Primary immunodeficiencies. Primary immunodeficiencies: Kev kho mob

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Primary immunodeficiencies. Primary immunodeficiencies: Kev kho mob
Primary immunodeficiencies. Primary immunodeficiencies: Kev kho mob

Video: Primary immunodeficiencies. Primary immunodeficiencies: Kev kho mob

Video: Primary immunodeficiencies. Primary immunodeficiencies: Kev kho mob
Video: Tshuaj kho mob plab huam leeg & mob nyuv huam nce rau pem kaus siab - Hmoob Li Tshuaj Ntsuab 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
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Immunodeficiency yog qhov ua txhaum ntawm kev tiv thaiv lub luag haujlwm ntawm tib neeg lub cev, vim qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob rau ntau yam xwm txheej. Kev tshawb fawb tau piav qhia tag nrho cov xwm txheej zoo li no. Cov pab pawg ntawm cov kab mob no yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev nce ntxiv thiab ua rau hnyav zuj zus ntawm cov kab mob sib kis. Kev tsis ua haujlwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv qhov xwm txheej no cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov ntau lossis cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws tus kheej cov khoom.

Txoj kev tiv thaiv kab mob

Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev, vim nws tau tsim los kuaj thiab rhuav tshem cov antigens uas tuaj yeem nkag mus los ntawm ib puag ncig sab nraud (kis) thiab ua rau cov qog loj hlob ntawm tus kheej. cell (endogenous). Kev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm feem ntau yog muab los ntawm cov xwm txheej hauv lub cev xws li phagocytosis thiab cov txheej txheem ntxiv. Tau txais kev tiv thaiv yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev: humoral thiab cellular. Kev sib txuas lus ntawm tag nrho cov kab ke tshwm sim los ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb - cytokines.

Raws li qhov ua rau, lub xeev ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob tau muab faib ua thawj zaug thiab theem nrab immunodeficiencies.

Immunodeficienciesthawj
Immunodeficienciesthawj

Dab tsi yog qhov pib tiv thaiv kab mob

Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) yog cov kab mob ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob uas tshwm sim los ntawm caj ces tsis xws luag. Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, lawv yog cov xeeb ntxwv thiab yog congenital pathologies. PIDs feem ntau raug kuaj pom thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntxov, tab sis qee zaum lawv tsis kuaj pom mus txog thaum hluas lossis tseem hluas.

PID yog ib pab pawg ntawm cov kab mob hauv lub cev nrog ntau hom kev kho mob tshwm sim. Kev faib tawm thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov kab mob suav nrog 36 yam uas tau piav qhia thiab tau kawm txaus hauv lub xeev kev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob, txawm li cas los xij, raws li cov ntaub ntawv kho mob, muaj txog 80 ntawm lawv. Qhov tseeb yog tias lub luag haujlwm noob tsis tau txheeb xyuas txhua yam kab mob.

Tsuas yog rau cov noob muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm X-chromosome, tsawg kawg yog rau qhov kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib txawv yog tus yam ntxwv, thiab yog li ntawd qhov zaus ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob no hauv cov tub yog qhov kev txiav txim siab ntau dua li cov ntxhais. Muaj kev xav tias tus kab mob intrauterine tej zaum yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam etiological ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm congenital immunodeficiency, tab sis cov lus no tseem tsis tau muaj pov thawj scientific.

thawj immunodeficiencies
thawj immunodeficiencies

daim duab kho mob

Cov kev kho mob tshwm sim ntawm thawj qhov kev tiv thaiv kab mob muaj ntau yam raws li cov xwm txheej no lawv tus kheej, tab sis muaj ib qho kev tshwm sim - hypertrophied infectious (bacterial) syndrome.

Primary immunodeficiencies, nrog rau cov neeg thib ob, tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov neeg mob nyiam tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntau zaus (rov ua dua) cov kab mob sib kis.etiologies uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob atypical.

Cov kab mob bronchopulmonary thiab ENT kab mob ntawm tus neeg feem ntau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov kab mob no. Mucous daim nyias nyias thiab tawv nqaij kuj feem ntau cuam tshuam, uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim ua abscesses thiab sepsis. Cov kab mob kab mob ua rau bronchitis thiab sinusitis. Cov neeg tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob feem ntau ntsib thaum ntxov baldness thiab eczema, thiab qee zaum ua xua. Cov kab mob autoimmune thiab kev nyiam rau malignant neoplasms kuj tsis tshua muaj. Immunodeficiency nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam yuav luag ib txwm ua rau lub hlwb thiab lub cev retardation.

Mechanism ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm thawj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob

Kev faib cov kab mob raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob yog cov ntaub ntawv tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev kawm immunodeficiency xeev.

kev faib cov kab mob
kev faib cov kab mob

Cov kws kho mob faib txhua yam kab mob ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ua 4 pawg loj:

- Humoral lossis B-cell, uas suav nrog Bruton's syndrome (agammaglobulinemia ua ke rau X chromosome), tsis muaj IgA lossis IgG, ntau tshaj IgM nrog cov immunoglobulin tsis muaj peev xwm, yooj yim sib txawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob, kev hloov pauv hypogammaglobulinemia ntawm cov menyuam mos thiab ntau tus. Lwm yam kab mob cuam tshuam nrog kev tiv thaiv kab mob humoral.

- T-cell thawj immunodeficiencies, uas feem ntau hu ua ua ke, txij li thawj cov kab mob ib txwm cuam tshuam kev tiv thaiv kab mob, xws li hypoplasia (Di George's syndrome) lossis dysplasia (T-lymphopenia) ntawm thymus.

- Immunodeficiencies tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tsis xws luag hauv phagocytosis.

- Immunodeficiencies vim kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua kom tiav.

Kev kis tus kab mob

Vim qhov ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis zoo tuaj yeem ua txhaum ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm tiv thaiv kab mob, ces qhov cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob sib kis yuav tsis zoo ib yam rau txhua kis. Yog li, piv txwv li, nrog cov kab mob humoral, tus neeg mob yuav kis tau los ntawm streptococci, staphylococci, Haemophilus influenzae. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kab mob no feem ntau pom muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Nrog rau kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob, cov kab mob, xws li herpes lossis fungi, uas feem ntau sawv cev los ntawm candidiasis, tuaj yeem koom nrog cov kab mob. Daim ntawv phagocytic yog tus yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb los ntawm tib yam staphylococci thiab kab mob gram-negative.

tsawg tib neeg kab mob
tsawg tib neeg kab mob

Prevalence of primary immunodeficiencies

Hereditary immunodeficiencies yog cov kab mob tsawg heev rau tib neeg. Qhov zaus ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm hom kev tiv thaiv kab mob no yuav tsum raug ntsuas rau txhua tus kab mob tshwj xeeb, vim tias lawv qhov kev sib kis tsis zoo ib yam.

Ntawm qhov nruab nrab, tsuas yog ib tus menyuam yug tshiab ntawm tsib caug txhiab yuav raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev. Cov kab mob ntau tshaj plaws hauv pab pawg no yog xaiv IgA tsis txaus. Congenital immunodeficiency ntawm hom no tshwm sim nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm ib tug ntawm ib txhiab tus menyuam yug tshiab. Tsis tas li ntawd, 70% ntawm tag nrho cov xwm txheej ntawm IgA tsis txaus yog cuam tshuam nrog kev ua tiav tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qee qhov tsis tshua muajTib neeg cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob, tau txais txiaj ntsig, tuaj yeem faib rau hauv qhov piv ntawm 1: 1000000.

Yog tias peb xav txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm PID-kab mob nyob ntawm lub tshuab, ces daim duab nthuav tawm heev. B-cell thawj immunodeficiencies, los yog, raws li lawv feem ntau hu ua, antibody formation disorders, muaj ntau tshaj li lwm tus thiab account rau 50-60% ntawm tag nrho cov mob. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, T-cell thiab phagocytic cov ntaub ntawv raug kuaj pom hauv 10-30% ntawm cov neeg mob txhua. Qhov tsawg tshaj plaws yog cov kab mob ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntxiv - 1-6%.

Nws tseem yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm PID muaj ntau ntau nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws, uas tej zaum yuav yog vim cov caj ces predisposition ntawm ib lub teb chaws pab pawg neeg rau tej yam DNA hloov.

Tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob

Primary immunodeficiency nyob rau hauv cov menyuam yaus feem ntau txiav txim siab tawm ntawm lub sijhawm, vim qhov tseeb tias nws nyuaj heev rau kev kuaj mob ntawm qib ntawm tus kws kho mob hauv zos.

humoral thiab cellular tiv thaiv
humoral thiab cellular tiv thaiv

Qhov no ua rau muaj kev kho mob qeeb thiab tsis zoo. Yog tias tus kws kho mob, raws li daim duab kho mob ntawm tus kab mob thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas dav dav, qhia txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub xeev, thawj qhov uas nws yuav tsum ua yog xa tus menyuam mus rau kev sab laj nrog tus kws kho kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob, hu ua EOI. (Tebchaws EuropeSociety for Immunodeficiencies). Lawv tau tsim thiab hloov kho tas li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm PID cov kab mob thiab pom zoo rau kev kuaj mob algorithm rau kev kuaj mob sai sai.

Pib kuaj mob nrog kev sau ntawm anamnesis ntawm tus kab mob. Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau cov genealogical nam, txij li feem ntau congenital immunodeficiencies yog keeb kwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, tom qab kev kuaj lub cev thiab tau txais cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam dav dav, kev kuaj mob ua ntej tau tsim. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, txhawm rau kom paub meej lossis tsis lees paub tus kws kho mob qhov kev xav, tus neeg mob yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas zoo los ntawm cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb xws li kws tshuaj caj ces thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Tsuas yog tom qab ua tiav tag nrho cov kev tswj hwm saum toj no peb tuaj yeem tham txog kev kuaj mob zaum kawg.

Kev Tshawb Fawb

immunodeficiency yog
immunodeficiency yog

Yog tias thawj qhov kev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis zoo yog xav tias thaum kuaj pom, yuav tsum tau ua cov kev kuaj hauv qab no:

- tsim cov qauv ntshav kom ntxaws (kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog them rau cov lymphocytes);

- kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm immunoglobulins hauv cov ntshav ntshav;

- ntau suav ntawm B- thiab T-lymphocytes.

Tshawb Fawb Ntxiv

Ntxiv rau qhov kev sim kuaj mob uas twb tau hais los saum toj no, ib tus neeg yuav raug txiav txim ntxiv rau txhua kis. Muaj cov pab pawg pheej hmoo uas yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas tus kab mob HIV lossis rau cov caj ces txawv txav. Tus kws kho mob kuj txiav txim siab txog qhov ua tau tias muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob.tib neeg 3 los yog 4 hom, nyob rau hauv uas nws yuav hais kom ib tug ntxaws kev kawm ntawm tus neeg mob lub phagocytosis los ntawm kev teeb tsa ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas nrog ib qho kev qhia ntawm tetrazoline xiav thiab xyuas cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub complement system.

PID kho mob

Pom tseeb, qhov kev kho tsim nyog yuav yog nyob ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob nws tus kheej, tab sis, hmoov tsis, daim ntawv hauv plab tsis tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm tag nrho, uas tsis tuaj yeem hais txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Raws li kev kho mob niaj hnub no, cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom sim nrhiav txoj hauv kev los tshem tawm qhov ua rau ntawm qib noob. Txog thaum lawv qhov kev sim ua tiav, nws tuaj yeem hais tau tias kev tiv thaiv kab mob yog ib qho mob uas kho tsis tau. Xav txog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv txoj kev kho.

congenital immunodeficiency
congenital immunodeficiency

Kev hloov pauv

Kev kho ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob feem ntau yog los rau kev hloov kho. Raws li tau hais ua ntej, tus neeg mob lub cev tsis muaj peev xwm tsim tau qee yam ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, lossis lawv qhov zoo yog qis dua qhov tsim nyog. Kev kho mob nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav muaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj noj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los yog immunoglobulins, lub ntuj zus tau tej cov uas yog impaired. Feem ntau, cov tshuaj tau muab tso rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, tab sis qee zaum txoj kev subcutaneous kuj tseem ua tau, ua kom lub neej yooj yim dua rau tus neeg mob, leej twg hauv qhov no tsis tas yuav mus ntsib chaw kho mob dua.

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov pauv feem ntau tso cai rau cov neeg mob ua lub neej zoo li qub: kawm, ua haujlwm thiab so. Ntawm chav kawm, kev tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog los ntawm tus kab mob, humoral thiab cellular yam thiab tas liqhov yuav tsum tau muab cov tshuaj kim kim yuav tsis tso cai rau tus neeg mob so kom txaus, tab sis nws tseem zoo dua li lub neej hauv chav siab.

kho mob thiab tiv thaiv

Tau qhov tseeb tias txhua yam kab mob lossis kab mob kis uas tsis tseem ceeb rau tus neeg noj qab haus huv rau tus neeg mob uas muaj kab mob ntawm pawg thawj coj tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus, nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum muaj peev xwm ua tiav kev tiv thaiv. Qhov no yog qhov chaw tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab tshuaj tua kab mob tuaj rau hauv kev ua si. Cov thawj koom ruam tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, vim tias lub cev tsis muaj zog yuav tsis tso cai rau kev kho kom zoo.

Ntxiv rau, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov neeg mob no muaj kev ua xua, autoimmune thiab, txawm tias phem dua, rau cov qog nqaij hlav. Tag nrho cov no tsis muaj kev saib xyuas kev kho mob tag nrho yuav tsis tso cai rau ib tus neeg los ua lub neej tag nrho.

Kev hloov pauv

Thaum cov kws tshaj lij txiav txim siab tias tsis muaj lwm txoj hauv kev rau tus neeg mob tab sis kev phais, kev hloov cov pob txha tuaj yeem ua tau. Cov txheej txheem no cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam kev pheej hmoo rau lub neej thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tus neeg mob thiab hauv kev xyaum, txawm tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, nws tsis tuaj yeem daws txhua yam teeb meem ntawm tus neeg mob los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm zoo li no, tag nrho cov kab mob hematopoietic ntawm tus neeg tau txais kev pabcuam yog hloov los ntawm tib qhov muab los ntawm tus neeg pub dawb.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thawj zaug yog qhov teeb meem nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj niaj hnub, uas, hmoov tsis, tseem tsis tau daws tag nrho. Cov tsos mob tsis zoo rau cov kab mobhom no tseem muaj yeej, thiab qhov no yog qhov tsis zoo ob npaug, muab qhov tseeb tias cov menyuam raug kev txom nyem feem ntau los ntawm lawv. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau hom kev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li lub neej tag nrho, yog tias lawv raug kuaj xyuas raws sij hawm thiab siv txoj kev kho kom txaus.

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