Raws li los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, cov kws tshawb fawb tau pib sau cov kev paub txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pro- thiab eukaryotic hlwb, thiab maj mam cais ib lub nceeg vaj ntawm cov kab mob, koom ua ke los ntawm qhov tsis muaj kev sib txawv ntawm tes, - Protista. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kab mob dab tsi yog, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd lawv tsuas yog yuav tsum tau kawm: tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo pua 20th. qhov kev paub no tau ua tiav lawm.
Cov kab mob nyob hauv txhua qhov chaw uas cov organic tuaj yeem sib sau. Lawv zam qhov kub thiab txias, salinity thiab acidity. Yog li, lub nceeg vaj ntawm cov kab mob nyob tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig, qhov chaw uas lawv decompose organic teeb meem rau lawv lub neej kev ua si, tab sis kuj densely populates ntau mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg, pab zom zaub mov thiab sib tw nrog pathogenic microorganisms. Lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv nitrogen metabolism yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo, txij li tsuas yog cyanobacteria muaj peev xwm ua rau atmospheric nitrogen. Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov kab mob yog cov kab mob ua rau muaj kab mob: plague, anaerobic thiab plab hnyuv kab mob, syphilis, cholera thiab anthrax.
Morphology
Cov kab mob ultrastructure tsuas tuaj yeem pom nrog lub tshuab ntsuas hluav taws xob, tab sis cov kab mob dab tsi yog thiab lawv saib sab nraud tuaj yeem pom nrog rau kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob uas siv cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb staining. Qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm cov kab mob no txawv ntawm 0.1 txog 10 microns, tab sis cov kab mob morphology tso cai rau peb faib lawv ua 3 pawg loj: spherical - cocci (mono-, diplo-, tetra-, streptococci thiab sarcines), rod-shaped - bacilli. (mono-, diplo-, strepto-) thiab convoluted - vibrios, spirilla thiab spirochetes. Nyob rau hauv lub chaw kuaj mob, los txiav txim seb hom thiab enzymatic zog, lawv yog zus nyob rau hauv tej yam yooj yim los yog tshwj xeeb nutrient xov xwm los ntawm kev tsim colonies, thiab nyob rau hauv txawv xov xwm lawv muaj ib tug txawv kev loj hlob qauv.
Kev tsim kho
Feem ntau, cov kab mob dab tsi yog txiav txim siab los ntawm lawv cov txheej txheem ultrastructure. Sab nraud, cov kab mob tiv thaiv los ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm tes uas muaj cov txheej txheem ntawm peptidoglycan, lipids, thiab teichoic acids. Cov concentration ntawm yav dhau los txiav txim siab lub peev xwm ntawm cov kab mob stains raws li txoj kev Gram hauv smear, raws li lawv tau faib ua Gr + thiab Gr-. Qee tus ntawm lawv muaj cov qauv kev tiv thaiv ntxiv - cov tshuaj ntsiav uas muaj K-antigen thiab tiv thaiv lawv cov phagocytosis hauv cov kab mob macroorganism, kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj lom thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab. Txhawm rau kawm paub ntau ntxiv txog cov kab mob dab tsi, koj yuav tsum kawm lawv cov qauv hauv lub cev: cov kab mob muaj cov kab mob cytoplasm, uas lwm cov kab mob (ribosomes, chromatophores) thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus (lipids, qab zib) yog yaj. Lawv zoo lithiab tag nrho cov prokaryotes tsis muaj ib tug formalized nucleus, thiab tag nrho cov genetic ntaub ntawv khaws cia nyob rau hauv ib tug ob-stranded nucleic acid molecule nyob rau hauv lub nucleoid cheeb tsam thiab tsau rau daim nyias nyias ntawm ib tug taw tes. Sab nraud ntawm nws, cov ntaub ntawv caj ces muaj nyob rau hauv plasmids uas tuaj yeem txiav txim siab txog kev txhim kho cov kab mob thiab cov yam ntxwv. Rau kev txav mus los, lawv siv flagella thiab spirilla, tsau rau hauv lub cell los ntawm lub cev basal, thiab lawv cov kev tsim tawm tshwm sim los ntawm kev faib ua ob.
