Kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam hnav khaub ncaws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ntsuas uas lav 100% kev huv thiab kev nyab xeeb. Ua tsaug rau txoj kev ntxuav tshwj xeeb, txhua yam kab mob uas tuaj yeem ua rau kab mob, kab mob thiab kab mob fungal raug tua.
txhais li cas los ntawm lo lus "sterilization"
Hnub no, txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws rau kev ntxuav khaub ncaws thiab khoom siv kho mob hauv chaw kho mob yog:
- autoclaving;
- air cub sterilization;
- kho nrog tshuaj daws, roj.
Qee zaum, lawv mus rau kev kho hluav taws xob. Ntxiv mus, txhua txoj kev no muaj peb theem tseem ceeb, suav nrog kev tua kab mob, ua ntej kom tsis muaj menyuam thiab ua kom tsis muaj menyuam.
Cov khoom siv twg yog hnav khaub ncaws
qeb no suav nrog ntau hom ntaub siv los kho qhov txhab, suav nrog thaj chaw phais (tamponade, hnav khaub ncaws, ntaub so kho mob, thiab lwm yam). Cov khoom siv rau kev hnav khaub ncaws muaj qhov siabqib ntawm hygroscopicity, yog li ntawd, nws sai sai absorbs kua tawm los ntawm qhib qhov txhab, dries instantly, tab sis yuav tsum nyob twj ywm elastic thiab ruaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum npaj cov ntaub qhwv tsis muaj menyuam, cov ntaub so ntswg, turundas thiab lwm yam khoom siv gauze, lawv cov hypoallergenicity raug coj mus rau hauv tus account. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog ua si los ntawm qhov muaj thiab pheej yig ntawm cov khoom siv hnav khaub ncaws, txij li feem ntau nws yuav tsum tau noj cov khoom tseem ceeb. Tom qab ua kom tsis muaj menyuam, hnav khaub ncaws yuav tsum tsis txhob poob nws cov khoom.
Gauze, paj rwb ntaub plaub, lignin feem ntau yog. Cov ntaub qhwv, ntaub so kho mob, tampons, turundas thiab lwm yam khoom yog tsim los ntawm gauze. Kev hnav khaub ncaws tsis ua tiav yam tsis muaj kev siv hygroscopic paj rwb ntaub plaub. Nws yog muag nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev muag tshuaj, siv rau ntau lub hom phiaj, nyob ntawm seb cov ntaub plaub uas tsis yog-sterile los yog sterile wool yog muas. Ob hom muaj peev xwm nqus tau zoo heev, tab sis hauv kev kho mob, cov paj rwb tsis muaj menyuam feem ntau siv. Nws tiv thaiv plua plav, khib nyiab los ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov txhab, tiv thaiv kev poob siab, raug tshav ntuj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, paj rwb ntaub yog muab tso rau hauv lub qhov txhab nkaus xwb rau saum cov ntaub qhwv tsis muaj menyuam, txwv tsis pub nws cov fibers fluffy yuav ntub thiab lo rau ntawm lub epithelium.
Hloov cov paj rwb, koj tuaj yeem siv lignin (cov no yog cov ntaub ntawv nyias nyias uas yog ua los ntawm ntoo. Txhawm rau kho cov hnav khaub ncaws siv rau ntawm qhov txhab, cov ntaub qhwv thiab cov ntaub qhwv elastic yog siv - qhov no kuj yog hnav khaub ncaws. cov khoom siv, kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam uas tso cai rau rov siv dua.
Viewskho cov cuab yeej kho mob rau hnav khaub ncaws
Raws li hom kev hnav khaub ncaws kom tsis muaj menyuam, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum ua raws nraim li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua thiab kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem. Qhov tseem ceeb tseem ceeb hauv cov teeb meem ntawm kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam ntawm cov khoom thiab cov khoom siv yog lub sijhawm khaws cia ntawm sterility. Lub sij hawm ntawm kev ntshiab huv ntawm cov ntaub qhwv ntsej, cov khoom siv paj rwb thiab cov tsheb kauj vab kho mob tau teev tseg los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom kuj raug coj mus rau hauv tus account. Tom ntej no, peb yuav xav txog ntau yam ntxiv txhua hom kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam uas siv hauv cov chaw kho mob niaj hnub no.
Dab tsi yog autoclaving
Qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws thiab pheej yig ntawm kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam, cuam tshuam nrog cov pa. Cov txheej txheem yog raws li cov cai yooj yim ntawm physics. Raws li koj paub, thaum boiling (100 ° C), dej forms chav, rau qhov no tsis tas yuav tsim kom muaj siab ntxiv. Tab sis yog tias txawm li cas los xij nce los ntawm 0.5 cua, ces chav yuav pib tso tawm ntawm qhov kub siab dua. Cov no yog cov xwm txheej zoo rau kev tuag ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob microflora, suav nrog cov kab mob uas tiv taus qhov kub thiab txias.
Lub sijhawm hnav khaub ncaws kho mob nyob ntawm qhov kub ntawm qhov nws yuav tshwm sim:
- ntawm 110 ° C raug siv sijhawm ib teev;
- ntawm 120-126 ° C - txog 45 feeb;
- ntawm 127-133 ° C ib nrab teev txaus;
- ntawm qhov kub ntawm 134 ° C, microbes tuag hauv 15 feeb.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias cov hnav khaub ncaws tuaj yeem rov siv tau tom qab ntxuav nkaus xwbyog nws koom nrog ib puag ncig uas tsis muaj purulent.
Sterilization device
Lub autoclave yog lub thawv hlau nrog ob phab ntsa muaj zog. Dej yog poured nruab nrab ntawm lawv, tom qab uas lub hau yog hermetically kaw nrog screws, thiab lub cua sov caij yog tig los ntawm hauv qab no. Thaum cov dej boils, chav pib tsim, uas ua rau sab hauv ntawm lub autoclave nrog hnav khaub ncaws.
Tom qab tso, lub khob ntim nrog lub hau, vim tias lub thawv ntim tag nrho. Bixes tuaj yeem khaws cia sab nraum lub tshuab kom tsis muaj menyuam tsis pub dhau ob hnub. Sab hauv lawv yog lined nrog ntaub. Thaum sau cov autoclave, tsis txhob tamp lub bixes, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tawm hauv qhov chaw dawb kom cov pa tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv. Nws yog qhov yooj yim dua los sau cov thawv rau kom tsis muaj menyuam nrog cov khoom lag luam homogeneous.
Qee zaum, autoclaving cuam tshuam nrog kev ua kom tsis muaj kab mob hauv cov hnab tshwj xeeb. Tib txoj cai siv ntawm no ib yam li thaum tso bix. Qhov tsuas yog qhov tsim nyog sau cia yog qhov yuav tsum tau siv lub hnab ua ke, hnav ib qho rau sab saum toj. Qhov no yuav ua kom lub hnab huv txawm tias koj khi lub hnab nrog cov tes tsis muaj menyuam. Lub hnab sab sauv tau hloov mus, thiab sab hauv yog muab tso rau ntawm qhov chaw tsis muaj menyuam thiab nws cov ntsiab lus tau muab tshem tawm.
Algorithm ntawm kev ua thaum ua haujlwm nrog autoclave
Txoj kev suav nrog kev siv lub zog muaj zog, txawm li cas los xij, rau nws daim ntawv thov, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj lub cuab yeej tshwj xeeb rau kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam. Nws hu ua autoclave. Rautxhawm rau ua cov khoom lag luam kom raug thiab tsis ua xyem xyav lawv 100% purity, koj yuav tsum ua raws li ob peb txoj cai yooj yim:
- Ua ntej tus txheej txheem, nco ntsoov kho cov khoom sab hauv nrog cawv.
- Ib daim ntawv huv yog muab tso rau hauv qab, thiab ib lub thawv ntawm cov ntaub pua chaw pw, cov ntaub qhwv thiab cov khoom paj rwb muab tso rau saum nws. Nws tseem tso cai rau kom tsis muaj menyuam cov khoom siv roj hmab thiab cov cuab yeej kho mob (lawv muab qhwv rau hauv phuam thiab xa mus rau cov tsheb kauj vab).
- Tom qab ntawd, tom qab thauj cov khaub ncaws kom tsis muaj menyuam, ntau qhov ntsuas tau muab tso rau. Tom qab ua tiav kev hnav khaub ncaws, lawv yuav qhia seb qhov kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam puas tau ua tiav lawm.
Mikulicz sterility test
Kom paub tseeb tias kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam ntawm cov khoom hnav khaub ncaws hauv autoclave, ib qho kev sim yooj yim tau ua tiav. Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau yog qhov kev xeem Mikulich. Nws tau ua raws li hauv qab no:
- Nyob ntawm daim ntawv, sau ib lo lus nrog tus cwj mem, txo qhov ntsuas mus rau hauv cov kua, zoo li cov tshuaj txhuam hniav, muaj cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab thiab dej. Tom qab ntawd, daim ntawv tso cai kom qhuav.
- Cov kab txaij qhuav yog moistened dua, tab sis lub sijhawm no hauv Lugol cov tshuaj, yog li nws darkens, tig xiav thiab cov lus sau ploj ntawm nws.
- Qhov taw qhia qhuav yog xa mus rau autoclave nrog rau kev hnav khaub ncaws tsis huv. Yog tias tom qab kis daim ntawv rov dawb dua, ces kev ua tiav.
Bacteriological test
Ntawm no yog ib txoj kev ncaj nraim mus nrhiav seb puas yoghnav khaub ncaws khoom pathogenic flora. Txhawm rau kom tsis muaj menyuam yaus ntawm cov khoom, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau qhib lub bix ncaj qha hauv chav ua haujlwm thiab khiav cov ntaub qhwv ntsej muag moistened nrog isotonic sodium chloride tov tshaj cov khoom kho. Tom qab ntawd moistened gauze swabs raug xa mus rau ib lub raj kuaj. Kev tswj kab mob bacteriological yog nqa tawm ob peb zaug hauv ib hlis. Txoj kev no ntawm purity thiab sterility tswj yog suav hais tias yog feem ntau txhim khu kev qha.
Kev kho cua ntawm hnav khaub ncaws
Thaum huab cua kho, cov nyhuv sterilizing tuaj yeem ua tiav vim muaj cov khoom muaj zog ntawm cov cua qhuav thiab kub. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm txoj kev yog qhov ua tiav tsis muaj dej noo ntawm cov phab ntsa sab hauv ntawm lub bix, thiab yog li ntawd lub sijhawm tsis muaj menyuam tau nce ntxiv, thiab lub thawv hlau tsis raug hem los ntawm cov hlau corrosion.
Txawm li cas los xij, huab cua txoj kev ua cov khaub ncaws hnav muaj ntau qhov tsis zoo. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog tsim nyog sau cia lub protracted thiab tsis sib npaug cua sov ntawm cov khoom muab tso rau hauv lub bix. Txhawm rau kom tsis muaj menyuam cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov cua kub qhuav, yuav tsum muaj qhov kub siab dua. Qhov ntsuas kub tsawg kawg nkaus yog 160 ° C. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub sij hawm ntawm raug nyob rau hauv hom no yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg yog 2 teev. Txhawm rau ua cov hnav khaub ncaws hauv ib nrab ib teev, koj xav tau cua ntws hauv 200 ° C.
Thaum cov roj hmab thiab cov khoom siv polymer tuaj yeem ua autoclaved, txoj kev cua tsis ua. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tsis tuaj yeem tshuab cua kub dhau ntawm cov khoom ntim khoom. Kev ua tau zoosterilization ntawm hnav khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv lub qhuav-kub txee nyob ntawm seb cov huab cua kub npaum li cas nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom, thiab rau qhov no nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom ua raws li cov sterilizer loading cov cai thiab lub yuam cua khiav ceev (nws yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg yog 1 m / s.).
Gas sterilization
Tsis zoo li lwm txoj kev hnav khaub ncaws, huab cua thiab chav dej yog qhov nyab xeeb tshaj plaws thiab zoo ib puag ncig. Kev kho roj ntawm cov cuab yeej kho mob suav nrog kev siv ethylene oxide lossis formaldehyde. Vapors ntawm cov tshuaj no yog cov tshuaj lom heev. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua kom tsis muaj roj yog siv rau, raws li txoj cai, yog tias tsis muaj qhov ua kom tsis muaj pa lossis cua kom tsis muaj menyuam.
Yuav ua li cas kho cov pa roj ntawm kev hnav khaub ncaws, koj yuav tsum tsim txhua yam tsim nyog rau qhov no. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv gaseous, tshuaj sib txuas ntawm ethylene oxide tsis ua mob rau cov khoom, tsis provoke corrosive txheej txheem. Ua li no, txhua yam ntaub tuaj yeem ua tiav: tawv tawv, ntaub plaub, ntawv, yas, yas, ntoo, thiab lwm yam. Cov vapors uas tsim thaum lub sijhawm ua kom tsis muaj menyuam muaj cov kab mob muaj zog thiab nkag mus tob li sai tau.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tshuaj lom thiab tawg ntawm ethylene oxide yog nws qhov tsis zoo. Cov vapors ntawm 40% cawv formaldehyde evaporating los ntawm formalin yog siv los ua kom tsis muaj menyuam thiab cov khoom siv kho mob. Rau cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob, cov vapors ntawm cov tshuaj no tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb, ntxiv rau, cov txheej txheem roj sterilization nws tus kheej yogntev heev. Yog vim li cas txoj kev hnav khaub ncaws no tsis tshua siv.
Ua nrog tshuaj lom neeg
Lwm txoj kev pabcuam kev hnav khaub ncaws kom tsis muaj menyuam, uas tsuas yog siv yog tias tsis muaj peev xwm siv lwm txoj hauv kev. Tshuaj sterilization muaj ntau yam tsis zoo, txij li cov khoom ua tiav yog ntxuav tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv ntim. Tsis tas li ntawd, tom qab xws li cov txheej txheem tu, yuav tsum tau yaug ntxiv, thiab qhov no, dhau los, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib kis thib ob. Tib lub sijhawm, cov kev daws teeb meem uas siv rau kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam muaj nyob txhua qhov chaw thiab tsis tas yuav tsum tau npaj cov khoom hnav khaub ncaws ntxiv.
Cov khoom yuav tsum tau ua kom tsis muaj menyuam yog muab tso rau hauv cov tsheb kauj vab, tsis yog ramming. Tom qab cov txheej txheem ntxuav tiav lawm, cov khoom yog immersed ob peb zaug hauv dej distilled. Yog tias ua kom tsis muaj menyuam nrog hydrogen peroxide, yaug yog nqa tawm ob zaug, hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej - tsawg kawg peb zaug. Tom qab txhua qhov immersion ntawm sterilized yam, cov dej hloov.
Radiation method
Hauv kev kho mob, nws yog siv tsis tshua muaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum muaj kev xav tau kom tsis muaj menyuam los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kub-labile. Ionizing gamma thiab beta rays yog siv los ua kom tsis muaj menyuam. Txoj kev siv hluav taws xob ntawm kev ua cov khaub ncaws hnav yuav tsum siv cov ntawv thiab cov hnab yas. Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm txoj kev no yog qhov ntevsterility lub sij hawm.
Txoj kev tawg yog siv hauv kev lag luam. Nws yog siv los ntawm kev tsim khoom lag luam koom nrog kev tsim cov khoom siv tsis muaj menyuam.
