Koj yuav tsum paub hom ntshav twg!
ntshav system antigens
Cov qauv antigenic ntawm tib neeg lub cev yog qhov nyuaj heev. Tsuas yog hauv cov ntshav, kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no tau tshawb pom txog tsib puas antigens, ua ke rau hauv 40 antigenic systems: MNSs, AB0, Kell, Duffi, Luteran, Lewis thiab lwm yam.
Txhua tus antigens ntawm cov kab ke no yog cov noob caj noob ces thiab tau txais los ntawm cov noob caj noob ces. Rau kev yooj yim, lawv txhua tus muab faib ua plasma thiab cellular. Rau hematology thiab transfusiology, nws yog cellular antigens (erythro-, thrombo- thiab leukocyte) uas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, vim lawv yog immunogenic (lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob), thiab yog li ntawd, thaum transfusing ntshav uas yog incompatible nrog kev hwm. cellular antigens, muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim hematogenous shock lossis DIC nrog rau qhov tshwm sim tuag. Cov ntshav antigens muaj ob qhov tseem ceeb: kev txiav txim siab antigenic, uas txiav txim siab immunogenicity, thiab hapten, uas "hnyav" antigen thiab txiav txim siab kev ua haujlwm serological.
Nkauj tawm tshiabyog qhov tshwj xeeb heev rau txhua tus antigen, thiab yog li ntawd nws txawv ntawm ib leeg. Yog li, hauv AB0 system, antigen 0 yog qhov txawv ntawm fucose, antigen A los ntawm N-phcetylglucosamine, thiab antigen B los ntawm galactose. Cov kev txiav txim siab no tau koom nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thaum lub sijhawm txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Cov antigens no raug coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum lub sij hawm hloov ntshav, nrog rau thaum xam qhov ua tau qub txeeg qub teg ntawm ib pawg ntshav.
AB0 system thiab nws cov qub txeeg qub teg
Rov qab xyoo 1901, cov tshuaj muaj peev xwm ua kom cov qe ntshav liab ua ke tau pom hauv tib neeg cov ntshav, uas hu ua agglutinins (plasma agglutination factor - α thiab β) thiab agglutinogens (erythrocyte bonding factors - A thiab B).
Raws li cov txheej txheem no, cov kws tshawb fawb J. Jansky thiab K. Landsteiner tau faib txhua tus neeg rau hauv 4 pawg, lawv kuj suav cov txiaj ntsig ntawm pawg ntshav hauv tib neeg. Yog li, cov neeg uas tsis muaj agglutinogens hauv lawv cov ntshav muaj ntshav pab pawg I, tab sis cov ntshav muaj ob qho tib si agglutinins. Lawv cov ntshav raug xaiv αβ lossis 0. Cov neeg muaj ntshav hom II muaj agglutinogen A thiab agglutinin β (Aβ lossis A0), cov neeg muaj pawg III, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, muaj agglutinogen B thiab agglutinin α (Bα lossis B0), thiab ntshav hom IV. yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov muaj erythrocytes ntawm ob qho tib si agglutinogens A thiab B (AB), thaum agglutinins tsis tuaj. Lawv raug txiav txim los ntawm ib txoj kev sim yooj yim siv cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb sera. Txij li thaum ob qho tib si agglutinogens yog cov tseem ceeb, qhov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm ib qho ntawm cov antigens, i.e. kev ua qub txeeg qub teg ntawm pawg ntshav tau sib npaug. Hom ntshav ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab tuaj yeem xav tau los ntawmnrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm 100, 50 lossis 25% nrog kev sib txawv ntawm cov ntshav ntawm cov niam txiv. Yog li, paub txog lawv cov antigens, qhov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm hom ntshav ntawm cov menyuam yaus tuaj yeem taug qab raws li cov lus hauv qab no.
| hom ntshav | Txiv | |||||
| Niam txiv | I(00) | II(A0) | II(AA) | III(B0) | III(BB) | IV(AB) |
| I(00) | 00 - 100% | 00 - 50%A0 - 50% | A0 - 100% | 00 - 50%B0 - 50% | B0 - 100% | A0 - 50%B0 - 50% |
| II(A0) | 00 - 50%A0 - 50% |
00 - 25% A0 - 50%AA - 25% |
AA - 50%A0 - 50% |
00 - 25% A0 - 25% B0 - 25%AB - 25% |
AB - 50%B0 - 50% |
AA - 25% A0 - 25% B0 - 25%AB - 25% |
| II(AA) | A0 - 100% | AA - 50%A0 - 50% | AA - 100% | AB - 50%A0 - 50% | AB - 100% | AA - 50%AB - 50% |
| III(B0) | 00 - 50%B0 - 50% |
00 - 25% A0 - 25% B0 - 25%AB - 25% |
AB - 50%A0 - 50% |
00 - 25% B0 - 50%BB - 25% |
BB - 50%B0 - 50% |
A0 - 25% B0 - 25% BB - 25%AB - 25% |
| III(BB) | B0 - 100% | AB - 50%B0 - 50% | AB - 100% | BB - 50%B0 - 50% | BB - 100% | AB - 50%BB - 50% |
| IV(AB) | A0 -50%B0 - 50% |
AA - 25% A0 - 25% B0 - 25%AB - 25% |
AA - 50%AB - 50% |
A0 - 25% B0 - 25% BB - 25%AB - 25% |
AB - 50%BB - 50% |
AA - 25% BB - 25%AB - 50% |
Tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb tsawg yog qhov kev paub txog Rh yam tseem ceeb, vim nws kuj tseem ceeb rau kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov ntshav thaum lub sijhawm hloov pauv. Yog li, cov ntshav Rh-positive (Rh +) tuaj yeem hloov mus rau tus neeg mob nrog Rh-negative (Rh-) cov ntshav ib zaug hauv lub neej thiab ua qhov kawg, txij li thawj qhov kev txhaj tshuaj yuav tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Rh uas tau qhib thaum lub sijhawm thib ob. ntshav ntshav (thiab tus neeg txais kev pheej hmoo tuag los ntawm kev poob siab). Tib yam siv rau Rh-kev tsis sib haum xeeb thaum tus menyuam mos yug los nrog Rh-positive cov ntshav hauv Rh + niam thiab Rh- txiv, yog li nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los xam cov txiaj ntsig ntawm hom ntshav ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab.
