Kev ua txhaum ntawm lub suab hais yog hu ua dyslalia. Tus menyuam tuaj yeem hloov cov suab hauv cov suab, hloov mus rau lwm tus. Feem ntau, cov menyuam yaus hloov pauv hauv txoj hauv kev uas nws yooj yim dua thiab yooj yim dua rau lawv hais cov lus. Dyslalia hauv cov menyuam yaus thiab cov hau kev rau nws tshem tawm yog txiav txim siab los ntawm tus kws kho hais lus. Tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb no tuaj yeem tsim kho qhov tseeb thiab tsim cov tswv yim los kho qhov teeb meem no.
Yog vim li cas rau kev loj hlob ntawm dyslalia
Kev ua txhaum cai tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv cov menyuam yaus uas muaj teeb meem kev loj hlob ntawm lub cuab yeej hais lus: lub puab tsaig, tus nplaig, daim di ncauj, hniav. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lawv hais txog mechanical dyslalia. Nrog rau kev txhim kho ib txwm ntawm cov cuab yeej hais lus, qhov kev kuaj mob yog "kev ua haujlwm dyslalia".
Cov kab mob tsis zoo tshwm sim hauv cov menyuam yaus uas:
- luv frenulum ntawm tus nplaig thiab daim di ncauj;
- daim di ncauj tuab heev;
- qhov tsis xws ntawm lub ntuj (nws tuaj yeem siab dhau lossis qis);
- ib yamloj los yog, conversely, me nplaig;
- malocclusion;
- sedentary upper di ncauj.
Qhov ua rau dyslalia hauv cov menyuam yaus yuav tsis cuam tshuam nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov cuab yeej hais lus. Hauv qhov no, kev ua txhaum ntawm lub suab nrov tshwm sim vim:
- xyaum lwm tus hais lus tsis raug;
- pedagogical neglect;
- kab lis kev cai ntawm kev hais lus hauv tsev neeg;
- tsis muaj peev xwm tuav tus nplaig kom raug;
- underdevelopment of phonemic hnov;
- kev hloov lus nrawm ntawm ib qho mus rau lwm qhov.
Muaj peev xwm ua txhaum cai
Yuav kom nkag siab tias tus kab mob tshwm sim nws tus kheej li cas, nws yuav tsum nkag siab tias nws cov ntaub ntawv yog dab tsi. Nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg lub suab nrov, dyslalia tuaj yeem yooj yim lossis nyuaj. Qhov no yog txiav txim los ntawm kev hais lus pathologist. Hauv thawj kis, tus menyuam yuav tsis hais txog 5 lub suab. Nrog rau daim ntawv nyuaj ntawm dyslalia, yuav muaj ntau dua 5. Tus kws kho mob hais lus tuaj yeem qhia cov niam txiv yuav tsum ua li cas yog tias dyslalia tau pom hauv cov menyuam yaus. Ob txoj hauv kev ntawm nws txoj kev tshem tawm thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm txoj hauv kev rau kev kho mob yuav tsum tau tham nyob rau hauv thawj lub rooj sib tham.
Nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov tsis xws luag, ob peb lub subspecies ntawm dyslalia raug cais cais:
- lambdacism: teeb meem nrog kev hais lus nyuaj thiab mos "l";
- rotacism: tus menyuam tsis raug hais lus nyuaj thiab mos "p";
- sigmatism: ua txhaum ntawm kev hais lus ntawm kev hais lus;
- cappacism: teeb meem nrog nyuaj thiab mos "k";
- Jotacism: incorrect pronunciation of "y";
- hitism: ua txhaum hauv kev hais lus ntawm "x";
- Gammatzism: Teeb meem pronouncing "g";
- qhov tsis xws luag hauv softening thiab hardness ntawm lub suab: tus me nyuam tuaj yeem hloov cov lus nyuaj nrog cov mos mos thiab rov ua dua;
- lag ntseg thiab lub suab tsis xws luag: lub suab consonants hloov mus rau voiceless thiab vice versa.
Qhov no yog li cas dyslalia tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv cov menyuam yaus. Tab sis tsis txhob ntshai qhov kev kuaj mob no: nrog kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm niam txiv thiab tus kws kho hais lus, kev hais lus tsis zoo tuaj yeem kho.
Forms of functional dyslalia
Thaum lub sijhawm kuaj, tus kws kho hais lus txiav txim siab cov cim qhia ntawm kev hais lus tsis zoo. Qhov no tso cai rau koj los sib koom ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws kho hais lus thiab ua kom nws ua haujlwm zoo dua. Cov kws tshaj lij paub qhov txawv ntawm hom kev ua haujlwm dyslalia:
1) acoustic phonemic;
2) articulatory-phonetic;
3) articulatory-phonemic.
Thawj kis, kev txhim kho kev hais lus tsis zoo ua rau muaj teeb meem. Vim li no, cov suab uas zoo sib xws hauv cov yam ntxwv acoustic yog sib xyaw. Qee lub sij hawm qhov kev xav tsis zoo ntawm lawv qhov kev xav ua rau tus me nyuam nco lawv hauv kev hais lus.
Articulatory-phonetic dyslalia nyob rau hauv cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool tshwm sim thaum articulatory txoj hauj lwm tsis tau ua kom raug. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov menyuam mos pib distort lub suab hais.
Nrog articulatory-phonemic dyslalia, tus menyuam kawm tsis tau qhov tseeb ntawm tus nplaig, uas yuav tsum yog thaum hais ib lub suab. Qhov no ua rau lawv sib tov.
Ntawm no nws txawv heev - dyslalia hauv menyuam yaus. Thiab nws txoj kevkev tshem tawm, yog li ntawd, kuj yuav txawv. Nyob ntawm seb qhov kev kuaj mob tau tsim, tus kws kho hais lus yuav tsum tsim cov tswv yim los ua haujlwm nrog tus menyuam.
Kho ntau hom kev hais lus tsis zoo
Yog hais tias muaj qhov tsis raug ntawm cov suab uas yog ib pawg, piv txwv li, xuav, peb tab tom tham txog kev ua txhaum cai yooj yim. Txhawm rau kho lawv, 2-3 lub hlis ntawm kev koom tes nrog tus kws kho mob hais lus txaus, qee zaum kev kho tuaj yeem kav rau lub hlis. Tab sis nyuaj dyslalia hauv cov menyuam yaus, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm kev hais lus ntawm 5 lossis ntau pawg suab, yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm ntev dua thiab mob siab rau.
Feem ntau, nrog cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj, kev hnov lus tsis zoo rau cov menyuam yaus. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev kho, cov teeb meem tshwm sim tsis yog nrog lub fact tias nws yog tsim nyog los "teeb" ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm suab, tab sis nrog lub fact tias tus me nyuam pib hnov lawv raug. Qhov no yuav siv sij hawm ntau heev. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas tus me nyuam ua hauj lwm tsis yog nrog tus kws kho hais lus, tab sis kuj nrog lawv niam lawv txiv nyob hauv tsev. Tsuas yog nrog kev tawm dag zog tsis tu ncua thiab ua haujlwm tuaj yeem hais lus rov qab los hauv lub sijhawm luv luv.
Kho ntawm mechanical dyslalia
Txhawm rau kho lub suab nrov hauv cov menyuam yaus uas muaj teeb meem nrog lub cuab yeej hais lus, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau tshem tawm qhov ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm pathology. Yog hais tias luv dhau ntawm tus nplaig lossis daim di ncauj, ces nws tsuas yog txiav nws txaus - thiab tus menyuam yuav pib hais lus kom raug.
Tej yam yog qhov nyuaj me ntsis hauv cov xwm txheej uas ua txhaum cai los ntawm malocclusion. Hauv qhov no, kev sab laj nrog tus kws kho hniav yog xav tau. Nws tuaj yeem pab kho qhov overbite nrog kev pab los ntawm cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb.txawm tias thaum ntxov. Yog tias qhov no ua tsis tau, ces txoj haujlwm nyuaj ntawm tus kws kho hais lus pib. Nws yuav tsum tau tsom kom tau txais qhov tsim nyog acoustic nyhuv hauv tus menyuam uas muaj cov kab mob no.
Tseem, tus kws kho hais lus muaj peev xwm pab tau cov menyuam yaus uas muaj lub ntuj tsis sib xws. Cov kws tshaj lij paub yuav ua li cas coj lub uvula rau cov neeg uas muaj gothic, ca los yog slit-zoo li sab sauv arches nyob rau hauv lawv lub qhov ncauj.
Kev xeem tus menyuam
Ua ntej pib chav kawm, tus kws kho hais lus yuav tsum tshuaj xyuas qhov kev txav mus los ntawm tus menyuam lub cuab yeej hais lus thiab nug leej niam txog lub sijhawm cev xeeb tub thiab yug menyuam. Ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv didactic tso cai rau koj los txiav txim qhov tsis xws luag thiab txiav txim siab txog qib kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Tom qab txoj kev tshawb no, tus kws kho mob hais lus tuaj yeem qhia tau tias cov menyuam muaj dyslalia. "Cov tsos mob" (kev hais lus tsis zoo) raug soj ntsuam ua ke nrog kev ntsuas kev paub txog xov tooj. Tsuas yog tom qab ntawd mam li kuaj pom.
Yog tus kws kho hais lus tsis pom qhov tsis zoo, nws yuav xa tus menyuam mus rau tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb. Nws tuaj yeem yog tus kws phais mob, kws kho hniav orthodontist lossis tus kws kho mob otolaryngologist. Tus kws kho mob hais lus tuaj yeem pom zoo mus rau tus kws kho mob kawg yog tias nws xav tias tus menyuam muaj qhov tsis hnov lus. Nrog rau daim ntawv ua haujlwm ntawm pathology, nws raug nquahu kom mus ntsib kws kho mob hlwb. Nws tshuaj xyuas cov menyuam yaus nrog dyslalia kom txiav txim siab txog kev hais lus tsis zoo. Txawm hais tias tus kws kho mob hais lus kuj tuaj yeem kuaj pom ua ntej.
Txoj kev kho lub suab hais lus
Tus kws qhia ntawv txhim kho kev sib raug zoo nrog tus menyuam uas tau kuaj pomdyslalia. Kev ua hauj lwm yuav tsum tau tsom tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev kho ntawm lub suab hais lus, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm lub cim xeeb, mloog, phonemic hnov. Tus kws tshaj lij kuj tseem siv zog los tsim kev hais lus lub cev muaj zog. Rau cov hom phiaj no, kev hais lus tshwj xeeb kho massage yog ua tiav. Tsis tas li ib feem ntawm zaj lus qhia yog mob siab rau ua gymnastics. Nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua yog tias dyslalia tau kuaj pom hauv cov menyuam yaus. Kev kho mob (xws li pab txhim kho cov cuab yeej hais lus) muaj nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov suab lus kom raug, automating lawv thiab txhim kho lub peev xwm rau auditory sib txawv.
Thaum lub suab nrov, ua haujlwm ib txhij ua kom lawv ua haujlwm. Ua li no, lawv tau hais ua ib feem ntawm cov lus sib cais thiab cov lus. Rau kev teeb tsa kom raug, cov txheej txheem imitation yog siv. Yog tias nws tsis ua haujlwm, ces tus kws kho hais lus siv qhov kev sojntsuam tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem pab tus menyuam los ntawm kev taw qhia tus nplaig kom raug.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kho kev hais lus kho
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws tshaj lij yuav tsum tsom rau ob qho tib si kho lub suab hais lus thiab lees paub lub suab, muaj peev xwm hais tau raug, thiab tswj ib tus neeg hais lus.
Koj yuav tsum paub txhua yam ntawm kev kov yeej dyslalia hauv cov menyuam yaus, vim tias tsis muaj qhov no nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov txiaj ntsig. Txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws kho mob hais lus-tus me nyuam khub, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tsim kom muaj kev pom zoo. Cov menyuam yaus yuav tsum tso siab rau tus kws qhia, lawv yuav tsum muaj kev xav. Ua li no, tus kws kho mob hais lus yuav tsum tau saib xyuas cov chav kawm hauv ib daim ntawv nthuav dav rau tus menyuam. Lawv yuav tsum txhawb kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm,tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob qaug zog.
Yog ua tau li no, tus menyuam yuav muaj peev xwm:
- kawm paub lub suab sib txawv thiab tsis sib xyaw;
- paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov raug thiab tsis raug;
- tswj koj tus kheej hais lus;
- yooj yim sib txawv cov suab hauv cov kwj hais lus;
- txheeb xyuas lub suab kom raug thiab tseem ceeb hauv kev hais lus.
Kev Tiv Thaiv Dyslalia
Yog cov niam txiv tsis xav nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub ncauj lus "Dyslalia hauv cov menyuam yaus thiab cov txheej txheem rau nws tshem tawm" yav tom ntej, lawv yuav tsum paub ua ntej yuav ua li cas tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm qhov tsis sib xws.
Kev tiv thaiv kev txhim kho ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kab mob yuav yog ib qho kev kuaj xyuas tsis tu ncua los ntawm cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb uas yuav tuaj yeem kuaj pom cov kab mob anatomical hauv kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob hais lus hauv lub sijhawm.
Nws kuj tseem ceeb rau ib puag ncig tus menyuam nrog cov neeg hais lus zoo. Cov neeg laus yuav tsum tsis txhob "lisp" nrog tus menyuam mos, vim qhov no ua rau kev sib txuas lus stereotypes hauv nws. Tus menyuam yuav tsum muaj ntau tus qauv. Yog hais tias ib tug ntawm cov txheeb ze muaj teeb meem hais lus, ces nws lub luag hauj lwm ntawm kev loj hlob ib tug me nyuam yuav tsum tsis txhob coj.
