Yuav kom nkag siab tias qog nqaij hlav epithelial yog dab tsi thiab nws tshwm sim, koj yuav tsum paub seb qhov neoplasm yog dab tsi thiab seb nws puas yog oncology. Nws tseem ceeb heev. Piv txwv li, cov qog ntawm qhov ncauj tuaj yeem ua rau mob hnyav lossis mob hnyav.
Hmoov tsis zoo, niaj hnub no cov neeg mob qog noj ntshav nce zuj zus, thiab kev tuag los ntawm tus kab mob no yog thib peb tom qab kev tuag los ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov hlab plawv thiab cov hlab ntsws. Kwv yees li rau lab tus neeg mob tshiab tau sau npe txhua xyoo. Ntawm cov txiv neej, cov thawj coj yog cov pej xeem uas nyob hauv Fabkis. Thiab ntawm cov poj niam, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev sib deev tsis muaj zog nyob hauv Brazil muaj feem yuav mob ntau dua.
Qhov kev nce hauv qhov tshwm sim tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm kev laus ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, vim cov neeg laus thiab cov laus feem ntau yuav raug kev txom nyem. Raws li kev txheeb cais, txhua tus neeg mob qog noj ntshav thib ob yog ib tus neeg tshaj 60.
mob qog noj ntshav thiab dab tsi yog cov qog ntawm epithelialkeeb kwm? Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm benign thiab malignant neoplasms thiab lawv yog dab tsi?
mob qog noj ntshav yog dab tsi
Lo lus "mob qog noj ntshav" yog siv hauv cov tshuaj raws li cov lus dav dav rau cov kab mob oncological. Nws yog characterized los ntawm uncontrolled cell proliferation. Lawv txoj kev loj hlob hnyav cuam tshuam rau ob qho tib si hauv nruab nrog cev nws tus kheej, los ntawm qhov chaw "tsis ncaj ncees lawm" hlwb los, thiab cov kabmob nyob ze. Tsis tas li ntawd, daim ntawv malignant ntawm qog muaj ib tug nyiam mus metastasize.
Nyob rau hauv cov txiv neej, lub caj pas prostate thiab ntsws feem ntau raug mob, thiab nyob rau hauv cov poj niam, lub cev tsis muaj zog yog lub caj pas mammary, me ntsis tsawg dua lub zes qe menyuam. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov qog nqaij hlav ntawm zes qe menyuam hauv 80-90% ntawm cov neeg mob tshwm sim los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial.
Hloov cov hlwb "tig" rau hauv cov qog nqaij hlav cancer
Lub cev tib neeg yog tsim los ntawm ntau lab lub hlwb, txhua yam tshwm sim, faib thiab tuag ntawm qee kis yog tias lawv noj qab nyob zoo. Tag nrho cov no yog programmed, muaj qhov pib ntawm lub neej voj voog ntawm tes thiab qhov kawg. Thaum lawv zoo li qub, kev faib tawm tshwm sim hauv qhov tsim nyog, cov hlwb tshiab hloov cov qub. Cov txheej txheem tsis mus dhau lub cev thiab cov ntaub so ntswg. Kev tswj hwm lub cev yog lub luag haujlwm rau qhov no.
Tab sis yog tias cov qauv ntawm cov hlwb hloov pauv vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam, ces lawv tsis muaj peev xwm ua rau nws tus kheej puas tsuaj, txwv tsis pub tswj lawv txoj kev loj hlob, loj hlob mus rau hauv cov qog nqaij hlav cancer, thiab pib ntau yam tsis tuaj yeem tswj tau. Ntawd yog, kev loj hlob zuj zus yog yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlwb.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm no yog"hloov hlwb" uas muaj peev xwm ua neej ntev. Lawv thiaj li tsim ib lub qog malignant. Mob qog noj ntshav tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txog ntau lub cev ib zaug. Cov hlwb tsis zoo kis thoob plaws lub cev los ntawm cov lymphatic thiab circulatory systems, kis metastases.
Ua rau mob qog noj ntshav
Qhov ua rau ntawm oncology muaj ntau yam, tab sis cov kws tshaj lij tsis tuaj yeem teb cov lus nug ntawm qhov ua rau mob qog noj ntshav hauv txhua kis. Qee tus ntseeg tias qhov no yog ecology, lwm tus neeg liam nws ntawm cov khoom noj hloov pauv caj ces. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txhua tus kws tshawb fawb txheeb xyuas cov xwm txheej uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes, uas thaum kawg tuaj yeem ua rau mob qog nqaij hlav neoplasm.
Muaj ntau tus lej txaus uas cuam tshuam rau kev tso tawm ntawm carcinogenesis. Dab tsi tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau tus kab mob?
- Tshuaj tua kab mob. Cov pawg no suav nrog cov yas chloride, hlau, yas, asbestos. Lawv peculiarity yog tias lawv muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam DNA hlwb, provoke malignant degeneration.
- Carcinogens ntawm lub cev. Cov no suav nrog ntau hom hluav taws xob. Ultraviolet, X-ray, neutron, proton hluav taws xob.
- Txoj kev lom neeg ntawm carcinogenesis - ntau hom kab mob, xws li Epstein-Barr tus kab mob, uas ua rau Burkitt's lymphoma. Tib neeg papillomavirus tuaj yeem ua rau mob qog noj ntshav. Kab mob siab B thiab C ua rau mob qog noj ntshav.
- Hormonalyam tseem ceeb - tib neeg cov tshuaj hormones, xws li kev sib deev cov tshuaj hormones. Lawv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau malignant degeneration ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg.
- Cov yam ntxwv caj ces kuj cuam tshuam qhov tshwm sim ntawm qog noj ntshav. Yog tias cov txheeb ze yav dhau los muaj tus kab mob no, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim tus kab mob nyob rau tiam tom ntej yog siab dua.
Npe ntawm benign thiab malignant qog
Qhov xaus "ohm" ib txwm muaj nyob hauv lub npe ntawm cov qog, thiab thawj ntu yog lub npe ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. Piv txwv li, cov qog nqaij hlav pob txha yog osteoma, cov qog nqaij hlav adipose yog lipoma, vascular hlav yog angioma, thiab cov qog qog nqaij hlav yog adenoma.
Sarcoma yog ib daim ntawv malignant ntawm mesenchyme. Kev kuaj mob yog nyob ntawm seb cov ntaub so ntswg mesenchymal, xws li osteosarcoma, myosarcoma, angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, thiab lwm yam.
mob qog noj ntshav lossis mob qog noj ntshav yog lub npe ntawm cov qog qog nqaij hlav malignant.
Kev faib tawm ntawm txhua tus neoplasms
Kev faib tawm thoob ntiaj teb ntawm neoplasms yog raws li txoj cai pathogenetic, suav nrog cov qauv morphological, hom cell, cov ntaub so ntswg, kabmob, qhov chaw, nrog rau cov qauv hauv tib neeg lub cev. Piv txwv li, lub cev tshwj xeeb lossis lub cev tsis tshwj xeeb.
Tag nrho cov neoplasms uas twb muaj lawm muab faib ua xya pawg. Cov pab pawg nyob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov qog mus rau ib qho nqaij mos thiab qhov txawv ntawm histogenesis.
- cov qog epithelial yam tsis muaj qhov chaw tshwj xeeb;
- qog ntawm exo- lossis endocrine qog lossis cov ntaub so ntswg tshwj xeeb;
- cov qog nqaij mos;
- qog ntawm melanin-forming ntaub so ntswg;
- qogpaj hlwb thiab paj hlwb;
- hemoblastoma;
- teratomas, dysembryonic qog.
Tshuaj cais ob hom - benign thiab malignant.
Epithelial benign thiab malignant qog
Clinically faib:
- benign cov ntaub ntawv ntawm epithelium lossis epitheliomas;
- malignant, uas hu ua mob qog noj ntshav lossis carcinoma.
Raws li histology (hom epithelium) lawv txawv:
- neoplasm los ntawm integumentary epithelium (stratified squamous thiab kev hloov pauv);
- ntawm glandular epithelium.
Los ntawm lub cev tshwj xeeb:
- qog nqaij hlav hauv lub cev,
- organo-nonspecific (tsis muaj qhov chaw tshwj xeeb).
Benign form
Cov qog nqaij hlav zoo nkauj (epitheliomas) suav nrog:
- Papilloma (los ntawm squamous thiab transitional integumentary epithelium).
- Adenoma (los ntawm glandular epithelium). Hauv daim ntawv malignant, nws yog carcinoma.
Ob hom muaj tsuas yog cov ntaub so ntswg atypia thiab muaj parenchyma thiab stroma. Cov papillomas uas paub zoo yog ib daim ntawv zoo ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav epithelial, uas, dhau los, los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov epithelium integumentary.
Papillomas yog tsim rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij los ntawm squamous lossis transitional epithelium. Tej zaum lawv kuj tsis nyob ntawm qhov chaw, tab sis, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub pharynx, nyob rau hauv lub suab qaum, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub zais zis, ureters thiab lub raum pelvis.los yog lwm qhov.
Outwardly, lawv zoo li papillae, thiab tuaj yeem zoo li cov paj ntoo. Lawv tuaj yeem yog ib leeg, lossis lawv tuaj yeem ua ntau yam. Papilloma feem ntau muaj stalk uas txuas rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Cov ntaub so ntswg atypism tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm lub ntsiab feature ntawm tej epithelium - complexity. Nrog xws li kev ua txhaum cai, kev ua tsis tiav tshwm sim hauv qee qhov kev teeb tsa ntawm cov hlwb thiab lawv cov polarity. Nrog rau qhov benign qog no, expansive cell loj hlob (hauv qab daus membrane) yog khaws cia. Nrog expansive cell loj hlob, lub neoplasm hlob tawm ntawm nws tus kheej, nce loj. Nws tsis cuam tshuam cov ntaub so ntswg uas nyob ib sab, uas yuav ua rau lawv puas tsuaj, xws li kev loj hlob invasive.
Cov kev kawm ntawm papillomas txawv thiab nyob ntawm seb cov ntaub so ntswg puas. Papillomas nyob rau saum npoo ntawm daim tawv nqaij (los yog warts) tsim thiab loj hlob qeeb. Xws li kev tsim, raws li txoj cai, tsis ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb ntau rau lawv cov tswv. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tsos nyob rau hauv lub sab hauv ntawm lub cev, lawv ua rau muaj teeb meem txaus. Piv txwv li, tom qab tshem tawm ntawm papillomas los ntawm lub suab qaum, lawv yuav rov tshwm sim, raws li lawv rov tshwm sim. Benign papillomas ntawm lub zais zis tuaj yeem pib ulcerate, uas tom qab ntawd ua rau los ntshav thiab hematuria (ntshav tshwm hauv cov zis).
Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias papillomatous neoplasms ntawm daim tawv nqaij yog ib hom mob qog nqaij hlav thiab tsis ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb ntau, kev mob qog nqaij hlav rau hauv ib qho malignant tseem ua tau. Qhov no tau yooj yim los ntawm hom HPV thiab predisposing lwm yam. Muaj ntau600 hom kab mob HPV, uas ntau tshaj rau caum tau nce oncogene.
Adenoma kuj hais txog cov qog ntawm epithelial keeb kwm thiab yog tsim los ntawm glandular epithelium. Qhov no yog ib tug paub tab neoplasm. Lub caj pas mammary, thyroid thiab lwm yam yog qhov chaw ua tau rau adenoma dislocation. Nws tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau hauv cov mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub plab, hnyuv, bronchi thiab uterus.
Kev loj hlob ntawm adenoma hlwb, nrog rau hauv papillomas, muaj cov qauv kev loj hlob. Nws yog delimited los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg uas nyob ib sab thiab muaj cov tsos ntawm ib tug knot ntawm mos-elastic sib xws, pinkish-dawb nyob rau hauv cov xim.
Txog hnub tim, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm qhov tsim no tsis nkag siab tag nrho, tab sis feem ntau nws tuaj yeem pom thawj qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj hormones - regulators ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm glandular epithelium.
Thaum muaj cyst nyob rau hauv xws li benign neoplasm, lo lus cysto- lossis cystoadenoma yog siv.
Los ntawm hom morphological, adenomas muab faib ua:
- fibroadenoma - ib qho adenoma uas lub stroma yeej hla lub parenchyma (feem ntau tsim nyob rau hauv lub caj pas mammary);
- alveolar lossis acinar, uas luam cov ntu ntu ntawm cov qog;
- tubular, muaj peev xwm tswj hwm tus cwj pwm ductal ntawm cov txheej txheem epithelial;
- trabecular, uas yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kab qauv;
- adenomatous (glandular) polyp;
- cystic nrog kev nthuav dav ntawm lumen ntawm cov qog thiab tsim cov kab noj hniav (qhov no tsuas yog cystoadenoma);
- Keratoacanthoma hais txog e-cellular qog ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
Feature of adenomayog tias lawv muaj peev xwm degenerate mus rau hauv mob qog noj ntshav, mus rau adenocarcinoma.
malignant form
Hom mob qog noj ntshav no tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev lossis qog nqaij hlav. Cov qog nqaij hlav epithelial tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv txhua lub cev uas muaj cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial. Hom no yog cov feem ntau ntawm cov qog malignant. Nws muaj tag nrho cov khoom ntawm malignancy.
Txhua tus mob neoplasms yog ua ntej los ntawm cov mob ua ntej. Qee lub sij hawm, cov hlwb tau txais cellular atypism, anaplasia pib, thiab lawv pib mus tas li. Thaum xub thawj, cov txheej txheem tsis mus dhau ntawm cov txheej txheem epithelial thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm tes. Nov yog thawj hom mob qog noj ntshav uas cov kws tshaj lij siv lo lus "cancer in situ".
Yog tias mob qog noj ntshav ua ntej tau lees paub lub sijhawm no, nws yuav pab tshem tawm cov teeb meem loj ntxiv. Raws li txoj cai, kev kho mob phais yog ua, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug zoo prognosis yog piav qhia. Qhov teeb meem yog tias tus neeg mob tsis tshua muaj cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob no, thiab qhov mob qog noj ntshav "thawj" no nyuaj rau kuaj pom, vim nws tsis tshwm sim ntawm qib macroscopic.
Ib kab mob malignant los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial raws li histogenesis tuaj yeem muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
- hloov pauv ntawm tes los ntawm integumentary epithelium (squamous thiab transitional);
- basal cell;
- mob qog noj ntshav tsis txawv (cov cell me, polymorphocellular, thiab lwm yam);
- basal cell;
- keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (cov ntawv malignantCov kab mob ntawm cov txheej txheem epithelial feem ntau (txog 95%) sawv cev los ntawm keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma;
- squamous cell nonkeratinizing cancer.
Ib qeb cais yog sib xyaw cov kab mob qog noj ntshav. Lawv muaj ob hom epithelium - tiaj thiab cylindrical. Hom no hu ua "dimorphic cancer".
Cancer originating los ntawm glandular epithelium:
- Colloid thiab nws ntau yam - nplhaib cell carcinoma.
- Adenocarcinoma. Los ntawm txoj kev, lub npe ntawm cov qog no tau muab los ntawm Hippocrates. Nws muab piv rau nws lub ntsej muag.
- Tshuaj mob cancer.
Tsis tas li, cov kws tshaj lij paub qhov txawv cov qog hauv qab no los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial raws li lawv cov yam ntxwv:
- medullary, lossis medulla, mob qog noj ntshav;
- mob qog noj ntshav yooj yim, lossis hais lus phem;
- skirr, lossis mob qog noj ntshav.
Symptoms of cancer
Cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob nyob ntawm seb qhov qog tsim los ntawm qhov twg, nyob rau hauv lub cev, ntawm tus nqi ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob, nrog rau qhov muaj metastases.
Cov paib feem ntau:
- Hloov pauv ntawm daim tawv nqaij hauv qee thaj chaw hauv daim ntawv ntawm qhov o tuaj, uas nyob ib puag ncig ntawm ciam teb ntawm hyperemia. Cov o tuaj yeem pib ulcerate, rwj tshwm sim uas nyuaj kho.
- Hloov lub suab ntawm lub suab, nyuaj rau tus neeg nqos, hnoos tawm tsam, mob hauv siab lossis plab.
- Tus neeg mob yuav poob phaus ntau, nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo, tsis muaj zog, ua npaws tsis tu ncua, ntshav tsis txaus, ua rau lub caj pas mammary thiab cov ntshav tawm ntawm lub txiv mis lossis lub zais zis,nyuaj tso zis.
Tab sis lwm yam tsos mob tuaj yeem tshwm sim.
kuaj mob qog noj ntshav
Koj xav tau sijhawm mus ncig mus rau tus kws tshaj lij txhawm rau kuaj xyuas kom meej thiab sau cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws. Cov kev kuaj mob txhawm rau txheeb xyuas tus kab mob muaj xws li:
- lub cev ntawm kev kawm tus neeg mob;
- xam tomography, MRI (xav tias yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo heev), radiography;
- kuaj ntshav (kev dav dav thiab biochemical), kuaj pom cov qog ntshav hauv cov ntshav;
- puncture, biopsy nrog kuaj morphological;
- Ybronchoscopy, esophagogastroduodenoscopy.
Txhua yam kev ntsuas no yuav pab txhawm rau kuaj tus kabmob thaum ntxov thiab kho tus neeg mob kom zoo.
