Hnub no, kwv yees li ib feem peb ntawm cov neeg laus haus luam yeeb, feem ntau yog txiv neej. Hauv qee lub zej zog, kev haus luam yeeb yog ib qho kev cai tseem ceeb, thaum rau lwm tus nws tsuas yog pab daws kev ntxhov siab thiab qaug zog. Cov pa luam yeeb muaj cov tshuaj psychoactive uas ua rau mob me me. Tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb fawb kuj tau taw qhia qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus cwj pwm zoo li no thiab qee yam kab mob loj.
Kev haus luam yeeb hauv ntiaj teb thaum ub
Keeb kwm ntawm kev haus luam yeeb muaj ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo. Txog rau thaum xyoo pua kaum, cov nroj tsuag loj hlob tsuas yog hauv South thiab North America. Thawj cov duab ntawm luam yeeb tau pom nyob rau hauv cov tuam tsev thaum ub. Cov kev tshawb pom ntawm archaeologists hnub rov qab mus rau txhiab xyoo BC. Nyob rau hauv lub ancient ntiaj teb no, cov nroj tsuag tau siv los ntawm shamans thiab cov kws kho mob hauv zos. Kev haus luam yeeb tau suav nrog cov khoom siv tshuaj, thiab cov nplooj tau siv los ua tshuaj tua kab mob.
Kev siv cov nroj tsuag tau suav nrog hauv kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kev vam meej thaum ub. Cov neeg Ancient uas nyob hauv cheeb tsamCentral Americans ntseeg hais tias qhov nqus pa pa tso cai rau koj mus sib txuas lus nrog cov vajtswv thiab cov txheeb ze uas tau ncaim mus. Lub sijhawm no, ob txoj kev haus luam yeeb tau tshwm sim: cov kav dej tau nrov hauv North America, thiab kev haus luam yeeb los ntawm cov nplooj tag nrho tau nthuav dav hauv South America.
Amazing find
Ntawm qhov tseeb: Fabkis paleobotanist Michel Lescaut thiab xib fwb Pari xyoo 1976 nrhiav pom cov nplooj ntawm cov luam yeeb hauv lub plab ntawm Ramesses II thiab cov kab laum luam yeeb hauv cov ntaub qhwv. Nws tau pom tseeb tias tom qab tshem tawm cov kabmob, tus kav cov hnyuv tau hloov nrog cov tshuaj ntsuab sib xyaw, uas suav nrog cov nplooj ntawm cov luam yeeb.
Cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau tsis pom zoo nrog qhov kev piav qhia ntawm cov kev tshawb pom no raws li kev lees paub ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Tshiab thiab Qub hauv lub sijhawm ua ntej Columbian. Tab sis nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm cov tsos ntawm luam yeeb nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe thiab Africa, tshiab conjectures tau tshwm sim. Muaj ib qho version uas cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem tuaj rau Egyptian huab tais los ntawm Pacific Islands nyob ze Australia.
Yuav ua li cas luam yeeb tuaj rau Europe
Keeb kwm ntawm luam yeeb hauv Ntiaj Teb Qub yog qhov tsis sib haum xeeb. Muaj pov thawj tias thawj cov neeg European uas sim haus luam yeeb nplooj tsis txaus siab rau lawv thiab pov tseg lub txiaj ntsim ntawm cov neeg ib txwm muaj. Christopher Columbus nws tus kheej, tej zaum, tsis txaus siab rau cov nroj tsuag, tab sis lwm tus tswv cuab ntawm kev ntoj ke mus kawm tau pom qhov kev ua yeeb yam haus luam yeeb ntawm cov nplooj twisted, uas cov neeg hauv zos hu ua luam yeeb lossis luam yeeb.
Tom qab rov qab mus rau lawv lub tebchaws, Cov Neeg Tshawb Fawb tau liam cov neeg haus luam yeebkev sib txuas nrog mystical rog. Tab sis cov noob thiab nplooj txuas ntxiv mus rau Tebchaws Europe. Keeb kwm ntawm kev haus luam yeeb hauv lub Ntiaj Teb Qub yog tsim los ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb. Yog li ntawd, tus kws tshaj lij Fab Kis hauv Lisbon, Jean Nicot, tau xa luam yeeb rau Medici Poj huab tais xyoo 1561. Cov nroj tsuag tau suav tias yog ib qho tshuaj zoo thiab nyab xeeb rau migraines.
Tobacco promotion
Keeb kwm ntawm kev haus luam yeeb hauv ntiaj teb txij li thaum pib txhim kho sai. Kev haus luam yeeb tau suav tias yog panacea rau ntau yam kab mob. Cov qhuav qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag tsis tau tsuas yog sniffed thiab smoked, tab sis kuj chewed. Tus twb tau hais tias Jean Nicot muaj ib txhais tes hauv kev nyiam haus luam yeeb. Los ntawm txoj kev, lub generic scientific lub npe tau muab rau cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus Fabkis Ambassador nyob rau hauv Lisbon.
Twb ib puas xyoo tom qab nrhiav pom lub teb chaws tshiab, cov nroj tsuag tau loj hlob hauv Ltalis, England, Ltalis, Belgium, Switzerland. Kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo tau nthuav dav sai. Cov luam yeeb nkag mus rau hauv Siberia thiab lwm thaj chaw ntawm Asia. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo, cov neeg haus luam yeeb hnyav, cov neeg sawv cev, cov neeg tsav nkoj Askiv thiab tus kws sau paj huam Sir W alter Reilly tau teeb tsa ntau qhov chaw cog qoob loo. Cov aristocrat hu ua ib tug ntawm lawv Virginia, uas muab lub npe rau ib qho ntawm feem nrov ntau yam ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
Thawj kev tawm tsam kev haus luam yeeb
Cov kiv cua haus luam yeeb txuas ntxiv raug thuam los ntawm pawg ntseeg. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, kev tawm tsam kev haus luam yeeb hauv Tebchaws Europe tau nce ntxiv, thiab cov kws kho mob pib kawm txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev haus luam yeeb rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Piv txwv li, tus kws kho mob hauv tsev hais plaub ntawm King Louis XIV, kws kho mob Fagon, hu ua kev haus luam yeeb Pandora lub thawv, fraught nrog cov kab mob uas tsis paub yav dhau los.
Vajntxwv teb hais tias,tias nws tsis tuaj yeem txwv tsis pub haus luam yeeb, vim qhov no lub xeev cov nyiaj txiag yuav poob cov nyiaj tau los tseem ceeb uas nws tau txais los ntawm kev ua lag luam. Cov keeb kwm ntawm kev haus luam yeeb tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo ua rau poob rau hauv oblivion. Ib qho kev sim los ntawm huab tais txwv tsis pub coj mus muag thiab cog qoob loo ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv txhua txoj kev ua rau muaj kev vam meej ntawm kev smuggling.
Nees nkaum rau lub xeev ntawm Asmeskas xyoo 1890 tau txiav txim siab txwv kev muag luam yeeb rau cov menyuam yaus. Hauv New York xyoo 1908, cov poj niam raug txwv tsis pub haus luam yeeb hauv cov chaw pej xeem, tab sis cov neeg ua txhaum cai tam sim ntawd tau tshwm sim uas tau pib tawm tsam rau lawv txoj cai. Txij thaum ntawd los, keeb kwm luam yeeb tau cuam tshuam nrog poj niam txoj kev ywj pheej.
Kev haus luam yeeb thaum tsov rog ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum
Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, nws tau los ua ib feem ntawm lub neej niaj hnub ntawm cov tub rog. Kev haus luam yeeb tau pom zoo rau kev haus luam yeeb kom txo tau lub paj hlwb thiab so kom txaus. Cov nroj tsuag "dhau" thiab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Tom qab ntawd Franklin Roosevelt, Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab yog ib lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov xwm txheej hauv ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, txawm hais tias haus luam yeeb yog ib yam khoom lag luam thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog.
Lub sijhawm tom qab tsov rog pom lub hnub nyoog kub ntawm kev lag luam luam yeeb. Nyob rau hauv lub lig forties thiab fifties thaum ntxov, luam yeeb los ua ib tug tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm cov duab ntawm ntau heroes, zaj duab xis hnub qub thiab cov cim poj niam txiv neej. Nyob rau hauv lub fifties, thawj scientific kev tshaj tawm txog kev txaus ntshai ntawm cov nroj tsuag tau tshwm sim, thiab cov tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws tau pib tsim cov luam yeeb thawj zaug.
Nyob rau xyoo caum, cov lus ceeb toom txog kev phom sij ntawm kev haus luam yeeb tau pib siv rau cov pob khoom thawj zaug, thiab ob xyoos tom qabxyoo caum pib muaj kev tawm tsam thoob ntiaj teb rau kev haus luam yeeb. Cov se hauv Western Europe thiab Tebchaws Meskas tau nce 85%. Thaum lub sij hawm tig ntawm lub xyoo pua, kev hais plaub los ua lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam luam yeeb xov xwm.
History ntawm luam yeeb hauv Russia
Nyob rau hauv Russia, cov nroj tsuag tshwm nyob rau hauv Ivan lub txaus ntshai. Cov luam yeeb tau coj los ntawm cov tub lag luam Askiv, nws tau nkag mus rau hauv lub hnab nqa khoom ntawm cov neeg cuam tshuam, ntiav cov tub ceev xwm thiab Cossacks thaum muaj kev kub ntxhov. Kev haus luam yeeb tau poob siab rau lub sijhawm ntev, tab sis rau lub sijhawm luv luv tau txais kev nyiam nyob hauv zej zog siab, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg txawv teb chaws.
Nyob rau hauv Mikhail Romanov, tus cwj pwm ntawm kev haus luam yeeb tau hloov pauv ntau. Kev haus luam yeeb tau raug txwv tsis pub, thiab cov kev txwv tsis pub kuaj pom tau pib hlawv tag nrho. Cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov tub lag luam tau raug nplua nyiaj ntau thiab rau txim rau lub cev. Tom qab qhov hluav taws kub loj hauv Moscow uas tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1634, tau tshaj tawm tsab cai lij choj txwv tsis pub haus luam yeeb nyob rau hauv kev hem thawj ntawm kev tuag. Hauv kev xyaum, qhov kev tua raug hloov los ntawm "txiav" ntawm lub qhov ntswg.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws
Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich hauv 1646 xav coj kev muag luam yeeb mus rau hauv kev ua lag luam, tab sis tus yawg koob yawg koob Nikon tsis ntev los no tau rov hais dua cov kev ntsuas nruj tiv thaiv "kev liam txim". Txhua tus neeg haus luam yeeb raug rau txim rau lub cev hnyav.
keeb kwm ntawm kev haus luam yeeb hauv tebchaws Russia tau poob qis rau ib ntus, tab sis tsis ntev, tus kws hloov kho tsar Peter kuv tau tso cai muag thiab tsim cov cai rau kev faib cov pa luam yeeb sib tov. Cov pa luam yeeb, raws li tsab cai lij choj ntawm 1697, tau tso cai kom nqus tau thiab nqus tau los ntawm cov kav dej xwb.
In 1705 ib qho tshiabtsab cai. Kev muag luam yeeb tau tso cai los ntawm cov neeg hnia, cov neeg raug xaiv tsa, thiab cov neeg tawg rog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ob lub chaw tsim khoom tau tsim: hauv Akhtyrka (niaj hnub Ukraine) thiab St. Kev haus luam yeeb tau dhau los ua thoob plaws hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum yim. Tsis muaj kev sib txoos lossis kev ua koob tsheej ua tiav yam tsis muaj kev haus luam yeeb.
Tobacco nyob rau hauv Empress Catherine
Thaum lub sijhawm kav Catherine, Lavxias teb sab kev lag luam vam meej, uas tau ua tiav zoo rau kev lag luam luam yeeb. Ib qho kev tshwm sim tseem ceeb tau tshwm sim hauv keeb kwm ntawm luam yeeb hauv Russia: kev muag khoom dawb tau tso cai los ntawm tsab cai tshwj xeeb ntawm Empress, uas hnub rov qab mus rau 1762.
Thawj qhov kev cob qhia luam yeeb hauv Tsarist Petersburg tau teeb tsa los ntawm cov neeg txawv tebchaws. Cov khoom ntim tau me me. Los ntawm 1812, tus naj npawb ntawm kev cob qhia loj tau nce mus rau rau, txhua tus ntawm lawv tau ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv raw uas tau coj los ntawm txawv teb chaws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, snuff tau nrov. Ntau tus aristocrats nyiam tsis haus luam yeeb sib tov, tab sis snuff coj los ntawm Fabkis los yog lub teb chaws Yelemees. Cov luam yeeb hauv zos sai sai tau nthuav dav. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Russia hu ua shag.
Qhov muag luam yeeb
Txog txog thaum xyoo pua kaum cuaj, kev haus luam yeeb tsis zoo nyob rau hauv qhov chaw rau snuff. Tab sis thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Alexander kuv, cov yeeb nkab thiab luam yeeb pib hloov lub snuffbox. Lub kiv puag ncig tiag tiag tshwm sim thaum luam yeeb tshwm sim. Thawj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog luam yeeb yog pom nyob rau hauv tsab cai lij choj ntawm Lavxias Ministry of Finance hnub tim 1844. Tom qab ntawd cov luam yeeb tau tsim los ntawm ntau lub chaw ua haujlwm.
Thawj loj monopoly
Nyob rau xyoo 1914, lub koom haum St. Petersburg tau tshwm sim, uas suav nrog kaum peb lub chaw tsim khoom thiab tsim ntau tshaj li ib nrab (56%) ntawm cov khoom luam yeeb hauv Russia. Txog thaum xyoo pua nees nkaum, kev luam yeeb luam yeeb tau dhau los ua ib qho kev lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws.
Cov luam yeeb tawg tau tshwm sim thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, tab sis tom qab ntawd cov chaw luam yeeb tau raug suav teb, thiab cov khoom ntim tau txo qis. Nrog rau qhov pib ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, cov chaw tsim khoom tau khiav tawm mus rau sab hnub tuaj, thiab hauv tsib caug xyoo rov qab los ntawm lub hauv paus siab. Tab sis twb nyob rau hauv lub eighties, luam yeeb ntau lawm txoj hmoo ntawm tag nrho cov domestic kev lag luam: ib co factories mus poob lawm, lwm tus neeg raug privatized, kev sib tw hnyav tshwm sim.
Hnub no, cov lag luam loj hauv tsev ua haujlwm ib txhij nrog ntau yam khoom siv tes ua. Cov neeg siv khoom niaj hnub xaiv cov khoom lag luam zoo tshaj plaws, uas yog tsim los ntawm tag nrho raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis, yog li cov chaw tsim khoom me me tsis tu ncua.
