Cov qauv, cov tebchaw thiab hom tseem ceeb ntawm hemoglobin

Cov txheej txheem:

Cov qauv, cov tebchaw thiab hom tseem ceeb ntawm hemoglobin
Cov qauv, cov tebchaw thiab hom tseem ceeb ntawm hemoglobin

Video: Cov qauv, cov tebchaw thiab hom tseem ceeb ntawm hemoglobin

Video: Cov qauv, cov tebchaw thiab hom tseem ceeb ntawm hemoglobin
Video: Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm koj mus txhaj koob tshuaj COVID-19 rau zaum ob (Hmong) 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Cov kab mob hauv lub cev ua haujlwm thauj khoom hauv lub cev ntawm txhua tus tsiaj ntshav sov, xa cov as-ham thiab oxygen rau cov ntaub so ntswg. Kev thauj mus los ntawm cov pa oxygen thiab carbon dioxide yog ua tsaug rau cov qe ntshav liab, uas suav nrog cov khoom tseem ceeb - hemoglobin. Hauv kab lus no, peb yuav saib cov hom thiab cov tebchaw ntawm hemoglobin.

YDab tsi yog hemoglobin

Hemoglobin yog ib feem ntawm cov qe ntshav liab uas koom nrog pawg proteins. Nws muaj 96% ntawm cov protein ntawm globin thiab 4% ntawm cov khoom nrog ib tug atom ntawm 2-valent hlau - heme. Hauv 1 lub cell ntawm erythrocyte, nws muaj txog 280 lab molecules, uas tsim cov xim liab ntawm cov ntshav.

hom ntawm hemoglobin
hom ntawm hemoglobin

Cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb ntawm hemoglobin yog lub peev xwm ntawm cov hlau txuas thiab tso tawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide los ntawm lub ntsws mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg thiab carbon dioxide los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg mus rau lub ntsws. Yog li, nws lub luag haujlwm hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib pauv roj hauv lub cev yog irreplaceable.

Cov qauv thiab hom tib neeg cov ntshav hemoglobin

Nyob rau theem sib txawv ntawm tib neeg txoj kev loj hlobCov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm hemoglobin txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm polypeptide chains. Nyob ntawm seb qhov twg polypeptide chains cov qauv hemoglobin muaj, hom hemoglobin hauv tib neeg yog raws li hauv qab no:

  1. Cov neeg laus hemoglobin (HbA) tshwm sim hauv qhov tseem ceeb (kwv yees li 98-99% ntawm tag nrho cov ntshav) hauv cov neeg laus. HbA muaj 2 thiab 2 polypeptide chains. Txhua yam ntawm cov amino acid helices muaj ib tug heme tivthaiv nrog ib tug atom lub luag hauj lwm rau affinity rau cov pa molecule. HbA muaj cov pa oxygen tsawg dua li lwm hom hemoglobin, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws tiv taus ntau dua rau pH thiab t hloov pauv.
  2. Fetal (HbF) yog tsim los ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab hauv plab pib txij li 6-7 lub lis piam ntawm cev xeeb tub, tom qab ntawd nws hloov nrog HbA. Twb tau los ntawm 1 lub hlis ntawm lub neej, kev sib txuas ntawm HbF qeeb qeeb, tag nrho cov ntshav ntim nce, thiab cov synthesis ntawm HbA nce, uas thaum muaj hnub nyoog peb xyoos ntawm tus me nyuam lub neej nce mus txog qhov feem pua ntawm cov ntshav muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tus neeg laus. Fetal hemoglobin txawv ntawm ib tug neeg laus nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm globin chains; es tsis txhob ntawm ib tug saw, muaj ib hom helix ntawm no. HbF, piv rau HbA, tsis tshua muaj kev tiv thaiv rau kev hloov pauv hauv cov ntshav pH thiab hloov pauv hauv lub cev kub.
  3. hom ntshav hemoglobin
    hom ntshav hemoglobin
  4. Embryonic (HbE). Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob ua pa yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub embryo txawm tias ua ntej tsim cov placenta (twb nyob rau hauv thawj lub lim tiam ntawm cev xeeb tub) thiab kav mus txog 6-7 lub lis piam. Tus qauv yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov muaj cov chains thiab ζ-types.

Pathological hom hemoglobin

Nyob rau hauv qee kisgenetic defects tshwm sim txawv txav synthesis ntawm hemoglobin hlwb. Pathological hom ntawm hemoglobin txawv ntawm physiological sawv daws yuav nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm polypeptide bonds, los yog, theej, nyob rau hauv lawv kev hloov.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm DNA hloov pauv, kev sib txuas ntawm erythrocyte Cheebtsam yog nqa tawm tsis yog nrog glutamine, tab sis nrog valine amino acid. Qhov kev hloov "thav duab" no ua rau muaj kev tsim cov qauv ntawm hom 2 protein nrog qhov chaw "nplaum" ntawm qhov chaw uas muaj peev xwm tsim tau cov qauv ntawm nws tus kheej. Yog li, polymerization ntawm HbS molecules tshwm sim thiab, vim li ntawd, sedimentation ntawm hnyav thiab tsis zoo thauj erythrocytes hauv cov hlab ntsha. Qhov kev sib txawv no hu ua "sickle anemia".

pathological hom ntawm hemoglobin
pathological hom ntawm hemoglobin

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm hemoglobin hauv tib neeg

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem ua pa ntawm cov hlab ntsha hauv cov ntshav ntawm tib neeg tuaj yeem txawv nyob ntawm poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog qeb, kev ua neej thiab qee yam, xws li cev xeeb tub.

Cov txiaj ntsig ib txwm muaj ntawm cov ntsiab lus hemoglobin hauv cov ntshav, tsis suav tias yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm pathological:

  • Txiv neej - 130-150 g / L.
  • Women - 120-140 g/l.
  • Nyob rau hauv cov menyuam yaus txog ib xyoos 100-140 g / l, thiab hauv thawj lub hlis cov txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem ncav cuag 220 g / l vim qhov nce siab ntawm hemoglobin hauv fetus. Nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam los ntawm ib xyoos mus rau 6 xyoo - 110-145 g / l, thiab los ntawm 6 xyoo ntawm lub hnub nyoog - 115-150 g / l, tsis hais poj niam txiv neej.
  • Thaum cev xeeb tub, muaj qhov txo qis ntawm HbA mus rau 110 g / l, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis suav tias yog ntshav qab zib.
  • Nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus, cov qauv yog suav tias yog tus qauvtxo los ntawm 5 units los ntawm cov cai tshaj tawm, nyob ntawm tus poj niam txiv neej ntawm tus neeg mob.

Raws li lub hnub nyoog txwv, cov ntshav muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas ib txhij muaj ntau hom hemoglobin, kuj txawv. Yog li, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg laus, lub ntuj piv yog 99% HbA thiab mus txog 1% HbF. Hauv cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua ib xyoos, qhov feem pua ntawm HbF yog qhov siab dua li cov neeg laus, uas tau piav qhia los ntawm kev maj mam tawg ntawm qhov pib ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab hemoglobin.

Physiological Forms

Txij li thaum cov pa ua pa liab pigment txuas ntxiv rau hauv cov txheej txheem pauv roj hauv lub cev, nws cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb yog lub peev xwm tsim cov tebchaw nrog cov molecules ntawm ntau cov pa roj. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, physiological hom hemoglobin raug tsim, uas yog suav tias yog ib txwm.

  • Oxyhemoglobin (Hb) yog ib qho chaw nrog cov pa oxygen molecule. Cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv cov kab mob ua pa, hauv alveoli ntawm lub ntsws. Cov qe ntshav liab Oxygenated stain cov ntshav hauv cov xim liab, uas yog hu ua arterial thiab txav los ntawm lub ntsws mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg, enriching lawv nrog oxygen tsim nyog rau cov txheej txheem oxidative.
  • Deoxyhemoglobin (HbH) - txo hemoglobin tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm thaum cov hlwb liab muab cov pa oxygen rau cov ntaub so ntswg, tab sis tseem tsis tau muaj sijhawm los coj cov pa roj carbon dioxide los ntawm lawv.
  • Carboxyhemoglobin (Hb) yog tsim thaum carbon dioxide raug tshem tawm ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab nqa mus rau lub ntsws, ua tiav cov txheej txheem ntawm tib neeg ua pa. Carboxyhemoglobin muab cov ntshav venous xim tsaus - burgundy.
  • hom thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm hemoglobin
    hom thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm hemoglobin

Pathological kev sib txuas

Erythrocytes tuaj yeem txuas tsis tau tsuas yog cov pa roj rau hauv cov txheej txheem ua pa, tab sis kuj rau lwm tus, tsim cov kab mob ntawm cov hemoglobin uas ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab lub neej. Cov tebchaw no muaj cov decomposition tsawg, yog li ntawd, lawv ua rau oxygen tshaib plab ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab ua txhaum loj ntawm kev ua pa.

  • Carbhemoglobin (HbCO) yog ib qho chaw txaus ntshai heev hauv cov ntshav ntawm tus neeg uas tau nqus cov pa roj carbon monoxide. Blocks lub peev xwm ntawm cov hlwb liab nqa oxygen mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg. Txawm tias me ntsis concentration ntawm carbon monoxide nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntawm 0.07% tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus.
  • hom qauv ntawm hemoglobin
    hom qauv ntawm hemoglobin
  • Methemoglobin (HbMet) yog tsim los ntawm kev lom nrog nitrobenzene tebchaw, piv txwv ntawm cov aliphatic kuab tshuaj ntawm resins, ethers, cellulose, dav siv hauv kev lag luam textile. Nitrates, thaum cuam tshuam nrog hemoglobin, hloov 2-valent hlau muaj nyob rau hauv heme rau 3-valent hlau, uas kuj ua rau hypoxia.

kuaj ntshav hemoglobin

kom pom cov kev xav ntawm cov qauv ua pa globin ua pa hauv tib neeg cov ntshav, cov tshuaj thiab ntau ntawm kev txheeb xyuas ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas. Hemoglobin kuj tseem kuaj xyuas cov hlau ions nws muaj.

hom kev kuaj hemoglobin
hom kev kuaj hemoglobin

Lub ntsiab kom muaj nuj nqis rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm hemoglobin niaj hnub no yog kev tshuaj xyuas xim xim. Nws yog kev kawm txog cov xim saturation ntawm cov khoom siv roj ntsha thaum muaj xim tshwj xeeb ntxiv rau nws.reagent.

Cov txheej txheem zoo suav nrog kev kawm cov ntshav rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov piv ntawm HbA thiab HbF hom hauv nws. Kev soj ntsuam zoo kuj suav nrog kev txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm glycosylated hemoglobin molecules (suav nrog carbons) hauv cov ntshav - txoj kev siv los kuaj ntshav qab zib mellitus.

Kev sib txawv ntawm hemoglobin concentration los ntawm tus qauv

HbA qhov sib npaug tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm ob qho tib si hauv qab thiab siab dua qub. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo. Thaum HbA poob qis dua tus qauv tsim, ib qho kab mob pathological tshwm sim, uas yog hu ua "iron deficiency anemia". Nws yog qhia los ntawm lethargy, poob ntawm lub zog, inattention. Nws cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau lub paj hlwb, nws yog qhov txaus ntshai tshwj xeeb rau menyuam yaus, vim nws feem ntau ua rau muaj kev lag luam hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws.

physiological hom ntawm hemoglobin
physiological hom ntawm hemoglobin

nce hemoglobin tsis yog kab mob sib cais, tab sis yog ib qho mob uas qhia txog ntau yam pathologies, xws li ntshav qab zib, pulmonary insufficiency, kab mob plawv, kab mob raum, ntau dhau ntawm folic acid lossis B vitamins, oncology, thiab lwm yam.

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