Nicotinic acid, colloquially - vitamin B3, belongs rau vitamin pawg tshuaj. Ib tug poj niam yuav tsum tau txais 14-20 mg ib hnub twg, ib tug txiv neej 16-28 mg ntawm vitamin. Cov koob tshuaj nce ntxiv hauv cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb: piv txwv li, thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm hnyav lossis nyob rau hauv huab cua huab cua, nrog rau thaum cev xeeb tub. Niacin muaj peev xwm tiv taus cov kab mob, txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev tiv thaiv lub cev, pab txhawb kev stabilization thiab ntxiv kev saib xyuas ntawm cov roj (cholesterol) li qub txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev tsim cov atherosclerotic plaques ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Cov qib roj cholesterol yog suav tias yog qhov qub yog tias nws cov nqi nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm 3 txog 5 mmol / liter. Cov roj (cholesterol) ntau dhau ua rau atherosclerosis thiab kab mob gallstone, thiab tsis muaj cov roj (cholesterol) ua rau lub paj hlwb thiab lub cev tsis muaj zog.
Niacin rov ua haujlwm ntawm lub plab, nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm PP-vitamin, normalizes metabolism, nthuav cov hlab ntsha. Ua tsaug rau kev siv cov tshuaj, kev tiv thaiv ntuj ntawm ib tug neeg nce txawm tias kubtus kab mob staphylococcus. Cov tshuaj, feem ntau siv - nicotine, kuj yog siv rau detoxification thaum muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau lub cev. Cov vitamin no yog nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg ntawm cov dej-soluble vitamins.
Cov lus qhia rau kev siv nicotinic acid txiav txim siab siv cov tshuaj hauv cov xwm txheej hauv qab no:
- spasms ntawm vascular leeg;
- pellagra (avitominosis);
- Hartnup's kab mob (kev thauj mus los ntawm nruab nrab acids thiab tryptophan);
- ntau yam kab mob plab;
- nce ntshav cov rog zoo li tshuaj;
- gastritis, yog tias tsis muaj acidity;
- mob ntawm lub ntsej muag paj hlwb;
- tsis kho qhov txhab;
- nce hauv cov thyroid hormone ntau ntau;
- nyob rau hauv txoj kev kho mob rau kev kho mob strokes.
Ib daim foos
Nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia rau kev siv cov nicotinic acid, nyob ntawm txoj kev ntim, 2 daim ntawv tso tawm ntawm cov tshuaj yog reflected.
1. Tablets:
- nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 10 daim hauv pob pob;
- 50 daim hauv 5 pob pob (10 daim hauv ib pob);
- nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 50 daim nyob rau hauv tsaus hub ua los ntawm polymer, iav los yog propylene;
- 50 daim hauv cov polymer tsaus, iav lossis propylene hub ntim rau hauv ib lub thawv ntawv.
2. Kev txhaj tshuaj:
- 5 ampoules nyob rau hauv ib lub pob hlwv, 1 ml ib ampoule, nyob rau hauv ib lub thawv ntawv 1 pob;
- 5 ampoules ibhlwv, 1 ml nyob rau hauv ib lub ampoule, 2 packs nyob rau hauv ib lub thawv.
Uss
Muab daim ntawv tso tawm, cov tshuaj tuaj yeem noj hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj thiab daim ntawv txhaj tshuaj.
Vitamin B3 ntsiav tshuaj yuav tsum tau noj kom raug.
Txoj kev yooj yim tshaj plaws los noj tshuaj yog noj nicotinic acid ntawm qhov ncauj. Cov lus qhia rau kev siv hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj tso cai rau lub tswv yim ntawm kev siv txog li 3 zaug hauv ib hnub rau 0.1 grams, nyob ntawm seb tus kws kho mob tuaj koom. Nicotinic acid nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntsiav tshuaj yog tshuaj:
- rau pellagra - menyuam yaus noj 5-50 mg 2 zaug hauv ib hnub; cov neeg laus noj 100 mg 4 zaug ib hnub;
- lwm cov kab mob - menyuam yaus noj 5-50 mg 2 zaug hauv ib hnub; cov neeg laus noj 20-100 mg 3 zaug hauv ib hnub.
Txhawm rau txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kab mob oncological, nws kuj raug pom zoo kom noj cov tshuaj nicotinic acid. Cov lus qhia rau kev siv qhia txog cov koob tshuaj hauv qab no: menyuam yaus 5-10 mg 2 zaug hauv ib hnub; cov neeg laus 10-15 mg 2 zaug hauv ib hnub.
Vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm xeev siab, cov ntsiav tshuaj tau noj tom qab noj mov. Nws yog qhov zoo dua los haus cov mis nyuj sov nrog acidity siab thiab dej dawb hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev noj yog ua tiav nrog kev kho mob tsawg kawg ib hlis nrog ntau zaus ib zaug txhua 6 lub hlis. Nws raug pom zoo thaum kho nicotinic acid kom haus tsev cheese thiab curd tais diav txhua hnub los tiv thaiv daim siab.
Kev txiav txim los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas, nicotinic acid ntsiav tshuaj hauv cov lus qhia rau kev sivNws raug nquahu kom noj hauv kev kho mob nyuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib tug xov tooj ntawm contraindications tiv thaiv kev sau ntawv mus sij hawm ntev. Feem ntau, cov kws kho mob muab lwm cov tshuaj rau cov neeg mob noj, uas tam sim ntawd muaj ib txheej ntawm tag nrho cov khoom tsim nyog rau tus neeg mob lub cev. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum muab kev saib xyuas xwm txheej ceev hauv tsev kho mob, qhov kev xaiv tsis poob ntawm cov tshuaj, tab sis ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj.
Vitamin B3 hauv kev txhaj tshuaj yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhaj tshuaj kom raug.
Raws li cov lus qhia rau kev siv, kev txhaj tshuaj nicotinic acid tuaj yeem muab tshuaj intramuscularly, intravenously lossis subcutaneously.
Kev tswj cov hlab ntsha tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm dav hlau thiab ntws. Nrog lub dav hlau txhaj tshuaj, 1 ml ntawm cov tshuaj yog diluted nyob rau hauv 10 ml ntawm ib tug tov ntawm 0.9% sodium chloride thiab txhaj nyob rau hauv 5 feeb.
Nrog rau 1 ml ntawm nicotinic acid, dilute nrog 100-200 ml ntawm kev daws ntawm 0.9% sodium chloride thiab txhaj tshuaj ntawm 40 tee ib feeb. Intravenously, cov tshuaj yog pom zoo kom muab tshuaj nyob rau hauv kev ua txhaum ntawm cerebral ncig tom qab mob stroke. Qhov ntau npaum li cas hauv qhov no yog 30 ml, tsis ntau tshaj 10 ml rau ib qho kev txhaj tshuaj. Thaum muab tshuaj rau hauv cov kab mob Hartnup, kev noj tshuaj txhua hnub ntawm 200 mg yog qhov txaus. Kev tswj hwm hauv cov hlab ntsha tuaj yeem ua rau tag nrho cov kev tsis haum tshuaj, yog li nws raug pom zoo, raws li cov lus qhia rau kev siv cov nicotinic acid, kom ua tiav qhov kev tswj hwm no hauv tsev kho mob.
Rau kev kho mob ntawm pellagra, ib chav kawm yog muab nrog ob zaug ib hnub siv rau 10-15 hnub, 1 ml ntawm 1%daws. Rau kev kho mob ntawm lwm yam tsos mob, ib chav kawm noj 1 ml ib zaug ib hnub rau ob lub lis piam kuj tau muab intramuscularly los yog subcutaneously. Cov neeg mob mob tshaj plaws qhia txog kev txhaj tshuaj intramuscular.
Nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia rau kev siv cov tshuaj nicotinic acid, nws tau tshaj tawm tias cov tshuaj tuaj yeem txhaj tshuaj intramuscularly ntawm peb lub ntsiab lus ntawm tib neeg lub cev: nyob rau sab sauv sab sauv ntawm lub pob tw, nyob rau sab sauv sab saud. xub pwg, nyob rau hauv lub plab phab ntsa nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej; subcutaneously - nyob rau hauv lub anterior phab ntsa ntawm lub plab mog thiab nyob rau hauv lub forearm.
Kev siv electrophoresis muaj nws txoj cai.
Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb tsim nyog tau txais kev teem sijhawm ntawm electrophoresis siv nicotinic acid. Txoj kev no yog siv los kho osteochondrosis. Yog li, kev tshem tawm ntawm lactic acid los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg yog ua tiav, o raug tshem tawm, thiab qhov mob raug nres. Kev kho mob yog ua los ntawm kev kawm kaum-hnub nrog ntau zaus ntawm 1 zaug hauv ib hnub nrog 1% tshuaj.
Kev mob tshwm sim thaum noj
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm kev teem caij ntawm nicotinic acid, tus neeg mob yuav tsum ua raws li cov kev xav, tau kawm cov lus qhia rau kev siv ua ntej ntawd. Nicotinic acid yuav tsum tau siv ceev faj tshaj plaws thaum cev xeeb tub thiab lactation, ntshav qab zib, daim siab cirrhosis, kab mob siab, gastritis.
Ib tus lej ntawm cov kev mob tshwm sim kuj tau pom:
1. Paresthesia, kiv taub hau, ntshav siab.
2. Daim tawv nqaij hyperemia, mob taub hau, hnov kub.
3. Asthenia, hyperuricemia.
4. Lub siab rog dystrophy.
5. Kev tsis haum tshuaj.
6. Mob ntawm qhov chaw txhaj tshuaj.
YContraindications
Contraindications raws li cov lus qhia rau kev txhaj tshuaj nicotinic acid intramuscularly thiab intravenously yog: cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua ob xyoos, ntshav siab, gout. Contraindications rau kev siv ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj yog: ib tug rwj nyob rau hauv lub mob theem, nce nyob rau hauv feem pua ntawm uric acid nyob rau hauv cov ntshav, atherosclerosis. Nws tsis pom zoo kom tsav tsheb thiab ua cov haujlwm uas yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj kev saib xyuas ntxiv.
Vitamin B3 analogues
Cov lus qhia rau kev siv cov analogues ntawm nicotinic acid paub meej cov ntsiab lus ntawm tib yam tshuaj nquag, uas yog:
- "Enduracin" muaj cov khoom xyaw nquag ntawm nicotinic acid ntawm ib koob ntawm 500 mg, muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj hauv polyethylene fwj ntawm 100 pcs.
- "Niacin" muaj cov khoom xyaw nquag nicotinic acid, muaj nyob rau hauv cov hmoov ntim rau hauv hnab yas hauv lub thawv ntawv.
Kev siv cov vitamin B3 rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj
Nicotinic acid feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog nicotine hauv lub cev ntawm cov neeg haus luam yeeb. Cov lus no yog cuav. Nicotine yog tshuaj lom. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tshuaj nicotinic acid yog cov vitamin. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv nws tsis muaj, cov plaub hau thiab cov rau tes raug rhuav tshem, tus mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij ua phem. Nicotinic acid tau pom nws daim ntawv thov hauv ntiaj teb kev zoo nkauj. Niaj hnub no nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem kev tu plaub hau salon. Hairdressers thiab stylists qhia lawvcov neeg siv khoom siv hauv tsev cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj nicotinic acid. Cov lus qhia rau kev siv rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov plaub hau pom zoo kom siv cov tshuaj sab nraud, rub cov khoom los ntawm cov ampoules rau hauv tawv taub hau. Koj tuaj yeem ntxiv cov vitamin rau tshuaj zawv plaub hau. Qhov xwm txheej tsuas yog tias cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau yuav tsum tsis muaj silicone, txwv tsis pub cov tshuaj yuav tsis nkag mus rau hauv cov plaub hau.
Ntxiv rau, muaj ntau txoj kev xaiv rau cov ntsej muag plaub hau:
1. Oil Mask.
Yuav tsum yuav cov roj ntuj. Nyob rau hauv ib lub khob yas, sib tov ob peb ampoules ntawm nicotinic acid thiab 3 tablespoons, piv txwv li, txiv roj roj. Lubricate cov plaub hau nrog cov tshuaj npaj, qhwv nrog ib tug zaj duab xis thiab qhwv nrog ib tug phuam. Khaws daim npog qhov ncauj rau 30 feeb mus rau ib teev thiab ib nrab, ces yaug nrog dej.
2. Honey Mask.
Steam sib tov ntawm 3 tablespoons roj ntuj thiab 5 tablespoons zib mu thiab ncuav 10 milliliters ntawm nicotinic acid. Siv cov plaub hau rau 30 feeb thiab yaug nrog tshuaj zawv plaub hau.
3. Egg mask.
Sib tov ib ampoule ntawm nicotinic acid, qe qe, ib ntsiav tshuaj ntawm vitamin E thiab 1 tablespoon ntawm natural oil nyob rau hauv lub tais yas. Tshaj tawm cov plaub hau nrog lub resulting sib tov, qhwv nrog ib tug zaj duab xis thiab qhwv nyob rau hauv ib tug phuam. Tso cov plaub hau rau ib teev, ces yaug nrog dej.
4. Mask nrog aloe thiab propolis.
Sib tov 10 ml ntawm nicotinic acid, 15 ml ntawm aloe pomace thiab 20 ml ntawm propolis tincture. Siv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg rau cov tawv taub hau moisturized, ces zuag nrog ib tug nyias zuag los ntawm cov hauv paus hniav thiab faib cov sib tov mus rau qhov kawg.plaub hau. Tom qab ib teev, ntxuav tawm nrog dej sov los yog tshuaj ntsuab infusion.
5. Multi-component Mask.
Nyob rau hauv ib khob, tuav lub qe, ntxiv ib quarter teaspoon ntawm kua zib mu thiab 1 ampoule ntawm vitamin B3. Sib tov kom huv si thiab ncuav ob peb tee ntawm vitamin E thiab txiv roj roj thiab 15 ml ntawm jojoba roj rau hauv qhov sib tov. RUB cov muaj pes tsawg leeg rau hauv cov hauv paus hniav, kis tag nrho ntev thiab tos 50 feeb. Yaug nrog dej thiab tshuaj zawv plaub hau.
Qee zaum nws tuaj yeem siv nicotinic acid ua ib feem ntawm kev tshem tawm. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los npaj ib qho tshuaj txhuam los ntawm 1 ampoule ntawm acid, ib tablespoon ntawm ntsev thiab 3 tee ntawm koj nyiam cov roj yam tseem ceeb. Tom ntej no, siv cov tshuaj txhuam hniav rau cov hauv paus plaub hau, zaws, yaug nrog dej, ces yaug cov plaub hau nrog tshuaj zawv plaub hau.
Kev tshuaj xyuas thaum siv nicotinic acid ntawm lawv tus kheej, tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm cov kws tshaj lij kev lag luam zoo nkauj, feem ntau yog qhov zoo. Tau txais kev tshuaj xyuas cov lus qhia rau kev siv cov nicotinic acid rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj thiab los ntawm kws kho mob. Kev pom ntawm cov kws kho mob yeej tsis zoo. Qee tus kws kho mob ntseeg tias kev xav txog kev txhim kho hauv cov qauv thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov plaub hau yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov nyhuv placebo. Qee qhov tso cai rau nws siv nrog lo lus "tsawg kawg nws yuav tsis ua mob", tau kawg, yog tias tus neeg mob nyeem cov lus qhia rau kev siv nicotinic acid hauv ampoules raws li contraindications. Cov plaub hau feem ntau yog cov tsos mob ntawm tus mob hnyav. Yog li ntawd, cov kws kho mob xav tias nws tsim nyog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov plaub hau teeb meem tsis txhob sim mus nkaum qhov tsis xws luag, tab sis yuav tsum tau mus kuaj nyob rau hauv lub tsev kho mob.
Siv nicotinic acid kom stabilize qhov hnyav
Ntau tus kws noj zaub mov kom poob phaus thiab tom qabQhov hnyav stabilization yog muab tshuaj noj, uas twb muaj nicotinic acid. Cov lus qhia rau kev siv intramuscularly nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog tsis tsim nyog. Tab sis cov tshuaj yog tsim nyog. Vim muaj ntshav txaus, cov metabolism hauv kev txhim kho tau zoo heev. Qhov tsis muaj nicotinic acid nyob rau hauv lub cev ua rau lub siab xav noj tej yam qab zib los yog starchy. Cov tshuaj nquag koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov serotonin - cov tshuaj hormones ntawm kev xyiv fab. Tsis muaj nicotinic acid ua rau cov kab mob metabolic. Tab sis nws tsis muaj dab tsi ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov rog hauv tib neeg lub cev. Nicotinic acid normalizes zus tau tej cov kua txiv gastric thiab plab hnyuv motility, tshem tawm toxins thiab teeb meem tshuaj. Lub xub ntiag ntawm ib koob tshuaj txaus ntawm vitamin PP tso cai rau tag nrho cov khoom ntawm serotonin, uas nyob rau hauv lem ua rau kev coj ncaj ncees lub zog thaum raug ntxias kom noj khoom qab zib los yog chocolate.
Cov cai yooj yim rau kev poob phaus
Cov lus qhia rau kev siv cov nicotinic acid kom poob phaus los rau 5 txoj cai:
1. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias nicotinic acid yog ib yam tshuaj uas muaj ntau yam contraindications thiab phiv.
2. Thaum siv cov khoom uas muaj vitamin PP nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas yog: rye qhob cij, dawb cabbage, legumes, cauliflower, tswb peppers, chav kawm ntawm kev nkag mus tsis tau ntau tshaj ob lub lis piam. Kev noj haus ntev dua ua rau muaj ntau tshaj ntawm cov khoom siv nicotinic acid hauv lub cev. Cov lus qhia rau kev siv tshuaj noj zaub mov pom zoo kom sim hloov cov zaub mov ua ntej siv. Qhov no tseem ceeb heev. Tsim nyog noj ntau duaCov khoom ntuj uas twb muaj nicotinic acid.
3. Cov lus qhia rau kev siv cov tshuaj nicotinic acid, uas tus kws kho mob muaj teeb meem nrog rau cov ntawv sau tshuaj, muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov xav tau ntawm kev siv lub cev thaum lub sijhawm siv tshuaj. Nicotinic acid nws tus kheej tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov rog ntawm tus ncej puab. Nws tsuas yog ua kom qeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem, siv "kev zais cia" ntau lawm ntawm serotonin kom muaj kev zoo siab thoob plaws hauv lub cev. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tawm dag zog kuj nce serotonin ntau lawm.
4. Koj yuav tsum noj cov tshuaj ntawm lub plab tag, vim qhov no cov rog tau tawg sai tshaj plaws, thiab carbohydrates kuj tsis muaj sijhawm los ua phem rau lub cev.
5. Nrog rau chav kawm ntawm kev noj cov tshuaj, koj yuav tsum haus dej txog 3 litres ib hnub. Dej ua haujlwm pab rau nicotinic acid hauv kev tawm tsam slagging hauv lub cev.
Txawm hais tias tus kws kho mob cov lus qhia rau kev siv nicotinic acid intramuscularly, ntau tus neeg mob, rau ib qho laj thawj lossis lwm qhov, yuav cov tshuaj hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj thiab tos cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev poob phaus hauv ob peb lub lis piam. Txoj kev no yuav tsis ua haujlwm. Koj yuav tsum tau muab cov hnyuv ntxwm thiab yob, xaiv cov khoom noj uas muaj calorie tsawg, thiab thaum kawg tawm ntawm lub rooj zaum thiab pib txav mus. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhua tus kws kho mob paub tias cov nyhuv ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tuaj sai dua li kev noj tshuaj. Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov lus qhia rau kev siv nicotinic acid hauv kev txhaj tshuaj. Qhov tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntxhov siab ntawm lub cev nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm kev tshaib kev nqhis yuav tsis yuam nws tus kheejtos. Txij li thawj hnub ntawm kev noj, qhov pom kev ntawm lub cev thiab qhov pom tseeb ntawm lub siab tau hnov. Ua ntej yog txoj hauv kev ntev rau kev sib haum xeeb, uas txhais tau tias txhim kho qhov zoo thiab lub neej ntev.
Txoj cai rau kev sau tshuaj thiab cov xwm txheej rau kev xa tawm ntawm cov chaw muag tshuaj
Yuav kom yuav cov tshuaj nicotinic acid thiab nws cov analogues, yuav tsum muaj tus kws kho mob cov tshuaj, uas qhia txog qhov ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo thaum siv tshuaj. Yog li ntawd, ua ntej no, koj yuav tsum tau mus ntsib tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb. Tus kws kho mob zoo yuav xa koj mus kuaj xyuas cov txiaj ntsig siv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kua chromatography mass spectrometry. Feem ntau, qhov ntsuas no txawv ntawm 3 txog 36 ng / ml. Nrog rau qhov nce ntxiv, lawv hais txog B3 hypervitaminosis, thiab nrog qhov ntsuas tsawg dua li qub, lawv hais txog B3 hypovitaminosis. Hauv qhov no, tus kws kho mob tau sau cov tshuaj nicotinic acid. Tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev noj tshuaj, kev ua xua tuaj yeem tshwm sim, uas yuav tsum tau txiav tawm tam sim ntawd ntawm cov tshuaj, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm droppers, tam sim ntawd cessation ntawm infusion. Thaum muaj teeb meem thaum noj tshuaj tom tsev, yuav tsum tau hu lub tsheb thauj neeg mob kom txo tau cov tsos mob.
Siv nicotinic acid nrog ntau yam tshuaj
Noj nicotinic acid intramuscularly raws li cov lus qhia rau kev siv yog tso cai nrog cov vitamins B1, B6, B9, B12. Tsis txhob siv cov tshuaj nrog ascorbic acid, tooj liab thiab magnesium. Muaj kev pheej hmoo los ntshav thaum siv cov tshuaj nrog acetylsalicylic acid thiab lwm yam tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Nrog ceev faj, cov tshuaj yog siv nrog tshuaj rau cov ntshav qab zib. Kev nce hauv arterial hypotension yog ua tau nrogsiv cov tshuaj antihypertensive. Nicotinic acid tsub kom cov nyhuv ntawm antispasmodics. Nws yog txwv tsis pub haus cawv kom tsis txhob mob vascular insufficiency. Txhawm rau kom zoo dua ntawm nicotinic acid, noj niacin nrog cov vitamins ntawm pab pawg F.
