Cov calluses nyuaj: ua rau, kho, tiv thaiv

2024 Tus sau: Curtis Blomfield | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 21:10

Nyob hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav txheeb xyuas seb yuav ua li cas nrog pob kws. Yog hais tias ib tug neeg ntawm daim tawv nqaij raug kev sib txhuam tsis tu ncua los yog lub zog loj rau lub sij hawm ntev, nws tig rau nws cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv. Nws tuav cov cell tuag, tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm exfoliating. Hauv qhov no, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev raug mob rau cov txheej sib sib zog nqus uas cov hlab ntsha, cov hlab ntsha nyob, immunoglobulins, thiab lwm yam tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig nyob, txo qis. Qhov no yog raws nraim lub mechanism rau tsim cov pob kws tawv. Taw, yuam kom txhawb nqa tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm lub cev, nrog rau cov khau tsis xis nyob, raug kev txom nyem los ntawm calluses qhuav ntau dua li ob txhais tes. Nws muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov cheeb tsam ntawm keratinization ntau dhau los ntawm kev siv zog tas li.

Yuav kom nkag siab tias qhov nyuaj callus yog dab tsi, nws cov qauv yog dab tsi, yuav ua li cas kom tshem tau nws hauv lub sijhawm luv luv, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau kawm cov qauv ntawm cov dermis thiab cov laj thawj yog vim li cas.callosity tshwm sim.

Skin structure

Integumentary ntaub so ntswg (daim tawv nqaij) yog lub cev ntev tshaj plaws. Nws yog nws leej twg ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov kev sib cuag nrog cov xwm txheej ntawm ib puag ncig sab nraud thiab muaj peev xwm ua kom tsis muaj zog lossis ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo. Cov khoom tiv thaiv ntawm daim tawv nqaij yog vim qhov tseeb tias nws muaj ob txheej txheej.

Epidermis

Lub epidermis yog hu ua txheej txheej ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg integumentary. Hauv kev txhais lus, lo lus txhais tau tias "nyob saum lub dermis." Lub epidermis nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv zoo li ib tug tsib-txheej cib ntsa. Nyob rau hauv qis qis yog cov hlwb uas ua rau muaj lwm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Qhov kawg yog ib kab tsim los ntawm cov phaj tuag. Nws muaj lub zog siab vim yog cov protein keratin. Lub thickness ntawm txheej kawg ntawm lub epidermis yuav yog thicker uas load ntau yuav muab tso rau nws.

Derma

Cov kab mob epidermis feem ntau piv rau cov phab ntsa cib, thiab cov dermis, tig mus, tuaj yeem piav qhia tias yog "lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav dej". Nws muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus, suav nrog:

1. Nerve terminals, tshwj xeeb cov qauv uas txuas nrog cov hlab ntsha thiab muaj peev xwm teb tau cov cua sov, txias, vibration, siab.
2. Vessels.
3. plaub hau plaub hau.
4. hws, qog sebaceous.
5. Fibres.
6. Ib qho intercellular matrix, uas yog ib yam khoom zoo li gel uas tso cai rau muab cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm daim tawv nqaij raws li kev ncaj tom qab sib sau ua ke. Ua tsaug rau intercellular matrix, daim tawv nqaij tsis puas thaum khoov qhov chaw ntawm lub cev hauv cov pob qij txha.
7. Ntau lub hlwb: koom nrog hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob, ua kom puas microbes, nkag mus rau hauv cov epidermis, tsim lwm cov kab mob dermal.

pob kws tawv zoo li cas?

txheej txheem ntawm daim tawv nqaij keratinization

Lub sijhawm dhau mus, cov cell epidermal pib muaj hnub nyoog thiab nce siab dua, sib cais los ntawm nws cov qauv (tus txheej txheem no siv sijhawm ntev dua, tus neeg laus dua). Hauv lub cell, eleidin thawj zaug pib sib sau, maj mam hloov mus rau keratin. Tom qab 28 hnub nyob rau hauv cov neeg hluas thiab 72 hnub nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus, lub sab sauv, horny txheej yog exfoliated. Ua ke nrog cov nplais, txhua yam impurities, ammonia, ntsev, thiab lwm yam khoom uas tau tawm hws thiab nyob rau saum npoo yog sib cais. Ntau tus neeg xav tias nws puas tuaj yeem tho pob kws. Xav paub ntau ntxiv hauv qab no.

pob kws qhuav

pob kws qhuav yog ib lub zos thickening ntawm cov epidermis, uas tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tsis tu ncua txhua yam khaus khaus. Ib qho thickening yog tsim, raws li txoj cai, hla cov pob qij txha. Feem ntau, kev tsim ntawm callus qhuav tuaj yeem pom ntawm cov ntiv taw, hauv qhov chaw uas lawv kov.

Hard calluses ntawm xibtes yog tsim ib yam nkaus. Los ntawm sab nraud, xws li formations yog them nrog ntau corneocytes (keratinized hlwb), uas tsis muaj sij hawm los exfoliate. Xws li qhov tshwm sim hauv kev kho mob hu ua hyperkeratosis.

Nyob rau hauv txheej txheej ntawm keratinized daim hlau muaj lub hauv paus, uas muaj cov duab conical, nws sab saum tojqhia downward rau hauv cov txheej txheej ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Yog hais tias lub nucleus muaj cov pob txha zoo li cov pob txha mos thiab ntev txaus, qhov tsim yog hu ua callus nrog lub qia. Nws yog tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm txawv teb chaws lub cev nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij (nws yuav ua tau ib tug me me fragment, ib tug grain ntawm xuab zeb, ib tug sliver), los yog nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw uas yav tas los muaj ib tug ntub callus. Hyperkeratoses nrog rau qhov chaw axial tej zaum yuav yog ib qho cim qhia tias daim tawv nqaij kis tus kab mob los yog papillomavirus.

Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas lub sab saum toj ntawm lub nucleus mus txog lub paj hlwb nyob rau hauv lub sib sib zog nqus khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, lub callus pib tshwm sim nws tus kheej li mob heev. Qhov feem ntau nyuaj callus nrog qia yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov chaw hauv qab no:

1. mid heel.
2. paj qab ntiv taw.
3. Nraug thawj ob tus ntiv taw.
4. Ntawm ntiv tes thiab ntiv taw ntiv taw.

Cov tawv tawv calluses ntawm tes yog tsawg heev. Nws yog qhov nyuaj dua kom tshem tau cov pob kws qhuav uas muaj lub hauv paus dua li ib qho qhuav. Qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj rau nws txoj kev kho yog tshem tawm nrog lub laser.

Risk pawg

Cov kws tshaj lij tau pom ntev ntev vim li cas rau qhov pom ntawm thaj tsam ntawm keratinization ntau dhau. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov no yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm uas cuam tshuam nrog kev sib txhuam thiab kev siab ntawm qee qhov chaw ntawm daim tawv nqaij:

1. Ntxhais khaus khaus.
2. Nkauj khau tshaj ib lub tho xoob uas sib sau ua ke.
3. Force ntev taug kev (tshwj xeeb yog tias tus neeg rog dhau thiab tsis haum lub cev).
4. Pathology ua rau ko taw deformity (mob caj dab, arthrosis).
5. Kov kev sib txhuamcov cuab yeej tes.
6. Kev sib txhuam tawm tsam cov khoom siv ncaws pob.
7. Nkauj tawm tsam instrumental.

Qee zaum, pob kws tsis yog tsuas yog kho kom zoo nkauj xwb, tab sis qhia txog cov kab mob ntawm nws cov cab, xws li:

1. kab mob fungal. Cov tawv nqaij ntawm tag nrho cov ko taw yuav qhuav, thaj tsam ntawm lub transverse ko taw thiab pob taws yuav redder, ua thicker thiab pib tawg. Txoj kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho pob kws qhuav hauv qhov no yuav yog kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob hauv zos.
2. Deficiency nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov vitamins A, E. Raws li lawv tsis muaj, daim tawv nqaij qhuav, lub peev xwm ntawm daim tawv nqaij tiv thaiv ntau yam kab mob yog txo.
3. Cov kab mob vascular ntawm sab qis, tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los uas muaj kev ua txhaum ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm ko taw. Cov kab mob no tuaj yeem yog: obliterating endarteritis, varicose leeg, atherosclerosis.
4. mob ntshav qab zib. Kev kho cov pob kws qhuav uas tshwm sim tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm ntshav qab zib mellitus, tshwj xeeb nrog cov tshuaj hauv zos, yuav tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Yuav tsum tau kho cov piam thaj.

Yuav ua li cas kho calluses ntawm ko taw los ntawm khau, kawm hauv qab no.

Symptoms of dry corns

Cov cheeb tsam ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntxhib uas tsis muaj lub hauv paus, sab nraud zoo li tsim, cov ciam teb uas sib npaug thiab meej. Cov qauv, raws li txoj cai, muaj xim daj, me ntsis reddening tuaj yeem pom nyob ib puag ncig nws. Thaum soj ntsuam cov callus, nws qhov tshwj xeeb dryness, siab ntawm kev hnov mob raug kuaj pom.tsis hu.

Tus callus zoo li txawv me ntsis:

1. Ib ntu ntawm roughened dermis zoo li lub kaus mom nceb.
2. Muaj xim dawb lossis daj.
3. Txoj kev ntxhov siab ua rau mob.
4. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev kawm yog ib tug crust. Yog tias nws tau raug tshem tawm, kev ntxhov siab yuav pom tias muaj qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom thiab lub teeb xim.

Yuav ua li cas nrog pob kws?

pob kws kho mob

Thaum cov callus qhuav tshwm, koj yuav tsum xyuam xim rau qhov teeb meem thiab pib kho raws sijhawm. Txwv tsis pub, thaum callus loj tuaj, yuav muaj teeb meem hauv kev ua haujlwm lossis taug kev, nrog rau qhov mob hnyav. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob raug mob hauv cheeb tsam, tus neeg pib tso ko taw lossis xibtes sib txawv, vim tias qhov axis ntawm kev txav ntawm kev sib koom ua ke cuam tshuam. Qhov kev ua txhaum cai no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev mob caj dab, mob caj dab thiab lwm yam kab mob tsis zoo.

Pob kws nrog lub hauv paus yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm, vim tias dhau sijhawm lawv tuaj yeem tawg. Pathogenic microorganisms pib nkag mus rau hauv cov kab nrib pleb tsim, uas provoke tus kab mob thiab tau txais lub sijhawm los nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha. Hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, ntshav lom tsis raug txiav tawm. Yuav kho calluses ntawm ko taw los ntawm khau li cas?

Painless callus therapy

Kev kho cov calluses qhuav uas tau tsim tshiab, tsis muaj ntsia, tsis tawg lossis kis kab mob yog txheej txheem yooj yim. Cov txheej txheem tus neeg mob yuav tsum ua raws li hauv qab no:

1. Nyemyuav raug kuaj xyuas cov kab mob uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm hyperkeratotic aav. Kev tshuaj xyuas yog ua los ntawm plaub tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb: tus kws kho mob endocrinologist (uas feem ntau tsis suav nrog ntshav qab zib mellitus), tus kws phais mob vascular (xws li cov hlab ntsha nyob hauv ob txhais ceg thiab caj npab), kws kho mob neuropathologist (pom zoo rau kev kho mob tsim nyog hauv cov xwm txheej uas hyperkeratosis tshwm sim. keeb kwm ntawm kev hloov pauv pathological nyob rau hauv cov hlab ntsha ntawm lub limb), kws kho mob dermatologist (xws li kev kuaj xyuas kom pom cov kab mob fungal thiab papillomavirus).
2. Cov txheej txheem tu cev yuav tsum tau ua: ua kom cov ko taw hauv cov dej qab zib thiab xab npum, kho thaj chaw coarsened nrog pob zeb pumice, txhuam rau ko taw. Tom qab ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm ob txhais ceg yog ntxuav thiab qhuav, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog yuav tau siv cov roj nplaum nplaum. Haum rau lub hom phiaj no yog txhua tus me nyuam mos cream, Bepanthen, D-Panthenol, nws tus kheej-npaj sib tov ntawm cov roj-raws li vitamin A thiab tus me nyuam cream (feem ntau 1: 1).
3. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau hloov koj cov khau uas twb muaj lawm kom haum rau cov huab cua thiab lub hom phiaj. Qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws yog tias cov khau yog seamless sab hauv, yuav muaj kev txhawb nqa koov, pob taws dav, ntiv taw dav dav, pob taws ntawm 3-4 cm.

pob kws puas tuaj yeem tho tau? Cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm txoj kev no muab ntau qhov kev sib cav ua pov thawj cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tho qhov kev loj hlob. Ntawm lawv: qhov ploj ntawm qhov mob thiab tsis xis nyob thaum txav mus los, kho sai, tsis muaj menyuam vim kev npaj (yog tias pob kws tawg ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm lub sijhawm npaj txhij, nws yuav tsis nyob ntawm tes.tig los ua ib qho khoom pab thawj zaug).

Puncture yog tsim nyog yog cov pob kws nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw qhib thiab muaj kev pheej hmoo tias nws yuav inadvertently tawg yog hais tias lub hlwv tau kis mus rau ib tug loj loj. Tsuas yog cov dej ntawm calluses yuav raug kuaj mob.

Tshem tawm calluses, mob tsim

Yog pob kws nrog qia tshwm, koj yuav tsum, zoo li hauv rooj plaub dhau los, ua ntej ntawm kev kuaj xyuas. Kev kho mob tuaj yeem ua hauv tsev tsuas yog ob peb kis:

1. Dry callus tsis muaj kab mob (piv txwv li tsis nrog liab, xiav, sanious los yog purulent tawm).
2. Cov tsos ntawm pob kws yog tsis provoked los ntawm fungal kab mob.
3. pob kws tsis tshwm sim vim raug kis tus kabmob papillomavirus.

Kev kho tsev hauv tsev rau cov pob kws tawv tawv ntawm ob txhais ceg yog raws li hauv qab no: nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua kom sov cov chaw callused thiab siv cov tshuaj hauv zos (cov pej xeem, tsev muag tshuaj) rau lawv uas tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov tawv nqaij ntau dhau. Yog tias nws hloov tawm tias cov kev kho mob zoo li no tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, thiab cov pob kws yog cov kab mob fungal los yog provoked los ntawm tib neeg papillomavirus kab mob, koj yuav tsum hu rau tus kws kho mob dermatologist kom tshem tawm qhov tsim.

Yuav ua li cas kom tau ib qho nyuaj callus sawv daws yuav tsum paub.

Baths

da dej pab kom cov chaw kho mob. Lawv yuav tsum tau ua, ua raws li ntau txoj cai:

1. Dej yuav tsum kub nruab nrab (txog 45 degrees).
2. Lub sijhawm Steam - mus txog 20 feeb, kom txog thaum dej txias.
3. Cov dej ntim yuav tsum yog li 5 litres.

Koj tuaj yeem ntxiv rau hauv dej da dej: sib tov ntawm ob tablespoons crushed ntxhua khaub ncaws xab npum thiab kaum teaspoons dej qab zib, decoctions ntawm celandine, St. John's wort, chamomile, sib tov ntawm plaub tablespoons ntsev hiav txwv thiab ib liter. mis nyuj (cream, whey), mus txog 4 tablespoons ntawm starch, ob peb crystals ntawm poov tshuaj permanganate.

Tom qab steaming ko taw hauv da dej, lawv yuav tsum tau so qhuav, ua tiav nrog cov ntaub ntawv, pob zeb pumice. Tom qab ntawd ib qho tshuaj pleev rau pob kws qhuav, greasy qab zib, lwm yam tshuaj ntawm pej xeem lossis chaw muag tshuaj keeb kwm, uas muaj keratolytic zog, yog siv rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, nws yuav tsum tau ntxuav tawm, siv rau thaj tsam ntawm daim tawv nqaij nrog greasy cream.

Dab tsi yog siv los tshem tawm cov tawv tawv tawv ntawm cov ntiv taw?

tshuaj kho mob

Tshem tawm cov pob kws qhuav nrog kev kho mob sab nraud uas tuaj yeem rhuav tshem kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem tsis tsim nyog ntawm keratinized daim hlau. Feem ntau, cov tshuaj hauv qab no yog siv rau lub hom phiaj no:

1. Tshuaj pleev los ntawm cov pob kws tawv thiab lwm yam khoom raws li salicylic acid. Piv txwv li, thaj "Salipod", salicylic tshuaj pleev. Cov khoom no, thaum siv rau pre-steamed thiab phuam-qhuav daim tawv nqaij, muab ib tug tev nyhuv, rhuav tshem cov bonds ntawm cov hlwb tuag thiab exfoliating lawv. "Nemozol cream" muaj cov nyhuv zoo sib xws. Nws muaj salicylate, uas pab soften thiab cais pob kws. Cov sulfur tam sim no nyob rau hauv qab zib ua raws li ib tug antiseptic thiab antimycotic tus neeg saib xyuas, tso cai rau cov kab nrib pleb thiab qhov txhab kho nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm hyperkeratosis.
2. Npaj muaj hydrocolloids. Ib qho ntawm cov no txhais tau tias yog "Compid" thaj. Nws yog ua los ntawm silicone, uas tso cai rau koj los tsim ib qho chaw ntub dej ntawm qhov chaw ntawm nws cov gluing. Lub salicylic acid tam sim no nyob rau saum npoo ntawm thaj tsam ntawm lub sijhawm no yog tawm tsam nrog cov array ntawm corneocytes. Lub thaj rau cov pob kws nyuaj "Compid" yog tsim los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom hauv ntau hom, uas yooj yim rau kev ua raws li pob taws thiab qhov chaw ntawm cov ntiv tes. Lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob muab tshem tawm kom txog thaum lawv tev tawm ntawm lawv tus kheej.
3. Gel npaj muaj trichloroacetic acid. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws yog Wartner Gel. Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tus cwj mem applicator, yooj yim siv.
4. Npaj muaj cov tub yees. Piv txwv li, Cryopharm. Horny hais raug tshem tawm nyob rau hauv lub cawv ntawm cov tshuaj vim yog cessation ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus ntawm lub nto ntawm lub dermis. Thaum pib, cov hlwv tshwm sim ntawm thaj chaw kho ntawm daim tawv nqaij, uas nws thiaj li ploj mus.
5. Cov khoom lag luam raws li phenol, uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov cheeb tsam hyperkeratotic.
6. Kev npaj muaj cov khoom xyaw ntuj. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm "Papillek", "Super-cleaner", uas muaj nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm celandine extract. Siv cov tshuaj mus rau qhov chaw cuam tshuam, zam kev sib cuag nrog cov chaw noj qab haus huv. Tus neeg sawv cev yuav tsum tsis txhob rubbed. Raws li txoj cai, nrog kev pab ntawm celandine, koj tuaj yeem tshem cov pob kws hauv ib lub lis piam.
7. sib tovtshuaj. Lawv muaj tej yam ntuj tso thiab tshuaj keratolytic.

Pob Kws Cwj Pwm Compeed:

• ua raws li cov roj ntsha ntuj kom txo tau kev sib txhuam thiab chafing tam sim;
• yuav tsis pom ntawm daim tawv nqaij, tsis muaj xim;
• Muab daim ntawv lo rau daim ntawv thov yooj yim.

Yog tias koj tsis siv cov tshuaj txuj ci tseem ceeb ua ntej lossis tsis quav ntsej thawj cov cim qhia ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsim thiab tsis ua raws li kev ntsuas tsim nyog, ces qhov tsim ntawm callosity loj tsis suav nrog. Compeed Corn Pencil tuaj yeem pab tiv thaiv qhov no.

Nkauj kho mob kom tshem tau pob kws

Koj tuaj yeem sim tshem cov pob kws qhuav siv cov zaub mov hauv qab no:

1. Thov propolis rau saum npoo ntawm callus, uas tom qab ntawd kho nrog plaster.
2. Tseem ib daim nplooj aloe rau pob kws rau ib hnub.
3. Thov ib lub tortilla ua los ntawm cov qos yaj ywm nyoos. Lub ncuav no tso rau hmo ntuj, khi nrog ib daim ntaub qhwv.
4. Muab dos gruel rau pob kws, uas yog ces npog nrog polyethylene, tsau nrog plaster, tawm rau ib nrab ib teev.
5. Siv ob peb tee ntawm yav tas los ntxuav celandine kua txiv rau saum pob kws.

Cov no yog cov tshuaj uas nrov tshaj plaws rau tawv calluses ntawm ko taw.

Txoj kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho mob ua los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij yog kev tshem tawm pob kws nrog lub laser, hluav taws xob tam sim no, kua nitrogen. Kuj ua tausiv kho mob pedicure.

1. Kev tshem tawm ntawm callus qhuav nrog lub laser yog qhia nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas nws cov tsos yog provoked los ntawm tus kab mob, fungal kab mob, thiab kuj yog hais tias tus callus muaj qia los yog kis tau tshwm sim. Cov hlwb tuag tsis mob thiab tsis muaj ntshav evaporated los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg noj qab haus huv nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm lub laser. Nws yuav siv sijhawm kwv yees li ib ntu los tshem tawm callus nrog lub laser.
2. Kev kho mob pedicure los ntawm kws kho mob dermatologist lossis kws kho mob.
3. Electrocoagulation tsis tshua siv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev tshem tawm, ib qho crust tseem nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm pob kws.
4. Tshem tawm siv cov kua nitrogen. Txoj kev no yog siv yog tias thaj chaw hyperkeratotic muaj thaj tsam me me, vim tias cov nyhuv ntawm nitrogen hauv qhov tob yog qhov nyuaj rau kwv yees, tsis zoo li lub laser. Tom qab cryodestruction, ib lub hlwv (ntub necrosis) yog tsim nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub callus tshem tawm, kho uas yuav siv sij hawm ntev heev. Nws yog qhov ua tau tias yuav tsum muaj txheej txheem tshem tawm thib ob.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias tsuas yog kev kho mob raws sij hawm ntawm cov tawv nqaij calluses ntawm ko taw thiab lwm qhov ntawm lub cev yuav zam qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov mob thiab teeb meem.