Ib qog nqaij hlav qog nqaij hlav yog ib qho txaus ntshai tshaj plaws rau lub neej, uas yog raws li oncological neoplasm uas muaj cov qog nqaij hlav cancer.
Neoplasm no yog ib yam kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm kev tswj tsis tau ntawm tes ntawm qee cov ntaub so ntswg hauv lub cev, thiab cov hlwb no tuaj yeem kis mus rau cov chaw noj qab haus huv nyob ze, nrog rau cov kabmob nyob deb ntawm cov kabmob metastases.
Cov tshuaj uas cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm thiab kho cov kab mob cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim cov qog no hu ua oncology.
Cov qog nqaij hlav malignant, nthuav rau ntau.
Txog hnub tim, kev tshawb fawb tau tsim tias cov qog nqaij hlav qog ncaj qha cuam tshuam nrog cov kab mob caj ces ntawm kev faib cell thiab kev ua raws li lawv lub hom phiaj. Ib txwm, cov hlwb noj qab haus huv tau txais kev hloov pauv thiab hloov pauv, thiab lawv txoj haujlwmkev ua haujlwm tsis zoo heev. Yog tias tib neeg kev tiv thaiv kab mob pom cov txheej txheem no nyob rau lub sijhawm, tus kab mob yuav tsis txuas ntxiv mus, tab sis yog tias qhov no tsis tshwm sim, kev faib tawm ntawm tes tsis muaj zog hloov mus rau ntau yam neoplasms.
Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm qog nqaij hlav thiab mob qog nqaij hlav?
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias kev mob kuj tuaj yeem ua rau cov qog nqaij hlav zoo - lipomas, adenomas, hemangiomas, chondromas, teratomas, thiab lwm yam, uas cuam tshuam rau lwm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab tsis ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau lub neej, txawm li cas los xij, lawv kuj tuaj yeem ua rau mob hnyav. dhau sijhawm.
Lwm yam uas ua rau muaj mob qog noj ntshav yog haus luam yeeb thiab haus cawv, qee cov kab mob, cov khoom noj tsis zoo nrog cov ntsiab lus carcinogens hauv cov zaub mov, thiab hluav taws xob ultraviolet ntau dhau.
Kev kho cov qog, zoo li tshuaj, tseem tsis tau nkag siab tag nrho, thiab cov kev kho mob qog noj ntshav tau txhim kho txhua hnub. Txawm li cas los xij, twb muaj qee cov lus pom zoo uas cov kws kho mob ua raws, xws li kev kuaj mob qog noj ntshav, tom qab ntawd kev kho mob phais, tshuaj thiab hluav taws xob kho tau raug sau tseg. Cov txheej txheem no nyob ntawm qhov degree thiab hom malignancy. Kev pom zoo los ntawm kev kho mob zoo li no kuj yog nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej no. Yog li, puas yog mob qog nqaij hlav cancer lossis tsis yog? Cia peb kawm saib.
Cov qog loj hlob li cas?
Cov lus pom zoo txog kev mob qog noj ntshav, uas ua raws li cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau thoob ntiaj teb, yog kev hloov pauv ntawm kev noj qab haus huvcov hlwb uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm qee yam tsis zoo.
Nws paub tias tib neeg lub cev muaj ntau lub hlwb uas tsim ntau hom ntaub so ntswg, xws li paj hlwb, epithelial, nqaij, txuas. Tag nrho cov hlwb no yog, raws li nws tau, programmed rau qee lub luag haujlwm, uas yog, lawv muaj cov kev pabcuam caj ces rau lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm. Tib lub sijhawm, cov hlwb ntawm ib hom ua ib txoj haujlwm hauv lub cev thiab nyob rau lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb, thaum lwm lub hlwb muaj lub luag haujlwm sib txawv thiab lub sijhawm ua neej.
Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm qog nqaij hlav thiab mob qog nqaij hlav?
Muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neoplasms:
- Tus nqi loj hlob - cov kab mob phem loj hlob sai.
- Metastases - benign qog tsis muaj peev xwm rau txoj haujlwm no.
- Localization of recurrence - benign ones recur hauv zos, malignant recured in different place.
- Tickiness - vim muaj peev xwm ntawm adhesion, hlwb ntawm benign neoplasms tsis kis thoob plaws hauv lub cev.
- Pom ntawm lub xovtooj - lub nucleus ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav cancer loj dua thiab tsaus xim vim muaj ntau ntawm DNA.
- Kev kho mob zoo - mob qog nqaij hlav zoo kho tau yooj yim, tab sis tsis yog mob hnyav.
- Zoo tshwm sim - kev loj hlob tsis zoo feem ntau rov tshwm sim tom qab tshem tawm.
- Systemic teebmeem - benign neoplasms tsis tshua muaj provoke ib tug deterioration nyob rau hauv lub cev tus mob.
- Tus neeg tuag yog 13,000 thiab ntau dua 575,000 tus neeg tuag ib xyoosRaws li muab benign thiab malignant neoplasms.
Stages of cell development
Cell txoj kev loj hlob mus txog theem hauv qab no:
- tsim thiab faib;
- maturing thaum lub ntsiab txhais tshwm sim;
- kev loj hlob, thaum nws pib ua nws txoj haujlwm hauv lub cev;
- kev ua haujlwm - lub sijhawm ua haujlwm puv ntoob raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov txheej txheem caj ces;
- laus;
- tuag.
Txhua theem ntawm lub neej ntawm tes yog tswj hwm los ntawm lub cev, txawm li cas los xij, kev ua haujlwm me me hauv lawv txoj haujlwm tseem tshwm sim. Xws li cov hlwb pib raug puas tsuaj los ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Mob cancer mis yog ib qho tshwm sim heev niaj hnub no.
Raws li qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov xwm txheej tsis zoo, kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm cov hlwb tuaj yeem pib, thiab thaum lub cev tsis muaj zog, nws tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm li qub. Yog li, cov hloov kho hlwb tsis raug thaiv, tab sis tseem muaj nyob thiab sib faib ua ntu zus.
txheej txheem no nrawm heev, thiab lub hlwb tsis ua lawv cov haujlwm qub. Yog tias kev kho mob raws sij hawm lossis tshem tawm cov qog nqaij hlav tsis tau pib, nws tuaj yeem rhuav tshem ntau cov hlwb noj qab haus huv, thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov no hnyav heev, mus txog rau tus neeg mob tuag.
Yog li, qog nqaij hlav yog cov khoom ntawm cov hlwb uas tsis muaj kev tswj hwm.
Kev txhim kho theem
Cov theem ntawm oncological formations yog:
- Hyperplasia - tsim thiab tsub zuj zujcoob tus ntawm atypical hlwb.
- Ib leeg nqaij mos. Nyob rau theem zoo sib xws, qhov kev tsim no yuav tsis tshwm sim, thiab hyperplasia dhau mus rau theem ntawm dysplasia, thiab kev tsim ntawm malignant neoplasm txuas ntxiv mus. Yuav ua li cas lwm theem ntawm cov qog malignant muaj?
- Dysplasia - kho cov hlwb hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab pib ntawm kev tsim cov qog pathological. Cov theem no yog lub sij hawm thaum lub qog hloov los ntawm benign mus rau malignant. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua "malignancy".
- Tus mob Precancerous. Nyob rau theem no, cov qog feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm cov nqaij mos thiab me me. Lub sijhawm no lub cev tseem muaj peev xwm tiv tau nws tus kheej.
- Kev mob qog noj ntshav, thaum mob qog nqaij hlav neoplasm pib loj hlob sai, thiab ntau cov kev mob tshwm sim tshwm sim nyob ib puag ncig nws, metastases tsim.
Cancer statistics
Kev tsim cov qog nqaij hlav feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus, txawm hais tias cov tub ntxhais hluas feem ntau raug rau tus kab mob insidious no. Cov qog nqaij hlav ntau tshaj plaws yog lub ntsws, lub mis, txoj hnyuv, plab thiab daim siab.
Kev tuag nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm malignant formations ranges ntawm 30 mus rau 80%, nyob ntawm seb hom, degree, thiab localization ntawm oncological txheej txheem.
Kev tshwm sim
Lub ntsiab ntawm cov kab mob oncological tsis tau nthuav tawm tag nrho, yog li ntawdqhov ua rau tsim cov qog nqaij hlav hauv lub cev tsis paub meej.
Conventionally, txhua yam uas ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog no tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg tseem ceeb:
- Lub cev - ultraviolet rays, x-rays, hluav taws xob, tus cwj pwm phem.
- Tshuaj - carcinogens, qee qhov kev kho mob.
- Kev lom neeg - keeb kwm, kev tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog, txo qis DNA kho kev ua haujlwm, nrog rau cov kab mob uas rhuav tshem nws cov qauv.
Ib feem ntawm cov kab mob sab hauv yog los ntawm 15 mus rau 30%, 60-90% yog faib rau qhov tsis zoo ib puag ncig uas cuam tshuam rau tus neeg. Puas yog mob qog nqaij hlav cancer lossis tsis yog? Nov yog ib lo lus nug uas nquag nug.
Lub ntsiab ua rau mob qog noj ntshav
Daim npe ntawm feem ntau yam ua rau kev hloov pauv ntawm tes:
- food - 40%;
- smoking - 35%;
- kab mob - 15%;
- vim hluav taws xob tsis zoo - 8%;
- carcinogens – 6%;
- txo qis kev tawm dag zog - 4%;
- cawv - 3%;
- huab cua phem - 1%.
Kev noj cov zaub mov uas muaj calorie ntau ntau, nrog rau cov khoom noj uas muaj carcinogens, zaub mov additives thiab nitrates, yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau ua rau mob qog noj ntshav. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev noj zaub mov tsis txaus ua rau muaj kev rog rog, uas ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog, txo qis tag nrho nws cov haujlwm tiv thaiv uas tsim nyog rau lub neej ib txwm muaj.
Khoom noj khoom haus uas tuaj yeem ua rau mob qog noj ntshavneoplasms yog:
- dyes - E-125, E-121, E123;
- tshuaj tiv thaiv xws li sodium benzoate;
- acidity regulators: E-510, E-527, E-513;
- flavor enhancers - monosodium glutamate;
- benzopyrene.
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev haus luam yeeb thiab mob qog nqaij hlav neoplasms
Kev haus luam yeeb thiab kab mob oncology yog cov lus txhais ncaj qha. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tias ntxiv rau cov nyhuv tshuaj lom, cov pa luam yeeb cuam tshuam rau lub hlwb ntawm lub cev nrog qee cov tshuaj hluav taws xob, txij li cov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tau lees paub qhov tseeb tias ib pob haus luam yeeb tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lub cev nrog hluav taws xob ntawm ib koob ntawm 700. microroentgens. Qhov no yog theem ntawm hluav taws xob muaj kuab paug nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Chernobyl cais tawm. Qhov no yog vim li cas cov poj niam haus luam yeeb feem ntau raug kuaj mob cancer mis.
Symptoms
Cov tsos mob ntawm mob qog noj ntshav feem ntau nyob ntawm nws theem, nrog rau qhov chaw uas cov qog nqaij hlav malignant nyob hauv zos.
Thawj qhov cim qhia ntawm mob qog noj ntshav yog cov pob tsis mob uas feem ntau hloov maj mam. Mob thaum lub sij hawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov txheej txheem oncological thaum pib ntawm tus kab mob yog tsis tuaj, thiab nws pib tshwm nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej theem.
Ntawm cov tsos mob ntawm cov qog, muaj cov hauv zos, dav dav thiab tshwm sim los ntawm metastases.
Cov tsos mob hauv zos:
- nruj lossis o;
- txheej txheem mob;
- xiav;
- Txoj moo zoo kab mob.
Cov tsos mob qog noj ntshav:
- qaug zog, mob hauvthaj chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm lub cev;
- ntshav qab zib;
- tawm hws ntau dhau;
- txo qis kev tiv thaiv;
- kub nce;
- poob qis, poob qab los;
- kev xav tsis txaus ntseeg, chim siab.
Cov qog nqaij hlav ntawm lub ntsws feem ntau nrog cov metastases.
Cov tsos mob ntawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob:
- mob pob qij txha thiab pob txha;
- hnoos, qee zaum ntshav;
- ntau cov qog nqaij hlav;
- daim siab;
- mob taub hau, kiv taub hau, thiab lwm yam.
Kev faib cov qog nqaij hlav malignant
Cov qog nqaij hlav qog nqaij hlav tau muab faib ua ntau yam nyob ntawm hom atypical hlwb uas lawv tsim. Ntawm cov txheej txheem mob qog noj ntshav no paub:
- glioma;
- carcinoma;
- leukemia;
- lymphoma;
- myeloma;
- melanoma;
- sarcoma;
- teratoma;
- choriocarcinoma.
Nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm cov txheej txheem oncological:
- brain cancer;
- ntsws cancer;
- pob txha mob cancer;
- mob qog noj ntshav;
- mob qog noj ntshav mis;
- mob qog noj ntshav pancreatic;
- mob qog noj ntshav prostate;
- mob qog noj ntshav ntawm lub tsev menyuam thiab nws qhov chaw ntawm tus kheej (cervix, fundus, lub cev);
- daim tawv nqaij mob cancer;
- mob qog noj ntshav;
- ntshav qog noj ntshav;
- mob plab;
- mob qog nqaij hlav cancer.
- mob qog noj ntshav;
- mob qog noj ntshav.
theem ntawm cov txheej txheem oncological ntawm qog tsim
Ntawm lawv sawv tawm:
- 1st theem, thaum DNA cov saw hlau puas lawm, thiab cov hlwb pib hloov lawv txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm thiab faib tsis tau. Cov tsos mob ntawm theem no yog qhov tsis tuaj. Kev kho mob qog noj ntshav nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no feem ntau muaj qhov pom zoo.
- 2nd theem, thaum tsim ntawm foci ntawm hloov kho hlwb tshwm sim, uas pib tsim cov qog. Nyob rau theem no, pom o thiab edema tuaj yeem tshwm sim, nrog rau qhov nce hauv lub cev kub.
- 3rd theem ntawm mob qog noj ntshav, thaum cov hlwb atypical, nrog rau cov ntshav ntws, pib tsiv mus rau cov kabmob thiab cov ntaub so ntswg, tsim metastases.
- 4th theem yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws thiab txaus ntshai tshaj plaws thaum qhov kev cia siab ntawm kev rov zoo yog qhov tsis zoo. Nyob rau theem no ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav, metastases tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub cev thiab cov kabmob uas tswj tsis tau. Tus neeg mob muaj kev mob hnyav heev, mob neurological. Feem ntau, tus kab mob no xaus rau kev tuag.
Xav txog cov qog nqaij hlav malignant hauv me nyuam.
Nyob rau me nyuam
Hom mob qog noj ntshav hauv menyuam yaus:
- lymphoma;
- qog nqaij hlav hauv nruab nrab paj hlwb;
- neuroblastoma;
- osteosarcoma;
- nephroblastoma;
- Ewing's sarcoma;
- retinoblastoma;
- rhabdomyosarcoma.
Yuav kuaj mob qog noj ntshav li cas?
Txoj kev kuaj mob
Ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev kho mob qog noj ntshavkab mob yog lawv kuaj. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav cancer nyob rau theem pib ntawm lawv cov tsos mob thiab kev faib tawm txiav txim siab txog qhov zoo ntawm kev kho cov qog. Nws yog qhov kev kuaj mob ntawm tus kab mob no uas txiav txim siab txog kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm cov xwm txheej hauv oncology ntawm ib lub cev.
Ntawm cov kev kuaj mob hauv qhov no txawv:
- kuaj lub cev ntawm tus neeg mob.
- Magnetic resonance imaging.
- Computed tomography.
- Positron emission tomography.
- YUltrasound.
- Nkauj tawm tshiab.
- X-ray.
- Mammography.
- Fibroscopy.
- Lab kuaj.
Kev kuaj mob muaj xws li:
- biopsy;
- histological kuaj ntshav thiab cov ntaub so ntswg;
- kuaj ntshav rau cov qog nqaij hlav;
- fecal tsom xam.
Kev kho mob qog nqaij hlav
Kev kho mob ntawm cov kab mob oncological feem ntau nyob ntawm lawv hom, theem thiab thaj chaw. Tom qab kuaj mob, tus kws kho mob oncologist yuav tsum tau sau ib lossis lwm hom kev kho mob, thiab qhov txiaj ntsig zoo nyob ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm neoplasm thiab muaj cov metastases.
Nyob rau theem pib, kev rov qab tau pom nyob rau hauv feem ntau. Kev tuag ntau heev nyob rau hauv ntau kis ntawm cov qog malignant yog vim tsis saib xyuas ntawm cov txheej txheem oncological. Qhov no tshwm sim, raws li txoj cai, rau ob qho laj thawj tseem ceeb - tsis muaj sijhawm kuaj xyuas lossis siv lwm txoj hauv kev kho cov qog. kom zoo dua hauvNyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws tseem nyob nrog nom tshuaj, uas muaj txaus niaj hnub txhais tau tias ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua cov kab mob.
Basic Therapies
- Kev tshem tawm cov qog nqaij hlav malignant. Cov tswv yim no koom nrog kev tshem tawm lub cev ntawm thaj chaw ntawm kev sib sau ntawm cov hlwb atypical, nrog rau cov ntaub so ntswg nyob ze. Piv txwv li, nrog cov qog ntawm cov qog mammary, raws li txoj cai, tag nrho lub mis raug tshem tawm. Cov cuab yeej siv ntawm no yog cov pa scalpels, ultrasonic scalpels, riam radiofrequency, laser scalpels, thiab lwm yam. Hauv cov chaw kho mob txawv teb chaws, nyob, piv txwv li, hauv cov neeg Ixayees thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees, cov cuab yeej niaj hnub siv. Lub sij hawm kho mob tom qab tshem tawm cov qog nqaij hlav yog yooj yim dua.
- Tshuaj kho mob. Lub ntsiab ntawm txoj kev no yog siv cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb uas cuam tshuam rau cov qog nqaij hlav cancer. Txoj kev no kuj ua tau lwm yam haujlwm - ntes DNA duplication, tiv thaiv kev faib cell, thiab lwm yam. Tab sis txoj kev no kuj muaj qee qhov tsis zoo, uas yog cov kev mob tshwm sim hnyav, thaum, ntxiv rau cov hlwb tsis zoo, cov hlwb noj qab haus huv tiag tiag raug rhuav tshem.
- Radiotherapy. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev no nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias lub cev yog irradiated nrog gamma hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ntau yam hais raws li xws li ib tug "tshuaj" - neutrons, photons, protons, electrons, thiab lwm yam. Qhov kev xaiv ntawm xws li hais yog txiav txim los ntawm oncologist raws li kev kuaj mob. Cov hlwb noj qab haus huv raug kev txom nyem tsawg dua thaum siv txoj kev no.
- YCryotherapy -siv cov kub txias heev tiv thaiv cov qog nqaij hlav cancer. Cov qog nqaij hlav malignant yog khov nrog kua nitrogen, vim tias cov qauv ntawm cov hlwb atypical cuam tshuam.
- Photodynamic kho, thaum cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb raug txhaj ncaj qha rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov qog, uas, thaum raug lub teeb flux, pib rhuav tshem cov hlwb ntawm malignant neoplasm.
- Immunotherapy. Raws li txoj cai, kev tiv thaiv tib neeg yog ib hom "cov ntaub thaiv npog" los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam tsis zoo - kab mob, thiab lwm yam, uas muaj peev xwm tiv taus nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb yam tsis muaj kev pab sab nraud. Lwm qhov yog thaum lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis muaj zog. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev kho oncology no yog txhawm rau txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab txhawb nws txoj haujlwm ntau li ntau tau. Ua tsaug rau cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb, lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob pib ntawm nws tus kheej tawm tsam cov kab mob malignant thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ib puag ncig. Qee cov tshuaj yog William Coley Vaccine thiab Interferon.
- Cov tshuaj Hormonal uas ua raws li kev kho mob rau cov qog nqaij hlav oncological, yog li nws tsuas yog siv los ua ib qho cuab yeej ntxiv hauv kev siv cov kev kho tseem ceeb. Lub ntsiab ntawm txoj kev no yog kev siv ntau yam tshuaj hormones tiv thaiv oncological hlwb, piv txwv li: estrogen - rau kev kho mob ntawm prostate cancer; glucocorticoids - kho lymphoma, thiab lwm yam.
Ntau zaus, cov kws kho mob siv tag nrho cov txheej txheem saum toj no txhawm rau ua tiav qhov zoo tshaj plawsresult.
txoj kev ntxiv
Ua ib qho ntxiv rau kev kho mob qog nqaij hlav malignant thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob oncological, raws li txoj cai, cov tshuaj tau siv los txo qhov mob. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv ntau hom tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab thiab tshuaj sedatives los tawm tsam kev nyuaj siab thiab kab mob ntawm kev ntshai thiab kev ntshai uas nrog cov neeg mob qog noj ntshav.
