Intubation tube (endotracheal tube): hom, qhov ntau thiab tsawg, lub hom phiaj. Tracheal intubation teeb

Cov txheej txheem:

Intubation tube (endotracheal tube): hom, qhov ntau thiab tsawg, lub hom phiaj. Tracheal intubation teeb
Intubation tube (endotracheal tube): hom, qhov ntau thiab tsawg, lub hom phiaj. Tracheal intubation teeb

Video: Intubation tube (endotracheal tube): hom, qhov ntau thiab tsawg, lub hom phiaj. Tracheal intubation teeb

Video: Intubation tube (endotracheal tube): hom, qhov ntau thiab tsawg, lub hom phiaj. Tracheal intubation teeb
Video: Tshuaj theem vim li cas thiaj tau nqi ?/ Siv kho mob dab tsi?/paris polyphylla use for? 2024, Kaum ib hlis
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Hmoov tsis zoo, tsis muaj leej twg tiv thaiv los ntawm ntau yam kev raug mob thiab kab mob. Thaum mob hnyav, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau pab tam sim ntawd tus neeg muaj teeb meem. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias nws muaj kev raug mob uas ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau lub neej. Cov no suav nrog xws li xwm txheej ceev xws li kev ua pa ntawm txoj hlab ntsws, mob plawv, poob siab, coma. Kev kho mob ntawm cov kab mob pathologies no yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv chav kho mob hnyav. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ntsuas ceev yuav tsum tau ua tam sim tom qab ntsuas tus neeg mob tus mob, uas yog, ntawm lub tsheb thauj neeg mob theem. Hauv lub tsheb thauj neeg mob muaj ib lub teeb rau tracheal intubation, defibrillator, ib lub hnab Ambu. Cov cuab yeej kho mob no tsuas yog xav tau thaum mob hnyav, thaum tus neeg ua tsis taus pa ntawm lawv tus kheej.

endotracheal cev
endotracheal cev

Lub raj endotracheal yog dab tsi?

Nws yog ib qho uas tracheal intubation yog ib txoj kev tsis zoo. Tab sis, txawm tias qhov tsis yooj yim, nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev noj qab haus huv. Lub raj endotracheal tau muab tso rau kom nthuav dav cov hlab pa thiab muab cov pa oxygen rau lub ntsws. Ua tauyuav tsum tau intubated los ntawm ib tug kws kho mob ntawm tej yam tshwj xeeb. Qhov kev txawj no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsim nyog rau resuscitators thiab anesthesiologists, kws kho mob xwm txheej ceev. Ua tsaug rau qhov tso rau ntawm lub raj endotracheal, qhov cua ntawm lub ntsws yuav zoo li qub, txawm tias muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov hlab ntsha. Tsis tas li ntawd, siv cov txheej txheem no, nws muaj peev xwm nqa tawm cov khoom siv dag zog ntawm oxygen. Muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm cov hlab ntsha endotracheal (txog 20). Lawv txawv ntawm qhov loj me thiab muaj cov txheej txheem ntxiv (cuff). Tag nrho cov cuab yeej rau intubation muab faib ua 2 hom: oro- thiab nasotracheal raj. Lawv qhov sib txawv yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev nkag mus rau cov kab mob ua pa. Hauv thawj kis, lub raj endotracheal yog ntxig los ntawm lub qhov ncauj, hauv qhov thib ob - los ntawm qhov ntswg. Nrog rau ob qho kev xaiv, cov teeb meem tuaj yeem tshwm sim vim kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub cev. Yog li ntawd, ua ntej xaiv txoj hauv kev ntawm kev ntxig lub raj, koj yuav tsum ntsuas qhov kev pheej hmoo. Txawm li cas los xij, intubation yuav tsum tau ua yog tias tsim nyog rau lub neej ntawm lub cev.

endotracheal cev
endotracheal cev

Indications rau endotracheal tube insertion

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav, txoj hlab pa patency tuaj yeem ua tau tsuas yog los ntawm kev ntxig lub raj endotracheal rau hauv qhov ncauj lossis qhov ntswg. Feem ntau, tus neeg mob tsis hnov mob thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. Txij li cov neeg uas xav kom resuscitation feem ntau tsis nco qab. Muaj cov lus qhia hauv qab no rau tracheal intubation:

  1. Qhov xav tau ntawm cov tshuab ua pa. Artificial ventilation ntawm lub ntsws yog nqa tawm tsis tsuas yog nyob rau theem ntawm lub tsheb thauj neeg mob, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub department.resuscitation. Cov txheej txheem no yog ua tsis tau yam tsis muaj tracheal intubation.
  2. Kev xav tau tshuaj loog. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, kev taw qhia ntawm ib lub raj cua yog yuav tsum tau. Tseeb tiag, thaum lub sij hawm siv tshuaj loog, tag nrho cov leeg tau so, nrog rau cov leeg ua pa.
  3. Kev siv cov tracheal thiab bronchial lavage. Cov txheej txheem no yog qhia rau cov neeg mob uas sau cov hnoos qeev, plab cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv txoj kev ua pa.
  4. Txhim kho kev sib pauv roj ntawm lub ntsws thiab ib puag ncig.

Nws ntseeg tau tias lub raj endotracheal ntxig los ntawm lub qhov ncauj (orotracheally) yog qhia rau cov mob hnyav heev. Ntawm lawv yog ua pa thiab plawv nres (kev kho mob tuag) thiab coma ntawm ib qho keeb kwm. Kev tswj hwm ntawm Nasotracheal muaj teeb meem tsawg dua thiab suav tias yog ntau lub cev. Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev ua pa tsis ua haujlwm, cov kws kho mob feem ntau yuav ntxig lub raj los ntawm lub qhov ncauj.

tracheal intubation cov khoom siv
tracheal intubation cov khoom siv

Instruments for tracheal intubation

Ib tug resuscitator yuav tsum muaj ib qho khoom siv tracheal intubation nrog nws. Nws yog khaws cia rau hauv ib lub thawv tshwj xeeb nrog cov cuab yeej tsim los rau lub ntsws ua pa. Cov txheej txheem rau intubation, yog tias tsim nyog, raug tshem tawm ntawm chav saib xyuas mob hnyav. Qhov no muaj feem xyuam rau cov neeg mob uas tau ceeb toom rau cov neeg kho tshuab qhov cua. Cov cuab yeej kho mob suav nrog hauv cov teeb:

  1. Laryngoscope. Cov cuab yeej no yog sawv cev los ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus - cov hniav thiab tus kov. Nws ua haujlwm ua tsaug rau lub accumulator lossis roj teeb. Lawv muab tso rau hauv qhov kov ntawm lub laryngoscope. Cov hniav yogntau qhov sib txawv thiab cov duab (khoov thiab ncaj). Qhov no yog muab tso rau hauv lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav. Thaum kawg ntawm cov hniav muaj ib lub teeb uas illuminates cov hlab ntsha. Qhov kev xaiv ntawm laryngoscope loj nyob ntawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm tus neeg mob, tus mob ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav.
  2. Ntau hom kab mob endotracheal. Cov txheej txheem suav nrog cov cuab yeej rau intubation ntawm ob tus neeg laus thiab menyuam yaus. Lawv txawv ntawm qhov loj me, qhov muaj lossis tsis muaj lub cuff, sab nraud txoj kab uas hla, qhov ntev, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm qhov khoob. Cov hlab no tuaj yeem siv rau ob qho tib si oro- thiab nasotracheal intubation. Feem ntau, cov poj niam siv cov kav dej ntawm qhov loj ntawm 7-8, rau cov txiv neej - 8-10. Rau lub hom phiaj ntawm intubation ntawm cov neeg laus cov neeg mob, ib tug endotracheal raj nrog ib tug cuff yog yuav tsum tau. Txhawm rau kom paub meej qhov patency ntawm cov menyuam yaus txoj kev ua pa - tsis muaj nws.
  3. Qhia muab lub raj endotracheal qhov xav tau khoov.
  4. ntxhis.
  5. tshuaj loog tshuaj loog.

Txawm hais tias tsis yog txhua yam cuab yeej los ntawm cov txheej txheem siv rau hauv kev xyaum, lawv lub xub ntiag yog tsim nyog rau tag nrho.

lub ntsws ua pa
lub ntsws ua pa

Thaum twg yuav tsum tso lub raj endotracheal?

Txawm tias qhov tseeb tias intubation yog ib txoj kev tsim nyog, nws muaj ntau yam contraindications. Cov no muaj xws li: kev raug mob caj dab, hlav hauv qhov ncauj thiab qhov ntswg kab noj hniav, o ntawm txoj hlab pas. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, kev taw qhia ntawm lub raj yuav tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, tab sis tsuas yog ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov teeb meem loj (cov ntaub so ntswg rupture, qaum qaum). Yog li ntawd, ua ntej pib nrog intubation, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau kuaj xyuas qhov ncauj kab noj hniavthiab lub qhov ntswg, xyuam xim rau cov mob ntawm qaum qaum.

Ntxiv rau, qhov tso rau ntawm lub raj endotracheal yuav nyuaj rau qee qhov xwm txheej uas tsis yog contraindications. Ntawm lawv: tus nplaig loj, lub caj dab luv lossis lub puab tsaig qis, kev rog rog, ua rau cov hniav loj tuaj, lub qhov ncauj nqaim thiab tracheal anomalies. Yog hais tias tus neeg mob muaj cov yam ntxwv no, intubation yuav tsum tau ceev faj. Hauv cov xwm txheej no, kev nyiam yog muab rau kev qhia txog lub raj nasotracheal. Nws yuav tsum yog 1-2 qhov me me.

cuffed endotracheal tube
cuffed endotracheal tube

Intubation technique

Orotracheal intubation yog ua raws li hauv qab no:

  1. Tus neeg mob tau pw rau ntawm qhov tawv tawv, lub taub hau rov qab me ntsis, thiab lub puab tsaig sab hauv yog thawb rau pem hauv ntej. Yog li ntawd, lub sab sauv incisors yog nyob rau tib lub dav hlau nrog rau cov pa. Yog ua tau, muab ib tug menyuam tso rau hauv qab caj dab.
  2. Yog tias tsim nyog, ntxuav lub qhov ncauj ntawm ntuav, txhaws, av.
  3. Lub laryngoscope hniav yog ntxig (ntawm sab xis). Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsis txhob kov cov mucous ntawm lub qhov ncauj thiab cov hniav.
  4. Tom qab ntawd, lub raj endotracheal tau muab tso rau. Nws dhau los ntawm qhov ncauj kab noj hniav thiab larynx. Nyob rau theem ntawm lub suab qaum, lub raj yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo hla ntawm lawv mus rau hauv kab noj hniav.
  5. Lub laryngoscope raug tshem tawm.
  6. Npaj lub cuff kom ruaj ntseg lub raj endotracheal.

Nasotracheal intubation ua tiav ntau yam tib yam. Qhov sib txawv yog qhov loj ntawm lub raj thiab nws cov kev taw qhia rau hauv lub qhov ntswg kab noj hniav. Qhov twglaryngoscope tsis siv.

hom ntawm cov hlab ntsha endotracheal
hom ntawm cov hlab ntsha endotracheal

Cov menyuam mos ua pa li cas?

Muaj cov xwm txheej thaum tracheal intubation yuav tsum tau ua rau menyuam yaus. Feem ntau qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog rau qhov tob prematurity ntawm fetus. Tsis tas li ntawd, intubation tej zaum yuav tsim nyog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm neonatal thaum kuaj pom malformations ntawm cov pa thiab cov hlab plawv system. Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si, mechanical ventilation yuav tsum tau. Indications rau intubation nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam yaus thiab cov laus yog tib yam li cov neeg laus. Ntawm lawv: mob ua pa tsis ua hauj lwm, coma, kev siv tshuaj loog.

Dab tsi yog qhov ntsuas qhov tob tob?

Qhov tob uas lub raj endotracheal yuav tsum tau ntxig yog nyob ntawm nws qhov loj thiab qhov hnyav ntawm tus menyuam. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, siv lub ntsuas tshwj xeeb. Nws muaj feem xyuam rau cov menyuam yug ntxov ntxov thiab cov menyuam yug tshiab. Nrog rau tus menyuam hnyav txog li 1 kg, siv lub raj endotracheal ntawm qhov loj 2.5, qhov tob ntawm nws qhov ntxig yog ntsuas los ntawm daim di ncauj thiab yog 6-7 cm. Nrog lub cev hnyav txog li 2 kg, lub raj loj ntawm 3. yog siv, qhov tob tob yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 8 cm. Yog hais tias tus me nyuam hnyav los ntawm 2 mus rau 4 kg, ces qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov pa duct No. 3, 5, qhov tob yog los ntawm 9 mus rau 10 cm. Rau cov me nyuam mos. thiab cov menyuam mos uas nws lub cev hnyav dua 4 kg, siv 4 lub raj loj. Qhov tob tob - txog li 11 cm.

intubation qhov tob scale
intubation qhov tob scale

Dab tsi yog qhov teeb meem tshwm sim tom qab tracheal intubation?

Nws tsim nyog nco ntsoov tias qhov kev taw qhia ntawm lub raj endotracheal yog qhov txaus ntshai nrog cov teeb meem xws li kev puas tsuaj rau cov mucosa.membranes ntawm lub cev. Yog li ntawd, qhov no manipulation yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm ib tug kws paub txog kev paub. Hauv chav saib xyuas mob hnyav, ua ntej pib intubation, tshuaj loog yog ua. Cov teeb meem feem ntau muaj xws li: kev puas tsuaj rau cov hniav, pharyngeal mucosa, raj nkag mus rau hauv txoj hlab pas. Txhawm rau zam qhov no, nws yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib xyuas tus neeg mob tus mob.

Taw qhia ntawm lub raj endotracheal: kws tshaj lij tswv yim

Txhua tus kws kho mob muaj cov txheej txheem ntawm intubation. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev kho no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm resuscitators thiab anesthesiologists. Nyob rau hauv lawv lub tswv yim, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom nqa tawm tracheal intubation yam tsis muaj kev cob qhia tshwj xeeb thiab nyob rau hauv lub tsis muaj sterile tej yam kev mob. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov teeb meem ntawm cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem hloov tsis tau. Txawm li cas los xij, tus kws kho mob ntawm ib qho tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau pab thawj zaug rau kev noj qab haus huv.

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