Ua tsaug rau kev sib koom tes ntawm txhua lub tshuab, peb tau tiv thaiv los ntawm kev phom sij ntawm txhua yam kab mob microbes. Leukocytes yog cov tub rog tsis ntshai, thawj zaug tawm tsam cov kab mob uas sim nkag mus rau peb lub cev. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tham txog dab tsi leukocytes yog, dab tsi yuav tsum yog lawv cov cai. Nws kuj tseem yuav raug txiav txim siab tias qhov txo qis hauv leukocytes hauv cov ntshav txhais tau li cas, yog vim li cas rau qhov txo qis hauv lawv qib.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm leukocytes hauv cov ntshav
Los ntawm lus Askiv lo lus "leukocyte" yog txhais ua "cov qe ntshav dawb". Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb. Yog tias koj saib hauv lub tshuab ntsuas, koj tuaj yeem pom tias cov qe ntshav dawb muaj qhov sib txawv: xiav, ntshav, pinkish. Lawv txawv hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab daim ntawv, tab sis lawv txhua tus koom ua ke los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm lub nucleus. Leukocytes yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov pob txha pob txha thiab cov qog nqaij hlav, muaj ib qho tsis xwm yeem lossis sib npaug. Lawv qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm 6 txog 20 microns.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm leukocytes yog los tiv thaiv lub cevlos ntawm cov kab mob ua rau muaj teeb meem thiab muab kev tiv thaiv. Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm cov hlwb yog raws li qhov tseeb tias lawv tuaj yeem txav mus los ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab nkag mus rau qhov chaw intercellular. Phagocytosis tshwm sim ntawm no - qhov nqus thiab zom cov khoom txawv teb chaws.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm phagocytosis tau tshawb pom los ntawm Lavxias tus kws tshawb fawb Ilya Mechnikov. Rau qhov no nws tau txais qhov khoom plig Nobel hauv xyoo 1908.
Lub tshuab ntawm kev ua ntawm phagocytes zoo ib yam li cov pa taws. Absorbing teeb meem kab mob, lub cell swells zoo li lub zais pa. Thaum nws khiav tawm ntawm lub peev xwm los nqus cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws, cov khoom tawg zoo li lub zais pa hnyav hnyav nrog huab cua. Thaum phagocytes raug rhuav tshem, cov tshuaj raug tso tawm uas ua rau mob hauv lub cev. Lwm cov leukocytes tam sim ntawd maj mus rau qhov txhab. Lawv tab tom tuag coob leej hauv kev sim kho "kab ntawm kev tiv thaiv".
Raws li tau hais dhau los, leukocytes muaj cov haujlwm sib txawv. Txawm hais tias qee tus ntawm lawv koom ncaj qha rau kev rhuav tshem cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob, lwm tus tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
hom qe ntshav dawb
Tus kws paub txog tsiaj keeb kwm German Paul Ehrlich thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th pom ntau hom leukocytes: lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, basophils. Tus kws tshawb fawb kuj tau faib cov hlwb no ua ob pawg: granulocytes thiab agranulocytes.
Loj nucleus, granular qauv, tshwj xeeb granules nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm muaj tshuaj ntawm thawj pab pawg neeg (basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils). Rau qhov thib obcov pab pawg muaj xws li non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes thiab monocytes), lawv tsis muaj granules hauv cytoplasm. Nws tsim nyog xav txog txhua hom hauv kev nthuav dav.
Neutrophils
Lawv yog stab thiab segmented hauv lawv daim ntawv. Cov tom kawg tau txais lawv lub npe vim yog constriction-seg nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm mature hlwb. Lub nucleus elongates thiab siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug pas nrig nyob rau hauv lub hlwb tsis paub tab - li no lub npe stab. Ob daim ntawv muaj peev xwm chemotaxis (txav mus rau qhov txhab), muaj adhesiveness.
Segmented neutrophils predominated stab ib tus lej. Qhov hnyav ntawm hematopoiesis yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov piv ntawm ob qho tib si. Nrog rau cov ntshav poob loj, lub cev xav tau ntau ntawm cov cell. Neutrophils tsis muaj sij hawm kom loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov pob txha pob txha, yog li lawv nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha tsis paub tab. Phagocytosis yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm neutrophils. 12 microns yog qhov loj ntawm cov cell. Tsis pub dhau yim hnub yog lawv txoj sia.
Lymphocytes
Muaj peb pawg ntawm lymphocytes raws li lawv txoj haujlwm. Outwardly, lawv cov neeg sawv cev zoo sib xws, tab sis txawv ntawm ib leeg hauv kev ua haujlwm. Piv txwv li, B hlwb tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thaum lawv paub cov qauv txawv teb chaws. Kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog txhawb los ntawm T-killers, lawv muaj lub luag haujlwm rau kev tiv thaiv. NK-lymphocytes yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tiv thaiv hauv lub cev, lawv txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm qhov pib thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob qog. Ua ke, tag nrho cov hlwb no muab kev tiv thaiv tib neeg.
Hauv ib tus neeg laus, tus lej ntawm leukocytes nce mus txog 40%, thiab hauv cov menyuam yaus - txog 50%. Ntawm cov nyiaj no, qhov feem ntawm T-killers ncav cuag 80%. Tseem tshuav 20%tso nyiaj rau NK- thiab B-lymphocytes.
Monocytes
Cov no yog cov macrophages loj nrog ib lub nucleus. Ua tsaug rau pseudopodia - outgrowths ntawm cytoplasm, cov hlwb no txav ceev heev. Thaum mus txog qhov chaw uas cov txheej txheem inflammatory tshwm sim, lawv pib tso cov tshuaj nquag - interleukin-1, uas muab kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Hauv lub luag haujlwm ntawm macrophages, monocytes nqus cov kab mob txawv teb chaws thiab cov khoom ntawm cov hlwb puas. Nov yog lawv txoj haujlwm. Cov qe ntshav dawb no muaj txog li 20 microns loj.
Eosinophils
Lawv txoj haujlwm yog txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov khoom txawv teb chaws uas ua rau muaj kev fab tshuaj. Lawv cov nyiaj hauv cov ntshav yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb, txawm li cas los xij, nws nce nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsis haum tshuaj. Lawv yog cov microphages, uas yog, lawv tuaj yeem nqus cov teeb meem me me. Lawv cov qauv hauv cov ntshav yog los ntawm 120 mus rau 350 daim ib 1 microliter.
Basophiles
Cov no yog cov leukocytes loj tshaj plaws, uas tsuas yog nce mus txog 1% hauv cov ntshav. Lawv cytoplasm muaj histamine thiab peroxidase - lawv paub qhov mob uas ua rau muaj kev tsis haum tshuaj. Lawv kuj tseem hu ua scout cells, vim lawv pab lwm cov leukocytes ntes cov teeb meem. Basophils tuaj yeem txav tau, tab sis lawv lub peev xwm muaj tsawg heev. Ntxiv rau tag nrho cov haujlwm saum toj no, basophils kuj tswj cov ntshav txhaws.
Rau kev ua haujlwm ib txwm ntawm tib neeg lub neej, nws yog qhov tsim nyog uas cov ntsiab lus ntawm leukocytes hauv cov ntshavtsis mus dhau qhov kev cai. Kev kuaj ntshav dav dav tso cai rau koj txheeb xyuas lawv tus lej. Kev siv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm leukocytes hauv cov ntshav nyob ntawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm tus neeg. Thaum tsis muaj kab mob thiab pathologies, tus lej ntawm leukocytes tuaj yeem hloov pauv nyob ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm hnub thiab lub xeev ntawm lub cev.
Leukocyte formula
Leukocyte mis mis yog feem pua ntawm txhua hom qe ntshav dawb. Txhawm rau kuaj xyuas kom raug thiab sau ntawv kho mob, tus nqi ntawm txhua hom leukocyte hauv cov ntshav tau kawm. Txij li txhua tus ntawm lawv ua ib qho kev ua haujlwm, kev hloov pauv loj hauv lawv cov lej tag nrho thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov leukocytes hauv cov ntshav los ntawm cov qauv yuav qhia tau tias qhov ua tsis tiav tau tshwm sim hauv lub cev. Piv txwv li, los ntawm 1 mus rau 6% yuav tsum nyob rau hauv cov ntshav ntawm stab neutrophils, los ntawm 47 mus rau 72% - segmental, los ntawm 19 mus rau 40% - lymphocytes. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov monocytes (ntawm tag nrho cov leukocytes) yuav tsum yog los ntawm 3 mus rau 11%, thiab basophils thiab eosinophils - ib feem me me.
puas yog dab tsi
Nrog kev tawm tsam ntawm cov hlwb nrog txawv teb chaws microflora uas tau nkag mus rau hauv lub cev, cov qe ntshav dawb tuag coob. Pus yog qhov loj ntawm cov qe ntshav dawb tuag. Nws tseem nyob ntawm qhov chaw mob.
Leukocytic decussation
Nov yog ib txoj kev kuaj ntshav rau menyuam yaus. Hauv cov neeg laus, txawm hais tias leukocyte Performance index hloov pauv, nws yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb, thiab hauv cov menyuam mos, vim yog kev tsim ntawm cov menyuam yaus kev tiv thaiv, kev hloov pauv muaj zog heev. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog dhia yog pom nyob rau hauv tus naj npawb ntawm neutrophils thiab lymphocytes. Yog tias koj npaj lawv cov ntawv nyeem raws li nkhaus, ces yuav muaj kev sib tshuam rau hnub 3-5 ntawm tus menyuam lub neej thiab ntawm peb thiab rau xyoo. Tus ntoo khaub lig zoo li no tsis tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov sib txawv, yog li cov niam txiv tuaj yeem ua siab ntev thiab tsis txhob txhawj txog lawv tus menyuam.
Leukopenia
Qee zaum qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam qhia pom cov qe ntshav dawb tsawg. Nws txhais li cas? Qhov muaj tus kab mob no ib txwm qhia los ntawm cov qe ntshav dawb txo qis.
Raws li yav dhau los tau txheeb xyuas, qib ntawm leukocytes tuaj yeem hloov pauv mus thoob lub neej. Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam, txawm tias nyob rau hauv cov neeg noj qab haus huv, kev nce me ntsis hauv lawv qib tuaj yeem pom. Yog tias cov qe ntshav dawb qis, qhov no ib txwm ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau ua ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas thiab ua ib qho kev kuaj ntshav kom ntxaws.
Leukopenia lossis txo qis hauv leukocytes hauv cov ntshav hauv cov txiv neej, poj niam, menyuam yaus yog ib yam mob uas cov leukocyte tshuav hauv lub cev cuam tshuam rau qhov txo qis. Qhov kev sib txawv no tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua lub cev lossis kev noj zaub mov. Kev txo qis hauv qib ntawm leukocytes hauv cov ntshav txhais tau hais tias ib tus neeg muaj qee yam pathology. Cov kws kho mob saib hauv cov neeg mob ib qho kev nce hauv lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils. Cov laj thawj rau qhov tshwm sim no yuav txawv.
Vim li cas thiaj li tshwm sim
Hnub no, cov kws kho mob tau txheeb xyuas peb lub laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev txo qis hauv leukocytes hauv cov ntshav:
- Ib tug neeg tsis muaj cov vitamins txaus uas tsim nyog rau kev tsim lub cev dawb. Qhov no yog vim li cas feem ntau. Evolve no deviationtej zaum yuav yog vim tsis noj zaub mov los yog tshwm sim ntawm cov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog kev nqus ntawm cov vitamin tsis zoo. Hauv qhov no, lwm cov ntshav suav kuj yuav raug txo. Feem ntau, cov neeg mob muaj qhov tsis muaj vitamin B, mob ntshav tsis txaus, tsis muaj folic acid thiab tooj liab.
- cov qe ntshav dawb nquag tiv thaiv kab mob, uas muaj nyob hauv lub cev hauv cov kab mob ntev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov qe ntshav tawm hauv cov hlab ntsha thiab cov ntaub so ntswg cuam tshuam los ua qhov chaw ntawm lawv qhov chaw. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los txiav txim siab txog qib ntawm neutrophils hauv cov ntshav hauv lub xeev no. Nrog intoxication, qhov txo qis hauv leukocytes hauv cov ntshav tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Hauv qhov no, tus neeg mob yuav pom tias muaj qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov neeg laus, tab sis tseem hluas neutrophils.
- Yog vim li cas rau qhov txo qis hauv leukocytes hauv cov ntshav kuj yog teeb meem uas tau tshwm sim hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov pob txha. Qhov no tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev lom lub cev nrog tshuaj, tshuaj (piv txwv li, benzene), nrog rau kev mob hluav taws xob.
Cov tsos mob ntawm leukopenia
Thaum muaj qhov txo qis hauv leukocytes hauv cov ntshav, tsis pom cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob no. Raws li lub xeev kev noj qab haus huv, nws tuaj yeem xav tias cov leukocytes qis dua li qub. Tus neeg mob muaj chills, mem tes ceev, ua npaws, mob taub hau, qaug zog, tsis qab los noj mov.
Nrog rau qhov sib txawv mus sij hawm ntev, ib tus neeg yuav kis tau txhua yam kab mob sib kis. Qhov no tshwm sim vim qhov tseeb tias leukocytes ua haujlwm tiv thaiv. Yog ibIb tug neeg pom tias nws pib mob ntau zaus, thiab mob khaub thuas banal kav ntev tshaj li ib lub lis piam, nws yuav tsum tau kuaj ntshav rau leukocytes. Txoj kev tshawb no yuav raug txiav txim siab txog qib ntawm txhua hom cell uas ua haujlwm tiv thaiv, nrog rau lawv qhov piv rau tag nrho cov leukocytes. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig tau txais, tus kws kho mob tuaj yeem tsim qhov kev kuaj mob thawj zaug. Yog tias tsim nyog, muaj kev kuaj mob ntxiv.
Kab mob tshwm sim
Cov qe ntshav dawb qis tau pom nyob rau hauv txhua yam kab mob inflammatory. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov txo qis ntawm tag nrho cov hlwb no tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm qhov muaj cov kab mob xws li:
- kab mob kis (rubella, kab mob khaub thuas, mob khaub thuas).
- kab mob Oncological (tshwj xeeb yog ntshav qog noj ntshav).
- kab mob thyroid.
- mob tshwm sim los ntawm ib qho kab mob (tuberculosis, brucellosis, sepsis).
- Kev muaj kab mob.
- Kab mob ntawm cov kab mob autoimmune.
- kab mob siab.
- kab mob hauv plab.
- HIV
- YCongenital pathologies.
- kab mob pob txha.
- Pathologies ntawm tus po.
Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj qhov txo qis hauv leukocytes hauv cov ntshav tom qab siv tshuaj khomob lossis kev kho hluav taws xob, uas yog siv los kho mob qog noj ntshav. Kuj tseem muaj qhov txo qis hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov neeg uas nyob hauv ib puag ncig tsis zoo.
Dangerous deviations
Cov kws kho mob xav txog qhov txo qis txaus ntshai thaum tag nrho cov leukocytes hauv kev kuaj ntshav qis dua 4 g txwvib liter ntshav. Tus neeg mob uas muaj cov cim qhia tau sai sai yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas ntxiv thiab txheeb xyuas qhov ua rau ntawm qhov sib txawv. Cov mob no yog qhov txaus ntshai tshwj xeeb rau cov menyuam yaus, vim lawv lub cev muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev tawm tsam los ntawm kev kis kab mob thiab kab mob. Txo kev tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem ua rau mob mus ntev thiab mob hnyav. Qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb kuj yog kev tswj hwm qib ntawm cov hlwb hauv cov poj niam cev xeeb tub. Kev txo qis hauv cov qe ntshav dawb hauv cov ntshav ntawm leej niam yav tom ntej qhia tias muaj kev phom sij rau nws thiab nws tus menyuam hauv plab. Vim li no, gynecologists niaj hnub saib xyuas cov ntsuas no hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam.
Kawm tau dab tsi los ntawm kev kuaj ntshav
Tus kws kho mob ib txwm txiav txim rau tus neeg mob txoj kev noj qab haus huv los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm leukocyte suav. Kev kuaj ntshav li cas:
- Txo qis hauv platelets thiab erythrocytes nrog rau kev txo qis hauv qib ntawm leukocytes. Raws li txoj cai, tus mob no yog lub teeb liab ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov pob txha. Xws li pathologies tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev lom, hluav taws xob, cov ntaub so ntswg hematopoietic.
- Txo cov lymphocytes. Qhov kev sib txawv no feem ntau hais txog cov kab mob congenital, kab mob autoimmune, kev hloov pauv. Nrog qee tus ntawm lawv, ib yam ntawm cov leukocytes tuaj yeem tsis tuaj.
- Tag nrho qib ntawm leukocytes hauv cov ntshav qis dua, tab sis tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau los, monocytes tau nce. Cov kev sim no feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas nyuam qhuav muaj kab mob los yog kis kab mob. Cov ntsuas hauv qab no qhia txog qhov pib ntawm lub sijhawm rov qab los. Qee zaum, tab sis tsawg heev, cov txiaj ntsig no tuaj yeem ua tauqhia txog kev loj hlob ntawm tuberculosis lossis mob qog noj ntshav.
- Tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm kev nce hauv lymphocytes, neutrophils raug txo. Tag nrho qib ntawm leukocytes kuj tseem qis dua. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo li no tau pom hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj lymphocytic leukemia, lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid mob caj dab, tuberculosis.
Kev kho mob
Thaum kuaj pom muaj pes tsawg tus leukocytes hauv cov ntshav, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los nrhiav qhov ua rau ntawm qhov sib txawv no. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo tsuas yog tuaj yeem coj kev kho tus kab mob hauv qab. Yog tias qhov txo qis tseem tsis paub, tag nrho lub cev yuav tsum tau kuaj ntxiv.
Tej zaum muaj cov qe ntshav dawb tsawg nyob rau theem pib ntawm cov pob txha loj lossis cov ntshav tsis txaus.
Nws tsim nyog paub tias kev kuaj ntshav kuaj yog ib qho xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv kev kho menyuam yaus. Yog tias tus menyuam muaj qhov ntsuas ib txwm ua dhau los, thiab ntawm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tom ntej nws poob qis, nws yuav tsum tau ceev nrooj txheeb xyuas qhov ua rau.
Hauv kev kho mob leukopenia, cov tshuaj xaiv yog:
- "Leukogen".
- "Etaden".
- Y"Pentoxyl".
- "Batilol"
Y "Pyridoxine".
Tiv thaiv leukopenia. Yuav ua li cas thiaj nce cov qe ntshav dawb
Tsis muaj kev ntsuas tshwj xeeb los tiv thaiv qhov kev sib txawv no. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee cov lus qhia dav dav rau kev txhawb nqa kev noj qab haus huv. Peb tau tham saum toj no tias qee zaum kev kuaj pom cov qe ntshav dawb tsawg. Nws txhais li cas. Qhov no yog pov thawj ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv tus menyuam thiabneeg laus. Nrog rau txoj kev ua neej tsis zoo thiab tsis muaj cov vitamins, tus nqi ntawm cov qe ntshav no tuaj yeem txo qis.
Yuav ua li cas thiaj nce cov leukocytes hauv cov ntshav? Ua ntej, koj yuav tsum tau saib xyuas koj cov zaub mov. Cov zaub mov yuav tsum noj qab nyob zoo, ntuj thiab ntau yam. Kev noj zaub mov kom zoo yuav pab ntxiv cov vitamins uas ploj lawm, uas yuav ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv ntxiv.
Tsis tas li, tsis txhob hnov qab taug kev sab nraum zoov, kis las. Kev ntxhov siab yuav tsum zam. Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam muaj kev phom sij yuav tsum tau nqa daim ntawv pov thawj mus rau sanatoriums. Kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj kuj tuaj yeem ua rau txo qis hauv cov qe ntshav dawb. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog muab cawv thiab nicotine, ua rau koj tus kheej haus cov tshuaj ntsuab noj qab haus huv, noj cov vitamin complexes, suav nrog cov khoom noj mis nyuj, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, ntses, nqaij, thiab zaub hauv koj cov zaub mov.
