Aortic valve: qauv, txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Stenosis thiab insufficiency ntawm aortic valve

Cov txheej txheem:

Aortic valve: qauv, txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Stenosis thiab insufficiency ntawm aortic valve
Aortic valve: qauv, txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Stenosis thiab insufficiency ntawm aortic valve

Video: Aortic valve: qauv, txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Stenosis thiab insufficiency ntawm aortic valve

Video: Aortic valve: qauv, txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Stenosis thiab insufficiency ntawm aortic valve
Video: Mus ua nyab rau yim hmoob tsis zoo 7/27/2017 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Aortic lub plawv tsis xws luag feem ntau kis tau nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej thiab tshwm sim hauv kev kho mob tsuas yog thaum laus. Lawv lub xub ntiag tuaj yeem ua rau mob hemodynamic loj heev. Qhov hnyav ntawm pathology nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias cov kev hloov pauv cuam tshuam rau lub li qub yog qhov hloov tsis tau.

Tus qauv ntawm lub siab: li qub

Lub siab yog ib lub cev hollow uas muaj 4 chav. Sab laug thiab sab xis yog sib cais los ntawm cov partitions, uas tsis muaj kev tsim, txawm li cas los xij, nruab nrab ntawm lub atrium thiab ventricle ntawm txhua sab muaj qhov qhib nruab nrog lub valve. Cov qauv no tso cai rau koj los tswj cov ntshav ncig, tiv thaiv regurgitation, uas yog, rov qab reflux.

congenital mob plawv ntawm aortic valve
congenital mob plawv ntawm aortic valve

Ntawm sab laug muaj lub mitral valve, muaj ob daim ntawv, thiab sab xis - lub tricuspid valve, nws muaj peb nplooj ntawv. Cov li qub tau nruab nrog cov leeg leeg, uas ua kom ntseeg tau tias lawv qhib tsuas yog hauv ib qho kev coj. Qhov no tiv thaiv cov ntshav rov qab mus rau hauv atria. Muaj lub aortic valve ntawm qhov sib txuas ntawm sab laug ventricle nrog lub aorta.valve. Nws txoj haujlwm yog los xyuas kom meej ib txoj kev txav ntawm cov ntshav mus rau hauv aorta. Kuj tseem muaj pulmonary valve ntawm sab xis. Ob qhov formations hu ua "lunate", lawv muaj peb li qub. Ib qho pathology, piv txwv li, calcification ntawm aortic valve nplooj ntawv, ua rau cov ntshav tsis txaus. Tau txais qhov tsis xws luag feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog qee yam kab mob. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg uas muaj qhov kev pheej hmoo yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas tsis tu ncua: feem ntau yog echocardiogram.

aortic valve
aortic valve

Aortic valve mechanism

Lub aortic valve plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov ntshav. Cov li qub yog compacted los yog luv luv - qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb pathologies. Nws ua rau hemodynamic cuam tshuam. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm qhov no ntawm lub cev yog los xyuas kom meej qhov txav ntawm cov ntshav los ntawm sab laug atrium mus rau hauv lub ventricle, tiv thaiv regurgitation. Cov nplooj ntawv qhib thaum lub sij hawm atrial systole, thaum lub sij hawm cov ntshav yog coj los ntawm lub aortic valve mus rau hauv lub ventricle. Tom ntej no, lub qhov rooj kaw kom tsis txhob thim rov qab.

thickening ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub aorta thiab aortic valve cusps
thickening ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub aorta thiab aortic valve cusps

Heart defects: classification

Los ntawm lub sijhawm tshwm sim, lub plawv tsis xws luag (ntawm lub aortic valve thiab lwm yam tsim) thiab cov khoom tau txais tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv. Kev hloov pauv tsis yog tsuas yog cov li qub xwb, tab sis kuj yog lub septa ntawm lub plawv. Congenital pathologies feem ntau ua ke, uas ua rau kev kuaj mob thiab kev kho mob nyuaj.

Aortic valve stenosis

Pathology txhais tau hais tias kev nqaim ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm sab laug ventricle mus rau aorta -valve nplooj ntawv thiab cov ntaub so ntswg ib puag ncig raug cuam tshuam. Tus kab mob no, raws li kev ntsuas ntsuas, muaj ntau dua rau cov txiv neej. Thickening ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub aorta thiab aortic valve cusps feem ntau yog txuam nrog rheumatic thiab degenerative lesions. Tsis tas li ntawd, endocarditis, rheumatoid mob caj dab tuaj yeem ua raws li etiological yam. Cov kab mob no ua rau fusion ntawm cov li qub, vim tias lawv qhov kev txav mus los tsawg, thiab lub valve tsis tuaj yeem qhib tag nrho thaum lub sij hawm sab laug ventricular systole. Hauv cov neeg laus, qhov ua rau ntawm qhov txhab feem ntau yog atherosclerosis thiab calcification ntawm aortic valve leaflets.

Raws li qhov nqaim ntawm aortic orifice, kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv hemodynamics tshwm sim. Lawv raug pom thaum lub stenosis muaj ib tug pronounced degree - ib tug txo nyob rau hauv cov hlab ntsha los ntawm ntau tshaj 50%. Qhov no ua rau lub fact tias lub siab gradient ntawm lub aortic valve hloov - nyob rau hauv lub aorta, lub siab tseem nyob li qub, thiab nyob rau hauv lub sab laug ventricle nws nce. Ib qho kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm sab laug ventricle ua rau kev txhim kho ntawm kev them nyiaj yug hypertrophy, uas yog, rau nws thickening. Tom qab ntawd, kev ua haujlwm diastolic kuj cuam tshuam, uas ua rau muaj kev nce siab hauv sab laug atrium. Hypertrophy ua rau muaj kev xav tau oxygen ntau ntxiv, txawm li cas los xij, qhov loj ntawm myocardium tso nyiaj rau tib cov ntshav, thiab nrog cov kab mob sib xyaw ua ke, txawm tias txo qis. Qhov no ua rau lub plawv tsis ua haujlwm.

Clinic

Nyob rau theem pib, qhov cuam tshuam aortic valve yuav tsis tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv txhua txoj kev. Cov kev hloov kho mob tshwm sim thaum lub qhov yog nqaim los ntawm 2/3 ntawm cov qauv. Thaum qhiaLub cev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg mob pib cuam tshuam qhov mob hauv qab lub sternum. Mob syndrome nyob rau hauv tsawg zaus tuaj yeem ua ke nrog kev tsis nco qab vim kev mob vasodilation. Kev tsim ntawm pulmonary hypertension ua rau ua tsis taus pa, uas thaum xub thawj txhawj xeeb tsuas yog thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, tab sis tom qab ntawd tshwm sim thaum so. Lub sijhawm ntev ntawm tus kab mob ua rau lub plawv tsis ua haujlwm ntev. Pathology yuav tsum tau kev kho mob phais, vim muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm deterioration thiab mob plawv tuag sai.

Diagnosis

Thaum kuaj cov neeg mob, muaj tus yam ntxwv pallor cuam tshuam nrog kev txo qis hauv plawv. Cov mem tes ntawm cov hlab ntsha radial yog palpable nrog nyuaj - nws tsis tshua muaj thiab tsis muaj zog. Ntawm auscultation, muaj qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm lub suab thib 2 lossis nws qhov sib cais. ECG tsis muaj ntaub ntawv txaus - cov tsos mob ntawm hypertrophy tsuas yog txiav txim siab nrog qhov hnyav ntawm stenosis. Feem ntau nthuav tawm echocardiography, uas tso cai rau ntsuas lub aortic valve. Cov li qub yog compacted thiab thickened, qhov qhib yog nqaim - cov no yog cov txheej txheem kev kuaj mob tseem ceeb uas txoj kev tshawb no pab tshawb xyuas. Qhov degree ntawm stenosis thiab siab gradient zoo tso cai rau koj los txiav txim qhov catheterization ntawm cov kab noj hniav.

aortic valve nplooj ntawv kaw
aortic valve nplooj ntawv kaw

Kev kho mob

Nrog rau qhov mob me me thiab nruab nrab, tsuas yog yuav tsum tau kho txoj kev ua neej nyob - zam kev tawm dag zog lub cev ntau dhau, kho cov kab mob sib kis. Nrog rau qhov ntau zaus ntawm kev contractions, adrenoblockers tau muab tshuaj, thiab rau lub plawv tsis ua hauj lwm, diuretics thiab cardiac glycosides zoo. Hais lus compactioncov phab ntsa ntawm lub aorta thiab cusps ntawm lub aortic valve yuav tsum tau kev kho mob phais. Raws li txoj cai, prosthetics lossis balloon dilatation yog ua.

aortic valve siab gradient
aortic valve siab gradient

Aortic valve insufficiency

Qhov no yog lub npe muab rau cov kab mob pathology uas tsis raug kaw ntawm qhov qub. Qhov tshwm sim no ua rau cov ntshav rov qab mus rau sab laug ventricle, uas tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm diastole. Qhov tsis xws luag feem ntau yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm kab mob endocarditis thiab rheumatic lesions. Tsis tshua muaj, syphilis, aortic aneurysm, aortitis, arterial hypertension, Marfan's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus ua rau nws.

Lub aortic valve ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov ntshav. Kev kaw tsis tiav ntawm nws cov li qub ua rau regurgitation, uas yog, cov ntshav rov qab mus rau sab laug ventricle. Yog li ntawd, muaj ntau dhau ntawm cov ntshav hauv nws cov kab noj hniav, uas ua rau overloading thiab ncab. Systolic kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, thiab nce siab ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm hypertrophy. Retrograde siab nce nyob rau hauv lub voj voog me - pulmonary hypertension yog tsim.

Clinic

Raws li nrog stenosis, pathology ua rau nws tus kheej hnov tsuas yog hais txog qib tsis txaus. Ua pa luv tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm dag zog thiab cuam tshuam nrog pulmonary hypertension. Mob cuam tshuam tsuas yog hauv 20% ntawm cov neeg mob. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, auscultatory thiab sab nraud tshwm sim ntawm pathology tau nthuav tawm:

  1. Pulsation ntawm cov hlab ntsha carotid.
  2. Durozier cov tsos mob lossis qhov tshwm sim ntawm systolic yws ntawm cov hlab ntsha femoral. Nws tshwm sim thaum nws yog clamped los ze zog rau txoj hauj lwm mloog.
  3. Quincke cov tsos mob - kev hloov pauv ntawm daim di ncauj thiab cov rau tes raws li cov hlab ntsha ntawm cov hlab ntsha.
  4. Ob chav Traube tones, nrov, cannonball zoo li lub suab uas tshwm sim hla cov hlab ntsha femoral.
  5. De Musset kos npe ntawm lub taub hau tuav.
  6. Diastolic yws tom qab lub suab nrov thib 2, uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm auscultation ntawm lub plawv, nrog rau qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm lub suab nrov thib 1.
calcification ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub aortic valve
calcification ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub aortic valve

Diagnosis

Echocardiography thiab kab noj hniav catheterization yog cov txheej txheem qhia. Lawv tso cai rau koj los ntsuas lub aortic valve, nrog rau taug qab qhov ntim ntawm cov ntshav regurgitant. Raws li cov kev tshawb fawb no, qhov hnyav ntawm qhov tsis xws luag yog txiav txim siab thiab cov lus nug ntawm kev xav tau kev phais yog txiav txim siab.

Kev kho mob

Kev tsis txaus siab nrog ntau qhov regurgitation, mob siab rau kev kho mob yuav tsum tau kho phais. Qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws yog cov khoom siv aortic li qub, uas tso cai rau koj los kho cov haujlwm ntawm lub plawv. Yog tias tsim nyog, cov tshuaj kho mob tau sau tseg.

Artificial aortic li qub
Artificial aortic li qub

Stenosis thiab insufficiency ntawm aortic valve yog feem ntau lub plawv tsis xws luag, uas, raws li txoj cai, yog tshwm sim ntawm tej lub zos los yog kab mob. Pathology nce qeeb txaus, uas tso cai rau nws kuaj tau lub sijhawm. Cov txheej txheem niaj hnub ntawm kev kho mob pab kho lub valve ua haujlwm thiab txhim kho tus neeg mob tus mob.

Pom zoo: