoo. Yog li, cov niam txiv uas coj tus menyuam noj qab nyob zoo mus rau hauv tsev kho mob txhawm rau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio nco ntsoov tias cov txheej txheem tsis mob. Tus me nyuam tsis ntshai, tsis quaj, tsis txhawj txog qhov tseeb tias tee dej ntws los rau nws. Thiab cov niam txiv zoo siab, vim hais tias yuav tsis muaj qhov yuav tsum tau lees paub lawv tus tub lossis tus ntxhais. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv OPV tsis yog txhaj tshuaj uas ntau tus menyuam ntshai.
Ntau tus niam txiv ntxiv qhia tias nrog kev saib xyuas menyuam kom raug, yuav tsis muaj kev phiv los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio. Thiab nws yeej muaj tseeb. Feem ntau, cov menyuam yaus zam qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv no zoo.
Tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov yuav tsum muaj rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub tebchaws.
Tus kws kho mob lub tswv yim
Cov kws kho menyuam yaus paub tseeb tias tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob polio zoo dua li kev txhaj tshuaj. Yog li ntawd, cov kws kho mob pheej niaj hnub sim ntxias cov niam txiv tias kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis txaus ntshai. Kev hem thawj rau tus menyuam yog tsim los ntawm cov niam txiv lawv tus kheej, uas, tau nyeem cov ntaub ntawv tsis tseeb hauv cov ntawv xov xwm lossis hnov los ntawm kaum ntawm lawv lub pob ntseg los ntawm cov neeg paub txog kev phom sij ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj, sau ntawv tsis kam txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv lawv cov menyuam. Koj yuav tsum tsis txhob mloog cov dab neeg tsis tseeb, kos cov lus xaus raws li cov ntaub ntawv tsis ntseeg. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tus menyuam, thiab txhua tus kws kho mob yuav qhia koj txog nws. Tib lo lus nug yog thaum twg yuav ua. Yog ib tug tub lossis ntxhais muaj mob, tus kws kho mob yuav ncua qhov kev txhaj tshuaj mus txog tom qab.
Cov kws kho mob ceeb toom: txhawm rau zam qhov tshwm sim tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov niam txiv yuav tsum pab lawv. Yuav ua li cas? Thaum lub sij hawm teem tseg, nco ntsoov tham txog cov teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv: ua kua ntswg, hnoos thiab lwm yam tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob.
Zoo kawg
Polio yog ib yam kab mob txaus ntshai uas tuaj yeem ua rau tuag tes tuag taw. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tus menyuam raws sijhawm kom nws muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob no. Yog li ntawd, kev mus ncig raws sijhawm mus rau tus kws kho menyuam yaus, niam txiv tso cai rau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm peb cov menyuam. Kev txhaj tshuaj OPV yog qhov kev tiv thaiv tseem ceeb rau cov kab mob xws li poliomyelitis. Thiab nws tsim nyog ua rau txhua tus menyuam yaus, raws li kev qhia.
