Tsis ntev los no, tus naj npawb ntawm cov menyuam yug los nrog kev loj hlob pathologies tau nce tsis tu ncua. Qhov no tshwm sim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm teratogenic (los ntawm Greek. teros dab, freak) yam, vim hais tias nws yog thaum lub sij hawm ntawm intrauterine kev loj hlob uas lub cev yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog defenseless. Hauv qhov no, ntau (tab sis tsis tas li) nyob ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm leej niam.
Yog li ntawd, tus phab ej Hugo Quasimodo tau ua tsis taus pa hauv plab los ntawm nws niam nws txiv, uas nruj nruj nws lub plab thaum cev xeeb tub txhawm rau muag tus menyuam tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm tus nqi siab dua. Ntawd yog, lub tswv yim ntawm "teratogenic factor" tau paub rau tib neeg lub sijhawm ntev heev.
theem ntawm embryonic vulnerability
Qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab thaum cev xeeb tub txawv, kws kho mob paub qhov txawv 3 theem.
- theem no yuav siv sij hawm txij li thawj teev ntawm cev xeeb tub mus rau 18 ntawm nws. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, yog tias muaj ntau lub hlwb puas lawm, spontaneous miscarriage tshwm sim. Yog tias qhov nchuav menyuam tsis tshwm sim, lub embryo tuaj yeem kho cov hlwb puas sai sai yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam kev noj qab haus huv. Hauv lwm lo lus, ntawm qhov notheem, tsuas muaj ob txoj kev - txawm lub embryo tuag, los yog nws tag nrho txhim kho ntxiv.
- theem thib ob yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab. Cov theem yuav siv li ntawm 18 mus rau 60 hnub. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas muaj cov kab mob hnyav tshaj plaws tau tsim, qee zaum txawm tias tsis sib haum nrog lub neej. Cov kws kho mob tau sau tseg tias qhov teeb meem loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev loj hlob tsis zoo yog tsim los ntawm 36 hnub, tom qab ntawd lawv tsis tshua muaj suab nrov thiab tshwm sim tsis tshua muaj, sib nrug los ntawm qhov tsis xws ntawm cov kab mob genitourinary thiab tawv palate. Yog li ntawd, cov poj niam uas cev xeeb tub mus txog peb lub hlis feem ntau muaj kev hem thawj ntawm kev nchuav menyuam. Lub sijhawm no, nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau saib xyuas koj tus kheej, vim tias kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab nyob ntawm nws.
- Lub sijhawm no, tus menyuam hauv plab twb tau tsim cov kabmob thiab lawv lub cev, yog li lawv txoj kev loj hlob tsis raug. Tab sis muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tus me nyuam hauv plab, kev tuag ntawm qee lub hlwb, kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm ib qho ntawm lub cev. Tus me nyuam lub paj hlwb uas yooj yim tshaj plaws.
Hom teratogenic yam
Lub tswv yim ntawm "teratogenesis" (qhov tshwm sim ntawm malformations) tau muab faib ua 2 hom - anomalies tshwm sim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm ib puag ncig thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb raws li cov kab mob tshwm sim. Txawm li cas los xij, lub tswv yim ntawm "teratogenic factor" tsuas yog hais txog thawj hom. Cov no yog cov tshuaj lom neeg, lom neeg thiab lwm yam uas ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev thiab lub cev.
Kev faib tawm ntawm teratogenic yam yog raws li hauv qab no.
- tshuaj.
- Ionizing hluav taws xob.
- Kev ua neej tsis zoo ntawm tus poj niam cev xeeb tub.
- Kev kis mob.
Tshuaj raws li teratogenic factor
Txhua tus kws muag tshuaj yuav lees paub tias txhua yam tshuaj lom neeg hauv koob tshuaj ntau yog tshuaj lom rau lub cev. Qhov no muaj tseeb tshwj xeeb rau cov poj niam cev xeeb tub, uas tau ua tib zoo xaiv cov tshuaj kho mob, yog tias tsim nyog.
Daim ntawv teev cov tshuaj uas tuaj yeem ua rau tus menyuam hauv plab tau hloov kho tas li, lub sijhawm no, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias txhua yam tshuaj los ntawm daim ntawv teev npe no, raws li teratogenic yam, yuav ua rau muaj kev loj hlob tsis zoo, txawm tias qee cov tshuaj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo. ntawm qhov tshwm sim los ntawm 2-3 zaug. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tias cov tshuaj muaj kev phom sij tshaj plaws hauv thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm cev xeeb tub, tab sis lawv cov txiaj ntsig thaum lub sijhawm thib ob thiab thib peb peb tsis tau kawm tiav. Tsuas yog qhov teeb meem ntawm thalidomide paub txog qee yam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hnub 34-50 ntawm cev xeeb tub.
Qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws rau tus poj niam cev xeeb tub yog evaporation ntawm mercury, toluene, benzene, chlorinated biphenyl thiab nws cov derivatives. Raws li cov tshuaj hauv qab no:
- Tetracyclines (cov tshuaj tua kab mob).
- Valproic acid, siv rau qaug dab peg thiab qaug dab peg, thiab trimethadione.
- "Busulfan" (tshuaj kho mob rau leukemia).
- YAndrogenic cov tshuaj hormones.
- "Captopril", "Enalapril" (qhia rau ntshav siab).
- Iodine compounds.
- "Methotrexate" (muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob).
- Lithium carbonate.
- "Tiamazol"(tus neeg saib xyuas thyrostatic).
- "Penicillamine" (siv hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv autoimmune).
- "Isotretinoin" (analogous rau vitamin A).
- "Diethylstilbestrol" (cov tshuaj hormonal).
- "Thalidomide" (tshuaj pw tsaug zog).
- "Cyclophosphamide" (cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob).
- "Etretinate" (siv rau kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij).
Txij li cov pab pawg ntawm cov tshuaj siv rau cov kab mob sib txawv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau tus menyuam hauv plab, nws yuav tsum tau sau tshuaj kho rau tus poj niam cev xeeb tub nrog ceev faj heev. Nco ntsoov qhia rau koj tus kws kho mob paub tias koj cev xeeb tub.
Ionizing hluav taws xob
Ionizing hluav taws xob suav nrog ultrasound (txawm li cas los xij, cov kws kho mob tau tsim los ntev tias ultrasound tsis ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tus menyuam hauv plab), fluorography, fluoroscopy thiab lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb uas koom nrog kev siv ionizing nthwv dej.
Lwm cov piv txwv ntawm teratogenic yam xwm txheej yog xwm txheej nrog kev tso tawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau hauv ib puag ncig, kho nrog cov xov tooj cua iodine, kev kho hluav taws xob.
Cov kab mob sib kis thiab cev xeeb tub
Vim tias cov placenta muaj qhov permeability siab, muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm nchuav menyuam lossis kab mob hauv plab ntawm tus menyuam hauv ntau yam kab mob. Kev kis kab mob hauv thawj 7 lub lis piam ntawm cev xeeb tub tuaj yeem ua rau tus menyuam hauv plab pathologies uas haum rau lub neej. Kev kis tus menyuam mus rau theem tom ntej tuaj yeem ua rau tus menyuam mos kis tau.
Nws yog qhov tsim nyog hais tias qhov hnyav ntawmKev tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob hauv tus poj niam cev xeeb tub thiab lub embryo yuav txawv.
Tus yam ntxwv teratogenic suav nrog cov kab mob hauv qab no:
- toxoplasmosis;
- cytomegalovirus;
- herpes I thiab II hom;
- rubella;
- syphilis;
- Venezuelan equine encephalitis;
- varicella-zoster virus.
Tus kab mob Chlamydia thiab cov txheej txheem purulent-inflammatory tshwm sim hauv lub cev ntawm tus poj niam cev xeeb tub kuj ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo rau tus menyuam.
Kev ua neej tsis zoo ntawm tus poj niam cev xeeb tub
Cov poj niam hauv txoj haujlwm yog lub luag haujlwm rau lub neej thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lawv tus menyuam, yog li lawv yuav tsum tso tseg cov dej cawv, haus luam yeeb thiab haus kas fes ntau dhau. Lwm yam teratogenic yam muaj xws li kev quav yeeb tshuaj, tshuaj tua kab siv hauv kev lag luam nyob deb nroog, hmoov thiab tshuaj ntxuav.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau noj kom raug thiab tsis txhob muaj teeb meem, tsis muaj cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig, khoom noj. Kev noj zaub mov yuav tsum tau ua hauv txoj kev uas tus poj niam cev xeeb tub tau txais txhua yam tsim nyog rau kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab. Yog li, tsis muaj protein ntau ua rau embryonic hypotrophy. Tus poj niam lub cev xav tau cov kab mob xws li selenium, zinc, iodine, lead, manganese, fluorine. Cov zaub mov yuav tsum muaj cov calcium txaus thiab cov vitamins.
Lwm yam teratogenic
Mob ntshav qab zib mellitus, kab mob goiter kawg, phenylketonuria thiab cov qog nqaij hlav uas txhawb kev tsim cov tshuaj hormones androgenic tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob hauv plab. Cov kws kho mob kuj ntseeg tias kub dhau thiab tsis muaj folic acid yog qhov txaus ntshai rau tus menyuam hauv plab.
Cov yam uas teev saum toj no yog hu ua teratogenic. Lub tswv yim no suav nrog txhua yam uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab thiab ua rau nws tsis zoo. Alas, muaj ntau yam zoo li no, yog li nws tseem ceeb heev rau tus poj niam saib xyuas nws txoj kev noj qab haus huv thiab khoom noj khoom haus thaum cev xeeb tub.
