Txoj kev xav ntawm tus kheej. Leej twg xub pib lub tswv yim no? Qhov no yog ua los ntawm Karl Leonhard, uas nws biography yuav piav nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.
Milestones of the long journey
Nws yug hauv 1904 hauv Edelfeld, nyob hauv Bavaria. Raws li ib tug me nyuam, Karl Leonhard npau suav ntawm kev ua ib tug kws lij choj, tab sis maj mam muab tshuaj los ua nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb. Tom qab kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv, nws xaiv psychiatry raws li kev coj ua ntawm nws txoj haujlwm thiab kev tshawb fawb. Nws thawj qhov chaw ua haujlwm hauv xyoo 1931 yog lub tsev kho mob puas hlwb hauv Gabersee. Ib xyoos tom qab, Karl Leonhard, uas nws cov duab tau nthuav tawm hauv tsab xov xwm no, dhau los ua nws tus kws kho mob. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo 1936 nws tawm ntawm tsab ntawv no thiab tsiv mus rau Frankfurt University Clinic of Nervous Diseases thiab sai sai tau txais kev kawm tiav qib siab. Xyoo 1944, nws twb yog ib tug xibfwb tuaj xyuas hauv tsev kawm ntawv no. Tom qab ntawd Karl Leonhard dhau los ua tus xibfwb ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab neurology ntawm Medical Academies hauv Erfurt thiab Berlin. Xyoo 1957, nws pib ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev kho mob Charité.
Nkauj nyiam
Kev qhia ntawm cov tsev kawm qib siab, Karl Leonhard tsis tso nws txoj haujlwm ntiag tug. Ntxiv rau nws, nws koom nrog kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov ntawv sau thiab cov ntawv. Nws mob siab rau feem ntau ntawm nws txoj kev mob siab rau schizophrenia. Nyob rau hauv nws sau ntawv ib tug yuav nrhiav taukev faib thiab chaw kho mob ntawm tus kab mob no. Leonhard tau nkag mus rau hauv cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb hauv tebchaws thiab thoob ntiaj teb, feem ntau nws dhau los ua tus tswv cuab, txawm tias qee qhov ntawm nws txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis pom zoo los ntawm lwm cov kws tshawb fawb. Piv txwv li, nws sim cais cycloid psychosis rau hauv ib qho kab mob sib cais. Whereas tsuas yog kev nyuaj siab puas siab puas ntsws thiab schizophrenia tau raug lees paub. Tus kws kho mob hlwb German Karl Leonhard kuj tau kawm txog kev mob schizophrenia thaum yau. Nws ntseeg hais tias cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thaum yau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm ntawm ib tug neeg lub neej, xws li kev kuaj mob tuaj yeem ua tau. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau piav qhia txog kev loj hlob ntawm kev txawj ntse.
Kev txaus siab ntau
Leonhard kuj tau kawm txog neurosis thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm. Nws mob siab rau ntau lub sijhawm rau psychopathology ntawm tib neeg tus cwj pwm. Cov pathologies nws pom tau piav nyob rau hauv monographs "Instincts thiab ancient instincts ntawm tib neeg kev sib deev", nrog rau "Kev nthuav qhia ntawm lub ntsej muag, gestures thiab tib neeg lub suab". Ntau yam haujlwm ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb-psychiatrist tau ua ntej lawv lub sijhawm. Piv txwv li, cov uas tau hais txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev nyuaj siab, kev faib tawm ntawm endogenous psychoses, schizophrenia, neuroses, thiab accentuations ntawm tus cwj pwm thiab temperament. Cov tom kawg tau kawm los ntawm nws kom meej. Raws li kev tshawb fawb txog kev xav tsis zoo, Leonhard tau sau cov haujlwm tshawb fawb "Accentuation of the Cwm pwm". Nyob rau hauv nws, nws tsoo accentuations rau hauv hom thiab piav qhia lawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau muab cov lus piav qhia ntawm txhua hom ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm cov cim ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv.
Tus Kheej Qhov Tseem Ceeb
Monograph los ntawm Carl Leonhardfaib ua ob ntu. Nyob rau hauv thawj ntawm lawv, nws ua ib tug puas siab puas ntsws thiab soj ntsuam tsom xam ntawm accentuated cwm pwm. Qhov thib ob muaj piv txwv. Leonhard txheeb xyuas cov cim ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv tus phab ej yug los ntawm kev npau suav los ntawm ntau dua 30 tus kws sau ntawv paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Cov no yog cov heroes ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm Stendhal, Goethe, Balzac, Gogol, Dostoevsky, Shakespeare, Cervantes thiab lwm yam. Hauv peb lub tebchaws, phau ntawv "Accentuated Personalities" tau luam tawm xyoo 1981. Nws tau pom nthuav tsis yog tsuas yog los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws, tab sis kuj los ntawm cov neeg nyeem zoo tib yam, ua tsaug rau tus sau tshwj xeeb ntawm kev nthuav qhia. Lub monograph kuj tau muab txhais ua ntau hom lus. Ntawm lawv yog Romanian, Italian, Lus Askiv, Nyiv thiab lwm yam.
Leonhard cwm pwm hom
Raws li tus kws kho mob hlwb, tsuas muaj 10 hom tus cwj pwm ntshiab thiab ntau qhov nruab nrab. Nws faib lawv nyob ntawm tus cwj pwm, tus cwj pwm thiab tus kheej theem. Nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, temperament yog muab rau ib tug neeg los ntawm xwm. Muaj ob peb hom cwm pwm nrog temperament. Hom cuam tshuam rau tus kheej theem: introvented thiab extravented. Hom muaj feem xyuam rau tus cwj pwm: excitable (temper, pedantry, xa mus rau instincts); kev ua yeeb yam (kev ua tsis ncaj ncees, kev ntseeg tus kheej, kev qhuas), pedantic (kev xav, kev txiav txim siab, hypochondria); daig (touchiness, suspicion). Nws suav hais tias yog kev npau taws: kev xav (kev khuv leej, kev ua siab zoo), ntxhov siab (timidity, timidity), dysthymic (tseem ceeb rau kev ua tsis tiav, ntshai, lethargy), zoo-labile(kev them nqi ntawm tus cwj pwm, tsom mus rau cov qauv), ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo (kev xav, kev tshoov siab, kev xav siab). Tsis tas li ntawd, Leonhard tau muab nws cov ntsiab lus ntawm extrovert thiab introvert, txawv ntawm cov uas tau txais yav tas los. Nrog nws lub teeb tes, cov kws kho mob hlwb thoob ntiaj teb pib siv lawv. "Accentuated Personalities" tuaj yeem qhia kom nyeem rau cov kws qhia ntawv thiab cov niam txiv, cov neeg uas txoj hmoo ntawm tus menyuam nyob. Tom qab tag nrho, nws nyob ntawm hom cwm pwm uas txoj hauj lwm nws zoo dua rau nws xaiv yav tom ntej. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob yuam kev hauv nws lub ntsiab lus, nws yuav tsum ua kom paub koj tus kheej nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Karl Leonhard.
Tus kws tshawb fawb tsis yog ib tus kws paub txog nws txoj haujlwm xwb, tab sis kuj yog tus neeg zoo heev. Txhua tus neeg uas paub nws tau sau tseg nws qhov kev ua siab zoo thiab kev coj ncaj ncees hauv kev sib txuas lus, ua siab zoo rau lwm tus. Txog rau hnub kawg, nws tau sau cov ntawv thiab tau txais cov neeg mob. Karl Leonhard tuag xyoo 1988.
