Ntshav tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv cov hlab ntsha. Nws ua haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub cev: ua pa, thauj, tiv thaiv thiab tswj xyuas, ua kom lub cev tsis tu ncua ntawm ib puag ncig ntawm peb lub cev.
Ntshav yog ib qho ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas, uas muaj cov kua dej sib txuas nrog cov khoom sib xyaw. Nws suav nrog cov ntshav thiab cov hlwb raug tshem tawm hauv nws, lossis cov qe ntshav hu ua leukocytes, erythrocytes thiab platelets. Nws paub tias hauv 1 mm3 ntawm cov ntshav muaj 5 txog 8 txhiab leukocytes, 4.5 txog 5 lab erythrocytes, thiab 200 txog 400 txhiab platelets.
Cov ntshav hauv lub cev ntawm tus neeg noj qab haus huv yog kwv yees li 4.5 txog 5 litres. Plasma occupies 55-60% los ntawm ntim, thiab 40-45% ntawm tag nrho cov ntim tseem tshuav rau cov khoom tsim. Plasma yog cov kua daj daj daj, uas muaj dej (90%), cov organic thiab ntxhia, cov vitamins, amino acids, cov tshuaj hormones, cov khoom lag luam metabolic.
qauv ntawm leukocytes
Leukocytes yog cov qe ntshav uas muaj cov xim tsis muaj xim. Lawv ua taupom nyob rau hauv plasma thiab lymph. Feem ntau, lawv yog cov qe ntshav dawb, lawv muaj nuclei, tab sis lawv tsis muaj lub cev mus tas li. Qhov no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm leukocytes. Cov hlwb no yog tsim nyob rau hauv tus po, lymph nodes, liab pob txha pob txha. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv ntawm leukocytes txiav txim siab lub sijhawm ntawm lawv lub neej, nws txawv ntawm 2 mus rau 4 hnub. Tom qab ntawd lawv tawg rau hauv tus po.
Leukocytes: qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm
Yog tias peb xav txog kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov leukocytes, peb tuaj yeem hais tias lawv yog cov hlwb zoo tib yam uas muaj cov nucleus thiab protoplasm. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm cov teeb meem tsis zoo. Cov qauv ntawm leukocytes tso cai rau lawv los rhuav tshem cov kab mob txawv teb chaws uas tau nkag mus rau hauv lub cev, lawv kuj koom nrog ntau yam pathological, feem ntau cov txheej txheem mob thiab ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv (piv txwv li, o). Tab sis cov qauv ntawm tib neeg leukocytes muaj ntau haiv neeg. Qee tus ntawm lawv muaj granular protoplasm (granulocytes), thaum lwm tus tsis muaj granularity (agranulocytes). Cia peb xav txog cov hom leukocytes kom ntxaws ntxiv.
YKev sib txawv ntawm leukocytes
Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, leukocytes txawv, thiab nws yog kev cai los faib lawv raws li lawv cov tsos, qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm. Qhov no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm tib neeg leukocytes.
Yog li, granulocytes suav nrog:
- basophils;
- neutrophils;
- eosinophils.
Agranulocytes yog sawv cev los ntawm cov hlwb hauv qab no:
- lymphocytes;
- monocytes.
Basophiles
Qhov no yog hom qes tsawg tshaj plaws hauv cov ntshav, lawv qhov siab tshaj plaws yog 1% ntawm tag nrho cov leukocytes. Cov qauv ntawm leukocytes (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, basophils) yog qhov yooj yim. Lawv yog cov puag ncig nyob rau hauv cov duab, muaj ib tug segmented los yog stab nucleus. Lub cytoplasm muaj granules ntawm cov duab sib txawv thiab qhov ntau thiab tsawg, uas muaj xim liab doog, nyob rau hauv tsos lawv zoo li dub caviar. Cov granules no hu ua basophilic granules. Lawv muaj kev tswj hwm molecules, enzymes, proteins.
Basophils pib hauv pob txha pob txha, pib los ntawm basophilic myeloblast cell. Tom qab tag nrho maturation, lawv nkag mus rau hauv cov ntshav, lub sij hawm ntawm lawv lub neej yog tsis ntau tshaj ob hnub. Tom qab cov hlwb nkag mus rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub cev, tab sis dab tsi tshwm sim rau lawv ces tseem tsis paub.
Ntxiv nrog rau kev koom tes hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, basophils tuaj yeem txo cov ntshav txhaws thiab koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev poob siab anaphylactic.
Neutrophils
Neutrophils hauv cov ntshav muaj txog li 70% ntawm tag nrho cov leukocytes. Lawv cytoplasm muaj purplish-xim av granules nrog ib tug zoo granular tsos uas yuav stained nrog nruab nrab dyes.
Neutrophils yog cov qe ntshav dawb uas nws cov qauv ntawm tes tsis txawv. Lawv yog cov puag ncig, tab sis lub nucleus zoo li ib tug stick (" hluas" cell) los yog muaj 3-5 ntu uas yog interconnected los ntawm nyias strands (ntau dua "mature" cell).
Txhua neutrophils yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov pob txha pob txha los ntawm myeloblastneutrophic. Lub cell laus nyob tsuas yog 2 lub lis piam, ces nws raug puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv tus po los yog daim siab.
Ib neutrophil muaj txog 250 hom granules hauv nws cytoplasm. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj cov kab mob bactericidal, enzymes, tswj cov molecules uas pab cov neutrophil ua nws txoj haujlwm. Lawv tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm phagocytosis (tus txheej txheem uas ib tug neutrophil mus cuag ib tug kab mob los yog tus kab mob, ntes nws, txav nws mus rau hauv thiab rhuav tshem cov kab mob nrog kev pab los ntawm granule enzymes). Yog li, ib lub cell neutrophil tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txog li 7 microbes. Nws tseem koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem inflammatory.
Eosinophils
Cov qauv ntawm leukocytes zoo ib yam. Lub eosinophil kuj muaj ib puag ncig zoo thiab muaj segmental los yog pas nrig-puab nucleus. Nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm tes muaj cov granules loj ntawm tib lub duab thiab loj, ci txiv kab ntxwv, zoo li liab caviar. Lawv muaj cov proteins, phospholipids thiab enzymes hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg.
Eosinophil yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov pob txha pob txha los ntawm eosinophilic myeloblast. Nws tshwm sim los ntawm 8 mus rau 15 hnub, tom qab ntawd nws nkag mus rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg uas muaj kev sib cuag nrog ib puag ncig sab nraud.
Eosinophil kuj muaj peev xwm ntawm phagocytosis, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau lwm qhov chaw (xws li hnyuv, genitourinary ib ntsuj av, mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub ntsws). Nws kuj muaj feem xyuam rau qhov tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev tsis haum tshuaj.
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes muaj cov duab sib npaug thiab qhov sib txawv, nrog rau lub hauv paus loj loj. Lawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov pob txha pob txha los ntawm lymphoblast. Lub lymphocyte tau ua tiav cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, raws li nwsimmunocompetent cell. Nws muaj peev xwm muab tau ntau yam kev tiv thaiv kab mob, tsim lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Cov lymphocytes uas thaum kawg matured hauv thymus yog T-lymphocytes, nyob rau hauv tus po los yog lymph nodes yog B-lymphocytes. Thawj cov cell yog me me. Muaj qhov sib piv ntawm 80%: 20% ntawm ntau hom lymphocytes, feem. Txhua lub hlwb nyob li ntawm 90 hnub.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog kev tiv thaiv los ntawm kev koom tes hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob. T-lymphocytes koom nrog phagocytosis thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob, uas yog hu ua tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb (nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam rau txhua tus kab mob pathogenic, cov hlwb no ua tib yam). Tab sis B-lymphocytes muaj peev xwm tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (cov molecules tshwj xeeb) hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov kab mob. Rau txhua hom kab mob, lawv tsim cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb uas tsuas yog cov kab mob no tuaj yeem rhuav tshem. B-lymphocytes muab kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb, uas yog qhia feem ntau tawm tsam cov kab mob, tsis yog kab mob.
Monocyte
Tsis muaj granularity nyob rau hauv lub monocyte cell. Nws yog ib lub cell loj loj nrog lub hauv paus loj uas tuaj yeem ua tau taum-puab, puag ncig, pas nrig-puab, lobed thiab segmented.
Monocyte tshwm sim los ntawm monoblast nyob rau hauv cov pob txha pob txha. Hauv cov ntshav, nws lub neej ncua yog 48 mus rau 96 teev. Tom qab ntawd, ib feem ntawm cov monocytes raug rhuav tshem, thiab lwm qhov mus rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg, qhov twg nws "ripens", macrophages tshwm. Monocytes yog cov qe ntshav loj tshaj plaws nrog ib puag ncig lossisoval-puab, xiav cytoplasm nrog ntau cov voids (vacuoles), uas muab nws ib tug foamy tsos.
Macrophages nyob rau hauv lub cev nqaij daim tawv tuaj yeem nyob tau ob peb lub hlis, qhov chaw uas lawv mus dhau los lossis cov neeg nyob hauv hlwb (tseem nyob hauv ib qho chaw).
Monocyte muaj peev xwm tsim tau ntau yam kev tswj hwm molecules thiab enzymes uas tuaj yeem txhim kho cov lus teb inflammatory lossis, qhov sib txawv, ua kom qeeb. Lawv kuj pab ua kom lub qhov txhab zoo. Txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov pob txha cov ntaub so ntswg thiab kho cov hlab ntsha. Macrophage hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ua haujlwm tiv thaiv. Nws inhibits kev tsim tawm ntawm cov kab mob.
Erythrocytes
Muaj erythrocytes thiab leukocytes hauv cov ntshav. Lawv cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm txawv ntawm ib leeg. Ib qho erythrocyte yog ib lub xovtooj ntawm tes uas muaj cov duab zoo li biconcave disc. Nws tsis muaj cov nucleus, thiab feem ntau ntawm cov cytoplasm yog nyob los ntawm cov protein hu ua hemoglobin. Nws muaj ib tug hlau atom thiab ib feem ntawm cov protein, muaj ib tug complex qauv. Hemoglobin nqa oxygen hauv lub cev.
Erythrocytes tshwm sim hauv cov pob txha pob txha los ntawm erythroblast cells. Feem ntau erythrocytes yog biconcave, tab sis tus so yuav txawv. Piv txwv li, lawv tuaj yeem ua tau kheej kheej, oval, tom, lub tais-puab, thiab lwm yam Nws paub tias cov duab ntawm cov hlwb tuaj yeem cuam tshuam vim muaj ntau yam kab mob. Txhua lub qe ntshav liab nyob hauv cov ntshav rau 90 mus rau 120 hnub, thiab tom qab ntawd tuag. Hemolysis yog kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov qe ntshav liab, uas tshwm sim feem ntau nyob rau hauv tus po, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv daim siab thiabnkoj.
Platelets
Cov qauv ntawm leukocytes thiab platelets kuj txawv. Platelets tsis muaj ib tug nucleus, lawv yog me me oval lossis round cells. Yog tias cov hlwb no ua haujlwm, ces qhov kev loj hlob ntawm lawv, lawv zoo li lub hnub qub. Platelets tshwm sim hauv pob txha pob txha los ntawm megakaryoblast. Lawv "ua hauj lwm" tsuas yog 8 mus rau 11 hnub, ces lawv tuag nyob rau hauv daim siab, plees los yog ntsws.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm platelets tseem ceeb heev. Lawv muaj peev xwm tswj tau qhov kev ncaj ncees ntawm lub vascular phab ntsa, kho nws thaum muaj kev puas tsuaj. Platelets tsim cov hlab ntsha thiab yog li tso tseg los ntshav.
