Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid yog cov kua qaub ntuj uas muaj ob pawg, carboxylic thiab hydroxyl. Organic teeb meem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg CNS. Nws cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib kis ntawm cov hlab ntsha impulse - txwv lawv. Hydroxy acid yog siv rau hauv cov tshuaj, tab sis nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws nws yog txwv tsis pub los ntawm txoj cai.
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid piav qhia
GHB yog ib yam khoom ntuj tsim nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub hlwb, structurally nws muaj feem xyuam rau lub cev ketone. Nws muaj nyob hauv tib neeg CNS. Cov kua qaub yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib nrab kua cov ntsiab lus ntawm paj hlwb, thiab thaum lub sij hawm lub paj hlwb impulse nws tso tawm mus rau hauv nruab nrab ib feem ntawm lub synapse. Cov tshuaj no kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv caw liab, nqaij nyuj, citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
Cov mis ntawm gamma-hydroxybutyric acid yog C₄H₈O₃. Cov tshuaj, qhov tseeb, yog cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm sodium (126 g / mol) thiab poov tshuaj (142.19 g / mol) ntsev. Hais txog lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg, nws yog cov kua uas tsis muaj xim thiab tsw ntxhiab.
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid muaj ob peb lwm lub npe:Hydroxybtonic acid, γ-hydroxybutyric acid, γ-hydroxybutyrate. Cov tshuaj yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj raws li ib tug tshuaj loog thiab sedative.
History of the chemical synthesis of GHB
Cov qauv tsim qauv ntawm gamma-hydroxybutyric acid yog thawj zaug muab los ntawm Alexander Zaitsev 1874. Tab sis ntawm tib neeg, cov tshuaj tau siv yuav luag ib puas xyoo tom qab, hauv xyoo 1960 los ntawm Henri Lobori. Nws cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb tau tshawb pom los ntawm Krnevich. Nws kawm txog lub zog muaj peev xwm uas tshwm sim hauv cerebral cortex vim yog khaus ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
Thaum qhov kev sim, tus kws tshawb fawb tau coj ob lub pipettes rau cov neuron tsim hluav taws xob. Nws tau qhia lub cev ntawm cov neuron rau hauv ib qho thiab sau npe rau qhov kev zoo siab, thiab ua rau lwm tus nrog cov tshuaj tsis muaj zog ntawm GHB. Thaum cov hydroxy acid los ze rau cov neuron, nws pib suppress impulses hauv cov hlwb rhiab heev.
Tom qab ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb Nyij Pooj tau lees paub cov txiaj ntsig no. Nws tau pom tseeb tias gamma-hydroxybutyric acid inhibits cov hlab ntsha hauv lub paj hlwb cortex. Nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm kev soj ntsuam, nws tau muab tawm hais tias cov khoom yog tsim thiab secreted nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub paj hlwb lub luag hauj lwm rau txwv lub paj hlwb impulse.
thawj cov tshuaj uas inhibits cov kev ua ntawm paj hlwb impulses tau tsim nyob rau hauv Nyiv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm gamma-hydroxybutyric acid thiab hu ua "Gammalon". Tom qab ntawd, Lavxias teb sab generic "Aminalon" tshwm. Cov tshuaj no tsuas yog siv rau hauv kev xyaum geriatric thiab kho cov menyuam yaus uas muaj kev puas hlwb.
Tom qab GHB amino pawghloov nrog hydroxyl. Cov ntsev ntsev ntawm cov khoom tshwm sim (sodium oxybutyrate) yog siv los ua tshuaj loog uas tsis yog inhalation.
tshuaj kho mob
GHB yog ib yam khoom ntuj tsim nyob rau hauv gamma-aminobutyric acid thiab yog nws cov qauv analogue. Nws txhim kho cov txheej txheem metabolic ntawm lub hlwb thiab yog ib qho endogenous neurotransmitter. Txhawb txoj kev hloov pauv ntawm serotonin hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab nce kev txav ntawm tryptopin mus rau lub hlwb.
Kev npaj ntawm gamma-hydroxybutyric acid nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj kho tau qhib cov receptors lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua haujlwm sedative. Qhov qis qis ntawm GHB pom nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj ua rau kom tso tawm domaphine. Ntawm qhov siab siab, qhov tso tawm ntawm norepinephrine precursor yog txo.
Ua kom lub hlwb ua haujlwm kom tsis muaj oxygen thiab cov tshuaj lom. Txhawb kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov piam thaj thiab oxygen. Ua kom muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws, txhim kho kev txawj ntse.
Txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txuas, rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov neurons, lub zog tsub zuj zuj. Nws cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem metabolic ntawm dopamine thiab serotonin. Normalizes hluav taws xob thiab biochemical kev ua ntawm neurons.
Nws muaj kev tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab, tab sis tsis ua rau kom cov leeg pob txha. Tiv thaiv kev tsim ntawm neuroses, kev ntxhov siab vim muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws. Kev ua sedative yog ua ke nrog activating thiab anti-asthenic. Txhim kho qhov hloov pauv ntawm lub cev.
Lub cev tsim GHB ntawm nws tus kheej hauvtsawg concentrations. Thaum noj rau lub hom phiaj kho mob, nws cov ntsiab lus tau siab dua li niaj zaus. Vim yog enzymatic kinetics, lub cev metabolizes cov kua qaub hauv kev npaj thiab nres nws.
GHB npaj
GHB - cov khoom xyaw nquag ntawm ntau yam tshuaj. Nws muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov neurons ntawm lub hlwb. Txhua yam tshuaj muaj nws tus kheej pharmacology thiab indications.
- Sodium oxybtirate yog ib qho tshuaj loog, ib qho derivative ntawm gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Lub sijhawm tshuaj loog yog li ob teev. Cov tshuaj tuaj yeem siv los ua tshuaj tsaug zog, tab sis tsuas yog raws li kws kho mob qhia. Pom tias muaj tshuaj lom tsawg.
- "Aminalon" yog tus neeg sawv cev nootropic tsim los txhim kho kev txawj ntse.
- "Neurobutal" yog ib qho tshuaj nootropic, tranquilizing, adaptogenic tshuaj. Cov lus qhia rau kev siv yog cov kab mob neurotic tshwm sim los ntawm kev raug co toxins, raug mob, psychogenic yam.
- Picogam yog vasodilator uas txhim kho cov ntshav ncig hauv hlwb.
- "Pikamilon" yog nootropic, antioxidant, antiaggregatory, tranquilizing tus neeg sawv cev. Siv los txhim kho cov ntshav microcirculation hauv lub hlwb.
Cov lus qhia thiab cov lus qhia rau kev siv gamma-hydroxybutyric acid
GHB inhibits kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub paj hlwb. Nws yog siv los txo cov tsos mob ntawm ntau yam kab mob neurological (kev chim siab, kev zoo siab). Gamma hydroxybutyric acid yogCov khoom xyaw nquag hauv ntau yam tshuaj siv los kho cov mob hauv qab no:
- kev nyuaj siab;
- narcolepsy;
- insomnia;
- kev nyuaj siab;
- yuav tsum haus cawv.
Nyob rau hauv cov koob tshuaj kho mob, GHB thiab kev npaj raws li nws yog siv los ua tshuaj lom. Nyob rau hauv siab concentrations, cov tshuaj muaj ib tug stimulating nyhuv.
Side effects
Thaum GHB siv tsis raug (kev siv tshuaj ntau dhau, siv nrog lwm yam tshuaj, cawv), tsis xav tau thiab txawm tias muaj kev phom sij rau lub neej tshwm sim:
- Nrog kev nce me ntsis ntawm kev noj tshuaj - mob siab rau lub siab, kev xav ntawm lub hlwb, nce rhiab heev, kev xav ntau dhau (kev txaus siab).
- Thaum siv ntau npaum li cas ntawm GHB, cov tsos mob ntawm intoxication tshwm sim: xeev siab, kiv taub hau, qhov muag tsis pom kev (ci ntsa iab, daim ntaub thaiv ua ntej lub qhov muag). Kev qaug zog, ua pa qeeb, tsis nco qab, ua tsis taus pa, tuag kuj raug pom. Lub sijhawm ntawm daim duab kho mob nyob ntawm qhov ntau npaum li cas.
- Thaum haus cawv thiab GHB tib lub sijhawm, hydroxy acid ua rau qis qis qis ntawm ethanol excretion. Kev sib xyaw ntawm ob yam tshuaj no ua rau ntuav tib lub sijhawm raws li kev qaug zog, thiab tuaj yeem ua rau ua pa nres.
Kev txwv tsis pub muag cov tshuaj tsuas yog nce tus neeg mob GHB ntau dhau. Txhua tus uas muaj kev paub txog chemistry me me tuaj yeem npaj cov kua qaub hauv tsev ntawm lawv tus kheej. Vim qhov yooj yim ntawm kev tsim khoomcov khoom yog tsim nyob rau hauv clandestine laboratories. Cov neeg yuav nws thiab txiav txim siab npaum li cas lawv tus kheej, uas ua rau muaj kev phiv thiab txawm tias tuag taus.
Tsis siv tshuaj kho mob GHB
Cov khoom ntawm GHB ua rau nws nyuaj siab. Cov tshuaj cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub paj hlwb hauv nruab nrab, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv lub xeev ntawm kev nco qab.
GHB yog siv dav hauv cov koom haum, qhib-airs, pawg discos, tog. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid muaj solubility zoo heev, uas yog vim li cas nws thiaj li sib xyaw rau hauv cawv thiab tsis muaj cawv. Cov khoom no txhawb kev sib raug zoo, pab kom so sai sai, ua rau muaj zog, muaj kev zoo siab tag nrho, txhawb siab lub siab, muaj kev noj qab haus huv thiab tsis saib xyuas.
GHB tau raug siv los ua "cov tshuaj rape". Cov kua qaub tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw thiab tsis qab, nws yooj yim los sib xyaw, thiab tus neeg raug tsim txom yuav tsis hnov dab tsi txawv. Thaum lub sij hawm kev tshawb nrhiav, kev kuaj plaub hau yog siv los paub meej tias kev siv GHB. Cov tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv cov plaub hau nyob rau hauv ib lub hlis tom qab thov.
GHB kuaj pom li cas?
GHB yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom me me hauv lub cev. Txawm tias me ntsis ntau ntawm cov concentration cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm neurons. Yog li ntawd, tus kws kho mob yuav tsum xam qhov koob tshuaj.
Cov neeg uas noj tshuaj, thaum raug ntes, thov tias lawv raug kho. Los ntawm ntau npaum li cas gamma-hydroxybutyric acid tseem nyob hauv cov ntshav, nws txiav txim siab seb nws puas tau sivtshuaj kho los yog rau lub hom phiaj ntawm intoxication. Lub plasma concentration ntawm GHB hauv cov neeg siv cov tshuaj raws li kev kho mob yog 50-250 ml / l. Tshaj cov concentrations no qhia tias siv cov kua qaub rau intoxication.
Txoj Cai Raws Cai
Nyob hauv yuav luag txhua lub tebchaws, GHB suav nrog hauv cov npe tshuaj narcotic. Tsuas yog nyias lub tebchaws nyias muaj nyias lub txim rau kev tsim khoom thiab kev lag luam ntawm cov tshuaj.
Hauv Hong Kong, piv txwv li, cov tshuaj raws li gamma-hydroxybutyric acid muaj nyob hauv daim ntawv tshuaj. Thaum muag yam tsis muaj tshuaj, tus kws muag tshuaj raug nplua nyiaj ntau. Thiab kev tsim khoom thiab kev faib tawm tsis raug cai raug txim raug kaw rau lub neej.
Hauv Russia, GHB kuj suav nrog hauv cov npe txwv tshuaj.
