Rickets: tiv thaiv menyuam yaus. Tiv thaiv rickets nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam mos

Cov txheej txheem:

Rickets: tiv thaiv menyuam yaus. Tiv thaiv rickets nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam mos
Rickets: tiv thaiv menyuam yaus. Tiv thaiv rickets nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam mos

Video: Rickets: tiv thaiv menyuam yaus. Tiv thaiv rickets nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam mos

Video: Rickets: tiv thaiv menyuam yaus. Tiv thaiv rickets nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam mos
Video: Nkauj Ntseeg Tawm Tshiab 2023 | "Vajtswv Lub Siab Zoo Tshaj Plaws" 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Ntau tus paub txog lo lus no, qhia tsis yog kab mob nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog qhov mob tshwm sim, lub cev, thiab hauv kev xav, kev puas siab puas ntsws. Yog, nws yog rickets. Tus kab mob no yog hais txog thaum yau pathology thiab tshwm sim nws tus kheej thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntxov los ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm pob txha tsim. Yog vim li cas rau nws yog qhov tsis muaj vitamin D nyob rau hauv lub cev, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm intensive kev loj hlob ntawm tus me nyuam, thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm cartilaginous thiab pob txha skeleton. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tsis muaj cov khoom no cuam tshuam rau kev txawj ntse thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum paub txog kev hloov pauv me ntsis ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm cov menyuam yaus, txij li qhov pib ntawm tus kab mob yuav raug muab zais.

History

tiv thaiv rickets nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam mos
tiv thaiv rickets nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam mos

Thaum thawj zaug tus kab mob no tau piav qhia hauv tebchaws Askiv hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kho mob ze nws tau pom txij li xyoo pua thib ob lossis peb xyoo AD. Ob peb txoj kev xav tau raug npaj rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov pathology thiab txoj hauv kev los daws nws. Ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv tau pom - cod rog, tab sis qhov kev piav qhia rau nws cov txiaj ntsig tau pom ntau tom qab. Ua tsaug rau qhov kev sim ua los ntawm McCollum, tag nrho lub ntiaj teb tau kawm txog qhov muaj cov khoom xws li vitamin D. Tom qab, hauvThaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, tus kws kho mob German tau tsim ib txoj hauv kev los tiv thaiv rickets siv lub teeb ultraviolet. Nws tau them nyiaj rau qhov tsis muaj hnub ci thiab tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob.

Vim txoj kev loj hlob

Muaj ntau yam uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm rickets. Lawv tuaj yeem ntsib ob leeg ua ke thiab sib cais.

  1. Hnub ci tsis txaus, suav nrog vim huab cua thiab huab cua.
  2. noj tsis raug ntawm tus menyuam, thiab, vim li ntawd, kev nqus ntawm calcium thiab phosphorus tsis zoo, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tsiaj rog ntau hauv cov zaub mov.
  3. Ntseeg ua ntej yug me nyuam.
  4. Kev mob caj ces hauv kev tsim thiab metabolism ntawm vitamin D.
  5. Kev ntxub ntxaug lwm haiv neeg.

Tus kab mob no tsis muaj qhov nyiam nyob hauv daim ntawv qhia ntiaj teb, nws pom nyob txhua qhov chaw. Feem ntau, nws tshwm sim tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub caij txias, thaum, vim hais tias ntawm ntuj tsim, tsis muaj hnub ci tsim. Cov me nyuam yug thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg thiab lub caij ntuj no yog qhov nyuaj heev.

Ntxiv rau, cov niam niaj hnub tsis xav pub mis rau menyuam, nyiam mis mis lossis nyuj mis. Qhov no cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev colonization ntawm txoj hnyuv ntawm tus menyuam. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv hloov pauv muaj qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom tsim nyog rau kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam. Cov me nyuam me raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev rog, metabolic ntshawv siab, plab hnyuv colic thiab, ntawm chav kawm, rickets.

Pathophysiology ntawm tus kab mob

tiv thaiv rickets
tiv thaiv rickets

Nws paub tias tsis yog vitamin D nws tus kheej koom nrog hauv kev nqus ntawm calcium thiab txheej txheem ntawm pob txha tsim, tab sis nws cov metabolites tsim hauv daim siab thiab ob lub raum. Tom qab yug me nyuam, ntau cov enzymes thiab cov kab mob metabolic tseem tsis tau mus txog qhov kev loj hlob txaus los nqa tag nrho cov khoom tsim nyog rau cov kab mob me me no kom loj hlob thiab loj hlob zoo.

Tsim nyob rau hauv melanocytes ntawm daim tawv nqaij, vitamin D nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha thiab thauj los ntawm nws mus rau lub siab, qhov twg nws undergoes tus txheej txheem ntawm hydroxylation. Kev hloov pauv tshuaj hauv lub raum tau ua tiav, thiab tom qab ntawd, twb nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm 24, 25-dioxy-vitamin D, nws koom nrog hauv cov ntxhia hauv cov metabolism thiab tsim cov pob txha. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem yog raug rau destabilization ntawm txhua theem. Yog li ntawd, lub pathogenesis ntawm rickets yog heev tsis meej pem thiab tsis to taub tag nrho txawm los ntawm nqaim tshwj xeeb.

Kev tshwm sim

Kev tiv thaiv ntawm rickets nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam mos Komarovsky
Kev tiv thaiv ntawm rickets nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam mos Komarovsky

Raws li txoj cai, thawj lub tswb nrov tshwm sim thaum muaj hnub nyoog ib hlis thiab ib nrab, tab sis lawv tsis yog tshwj xeeb uas cov niam txiv tsis quav ntsej txog qhov no lossis koom nrog lwm yam kab mob. Hauv qhov no, kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb tsuas yog pom tau thaum muaj hnub nyoog plaub mus rau tsib lub hlis xwb.

Ua ntej tshaj plaws, tus menyuam pib pom cov tsos mob ntawm lub paj hlwb, xws li pw tsaug zog, ntxhov siab, chim siab. Tom qab ntawd kev txaus siab ntawm cov zaub mov txo, cov quav qeeb tshwm sim. Thaum tsaus ntuj, tus me nyuam tawm hws ntau, thiab tsis hnov tsw ntawm hws yog tsis kaj siab, lub taub hau khaus, thiab vim kev sib txhuam tas li ntawm lub hauv ncoo, baldness ntawm lub nraub qaum ntawm lub taub hau tshwm. Pom pob txhatsis muaj qhov tshwm sim, lawv yuav tshwm sim ntau tom qab. Thawj theem kav mus txog ib hlis.

Yog tias tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, tus kabmob kis mus rau lub sijhawm tom ntej - lub ncov. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nyuaj siab ntawm lub hauv siab, curvature ntawm cov pob txha ntawm lub qis extremities, qhov tsos ntawm "rosary" thiab "bracelets" nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm ntau ntau lawm ntawm pob txha cov ntaub so ntswg, raws li ib tug compensatory teb rau lub thinning ntawm lub pob txha. Nrog rau tag nrho cov no, tus me nyuam poob qis hauv kev loj hlob ntawm lub hlwb thiab lub cev.

Kev kho mob raws sijhawm yuav pab kom thim rov qab feem ntau ntawm cov kev hloov pauv, tab sis cov pob txha deformities yuav nyob twj ywm rau lub neej. Qhov tshwm sim yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov poj niam, vim cov pob txha pelvic deformed, thiab kev yug me nyuam los ntawm cov kwj dej yug me nyuam yuav ua tsis tau.

Diagnosis

tiv thaiv rickets nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam mos
tiv thaiv rickets nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam mos

Cov txheej txheem raug cai rau kev kuaj mob thiab tiv thaiv rickets yog qhov nyuaj thiab tsis meej pem rau tus kws kho mob zoo tib yam hauv tsev kho mob. Yav dhau los, qhov kev sim Sulkovich, uas kuaj pom cov calcium poob hauv cov zis, tau suav tias yog qhov kev lees paub tseeb ntawm tus kabmob, tab sis tam sim no nws tau lees paub tias tsis yog tshwj xeeb thiab tau raug tso tseg hauv kev xyaum niaj hnub.

Tam sim no, qhov kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws yog kev kuaj ntshav rau electrolytes: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev saib xyuas yog them rau cov ntsuas biochemical xws li qib alkaline phosphatase thiab ntshav creatinine. Txawm tias ntau qhov kev kuaj tshwj xeeb tau raug sau tseg los txiav txim siab qib ntawm cov vitamin D metabolites thiab cov tshuaj hormones ntawm cov thyroid thiab parathyroid qog.

Los ntawmCov txheej txheem kuaj mob, radiography ntawm cov pob txha ntawm sab ceg thiab forearm yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tshuaj xyuas cov cheeb tsam loj hlob thiab pob txha ceev. Nrog rickets, lawv yuav raug deformed, thaj tsam ossification yuav raug hloov thiab nthuav dav.

Degrees of disease

nonspecific tiv thaiv ntawm rickets
nonspecific tiv thaiv ntawm rickets

Hauv cov menyuam yaus, muaj peb theem ntawm tus kab mob:

  1. Yooj yim tam sim no. Tus me nyuam muaj ib los yog ob qho kev tshwm sim ntawm cov pob txha, muaj cov leeg nqaij hypotension, lethargy, tab sis kev txawj ntse loj hlob raws li hnub nyoog.
  2. Nrhiav. Muaj kev hloov pauv loj hauv cov pob txha, kev puas tsuaj loj rau lub paj hlwb, teeb meem nrog cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev. Kev puas siab puas ntsws los ntawm cov qauv thiab kev lag luam hauv kev txawj ntse pib tshwm sim.
  3. Severe degree. Cov pob txha tag nrho deformities uas tsis regress tom qab rov qab. Tus me nyuam muaj kev txawj ntse tsis txaus, kev loj hlob tsis sib haum rau lub hnub nyoog, lwm yam kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev teb rau qhov tsis ua haujlwm hauv cov kab mob metabolic.

Kev tiv thaiv thaum cev xeeb tub

tshwj xeeb tiv thaiv ntawm rickets
tshwj xeeb tiv thaiv ntawm rickets

Txhua leej niam leej txiv yuav pom zoo tias nws tsis txaus siab hnov qhov kev kuaj mob los ntawm ib cheeb tsam kws kho mob - rickets. Kev tiv thaiv tus mob no tuaj yeem pib txawm tias thaum yug menyuam. Oddly txaus, tab sis cov poj niam cev xeeb tub feem ntau tsis saib xyuas txog qhov teeb meem no. Lawv haus ob txhais tes ntawm folic acid thiab multivitamin complexes, tab sis tsis nco qab taug kev yooj yim. Tab sis qhov no tsis yog tshwj xeeb prophylaxis.rickets.

Kev tiv thaiv suav nrog kev pw tsaug zog zoo thaum hmo ntuj thiab so so thaum nruab hnub. Tsis tas li ntawd, obstetricians pom zoo kom taug kev tsawg kawg yog ob mus rau plaub teev nyob rau hauv huab cua ntshiab, tsis hais huab cua. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom noj qab haus huv thiab zoo:

  • noj nqaij lossis ntses txhua hnub;
  • muaj ntau lub tsev cheese, cheese, mis nyuj thiab lwm yam khoom siv mis nyuj;
  • suav nrog cov qhob cij dawb thiab zaub hauv koj cov zaub mov.

Kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb ntawm rickets hauv cov poj niam uas muaj kev pheej hmoo (eclampsia, ntshav qab zib, kub siab, mob raum tsis ua haujlwm) yog ua nrog tus kws kho mob endocrinologist. Nyob rau hauv peb lub hlis twg los ntawm nees nkaum-yim mus rau peb caug-ob lub lis piam, vitamin D yog tshuaj nyob rau hauv ib txhiab thoob ntiaj teb units txhua hnub rau yim lub lis piam. Lub sijhawm ntawm lub xyoo nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no tsis ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Qee lub sij hawm cov chav kawm ntawm ultraviolet irradiation raug sau tseg, uas ua rau muaj kev tsim cov cholecalciferol endogenous. Pib me me, kwv yees li ib feem peb ntawm cov koob tshuaj tso cai, maj mam nce mus rau ob koob. Kev sib tham muaj nyob txhua hnub lossis txhua hnub.

Ntxhais

Kev tiv thaiv kab mob rickets hauv cov menyuam yug tshiab yog ua thaum leej niam raug cuam tshuam los ntawm pawg pheej hmoo lossis tsis ua raws li cov lus pom zoo ntawm lub tsev kho mob antenatal hais txog nws txoj kev tswj hwm thiab kev noj haus thaum cev xeeb tub. Hauv tsev kho mob poj niam cev xeeb tub, tus menyuam tau txais bolus txog li plaub txhiab units ntawm cholecalciferol hauv ib hnub. Thiab txuas ntxiv kho zoo li no kom txog thaum tag nrho cov cim qhia ntawm tus kab mob ploj mus. Tom qab ntawd lawv hloov mus rau kev saib xyuas ntawm plaub puas thoob ntiaj teb ib hnub.

Kev tiv thaiv rickets hauv cov menyuam yug tshiab nrogmalabsorption ntawm vitamin D nyob rau hauv txoj hnyuv yog txawv me ntsis. Hauv qhov no, koob tshuaj txhua hnub tuaj yeem ncav cuag li kaum txhiab units.

Nws tshwm sim rau txhua yam teeb meem uas tus menyuam yug ntxov ntxov, rickets kuj koom nrog. Ua rau, cov cim qhia, kev tiv thaiv tus kab mob no hauv nws muaj qee yam nta. Xav tias cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev tsis tau tsim txaus, cov kws kho mob tau txhaj nws nrog calcium gluconate (rau caum milligrams ntawm calcium ntshiab ib hnub ib kilogram). Txhawm rau sib npaug nrog phosphorus, ntxiv peb caug milligrams ntawm poov tshuaj phosphate ib hnub rau txhua kilogram ntawm qhov hnyav.

Nco ntsoov saib xyuas qib calcium thiab phosphorus hauv cov ntshav kom tiv thaiv cov mob hnyav.

Cov me nyuam

Kev tiv thaiv rickets hauv cov menyuam mos yog kev saib xyuas kom raug. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws txhawj xeeb txog kev taug kev. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas tus me nyuam taug kev ntau tshaj plaub teev hauv ib hnub thiab pw hauv qhov chaw uas muaj cua zoo. Thaum twg ua tau, cov niam txiv yuav tsum tso lawv tus menyuam kom tsis txhob hnav khaub ncaws ntau li ntau tau rau ntawm txoj kev kom cov tawv nqaij ntau npaum li qhov ua tau raug hluav taws xob ultraviolet. Thaum yav tsaus ntuj, koj tuaj yeem da dej koj tus menyuam hauv ntsev lossis ntoo thuv da dej. Qhov no tsis tsuas yog txo qis excitability thiab npaj nws tsaug zog, tab sis kuj ntxiv dag zog rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.

Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj rau pub tus menyuam nrog niam mis, vim nws muaj tag nrho cov micro thiab macro ntsiab, nrog rau cov qauv niaj hnub ntawm cov protein, rog thiab carbohydrates. Tab sis yog tias qhov no ua tsis tau, ces nws raug pom zoo kom hloov mus rau cov khoom sib tov sib xyaw uas muaj cov qib ze li qub li sai tau.phosphorus thiab calcium. Kev tiv thaiv ntawm rickets nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam mos yog tag nrho ntawm kev nco qab thiab kev ntshaw ntawm cov niam txiv.

Hnub nyoog: mus txog ib xyoos

Kev tiv thaiv kab mob rickets hauv cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua ib xyoos kuj muaj cov khoom noj muaj peev xwm, uas yuav tsum muaj cov vitamins B, A, C txaus, nrog rau cov zaub thiab tsiaj rog. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom siv mis nyuj tsis tsim nyog txawm hais txog. Qhov no yog to taub.

Kev Tiv Thaiv rickets hauv cov menyuam yaus yog, ntawm lwm yam, hauv kev txhim kho gymnastics thiab physiotherapy ce. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov kab mob neuromuscular, txij li thaum muaj kev phom sij ntawm deformation ntawm cov pob txha nyob rau hauv qhov hnyav ntawm tus menyuam, cov leeg muaj zog yuav pab kom sib npaug ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm lub cev thiab tsis txhob muaj qhov curvature tag nrho ntawm cov pob txha. Kev tawm dag zog tsis tu ncua, maj mam nce lub nra thiab lwm yam kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv pab kom tsis txhob rickets.

Contraindications rau kev tiv thaiv

Raws li txhua yam tshuaj, vitamin D muaj kev zam rau kev noj. Kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb ntawm rickets hauv cov menyuam yaus tsis yog ua tiav yog tias lawv kuaj pom muaj tus kab mob Williams-Bourne, lossis, txwv tsis pub, idiopathic calcituria. Hauv qhov no, kev poob calcium tsis yog vim tsis muaj vitamin D, tus kab mob thib ob yog hypophosphatsia. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm cov organic lesions ntawm lub hauv paus paj hlwb, microcephaly thiab craniostenosis, kev tiv thaiv ntawm rickets nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam mos kuj tsis pom zoo. Komarovsky hais txog qhov teeb meem no hauv nws cov lus qhuab qhia ntau ntxiv.

Tsis txhob xav tias thaum koj tus menyuam loj hlob me ntsis, qhov txaus ntshai ntawm kev loj hlobmetabolic ntshawv siab yuav ploj mus. Kev tiv thaiv rickets hauv cov menyuam yaus tom qab ib xyoos yog txhawm rau txhawm rau noj cov khoom noj siv mis thiab cov tshuaj antioxidants (cov roj ntses, zaub ntsuab, citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo, ntses). Yog tias muaj teeb meem ntawm lub paj hlwb tsis zoo, xws li tawm hws ntau dhau, ces Carnitine, Glycine, Panangin lossis Asparkam raug tshuaj nyob rau hauv ib koob tshuaj rau ib hlis ntawm kev nkag.

Rau kev kho lub cev kev loj hlob, yog tias tsim nyog, nws raug nquahu kom noj cov tshuaj "Akti-5". Nws muaj ib tug complex ntawm cov vitamins thiab yog absorbed zoo los ntawm tus me nyuam lub cev. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kws kho mob pom zoo kom zaws thiab qoj ib ce kho mob, uas yuav pab daws cov pob txha deformities thiab txo cov tsos mob.

Kev kho mob

Rickets nyob rau hauv tus me nyuam qhia txog kev tiv thaiv kev kho mob
Rickets nyob rau hauv tus me nyuam qhia txog kev tiv thaiv kev kho mob

Tsis txhob poob siab yog tias tus kws kho mob kuaj tau koj tus menyuam muaj rickets. Cov cim qhia, kev tiv thaiv thiab kev kho mob ntawm nws tau ntev tau paub thiab ua tiav siv thoob ntiaj teb. Tam sim no cov tshuaj xws li Aquadetrim tau tsim, uas muaj vitamin D3. Nws yog qhov ua tau zoo los ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab tuaj yeem siv yam tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev siv tshuaj ntau dhau. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau nws, nyob rau hauv niaj hnub kws ua lag luam muaj "Devisol", "Vigantol", "Videin-2", uas yog cov roj cov ntsiab lus ntawm vitamin D. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj contraindications, yog li nco ntsoov nrog koj tus kws kho mob ua ntej noj nws..

Ntau tshaj

Kev kho mob, kev tiv thaiv ntawm rickets yuav tsis tsim nyog, thiab tom qab ntawd muaj kev noj ntau dhauvitamin D. Tus me nyuam tsim cov tsos mob lom, xws li xeev siab, ntuav, quav tsis taus thiab tso zis. Yog tias pom cov cim ceeb toom no, koj yuav tsum qhia koj tus kws kho mob hauv zos tam sim ntawd thiab kuaj ntshav rau calcium hauv plasma. Koj tuaj yeem ntxiv Sulkovich qhov kev xeem rau txoj kev kawm, txawm hais tias nws tsis suav nrog hauv cov txheej txheem txheej txheem.

Tom qab pom tias muaj tshuaj ntau dhau lawm, cov tshuaj raug tso tseg ib ntus thiab cov niam txiv raug hais kom txwv lawv tus kheej taug kev thiab noj zaub mov. Koj yuav tsum tsis txhob ntshai nrhiav thiab kho rickets hauv koj tus menyuam. Kev tiv thaiv tuaj yeem ua kom yuam kev rau cov niam txiv uas mob siab dhau.

Kev faib tawm

Cov menyuam yaus kuaj mob rickets yuav tsum tau sau npe rau hauv lub tsev kho mob tom qab kuaj xyuas thiab kuaj rov qab. Vim yog qhov nyuaj thiab hnyav ntawm qhov tshwm sim, cov menyuam no raug saib xyuas peb xyoos txij li hnub tso tawm. Lawv raug hu los tshuaj xyuas txhua peb lub hlis.

Los ntawm txoj kev, kev kuaj mob ntawm rickets, nws txoj kev tiv thaiv lossis kev kho mob tsis yog qhov txwv tsis pub txhaj tshuaj txhua hnub. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog ceeb toom tus kws kho mob uas yuav txhaj tshuaj thiab tus kws kho mob hauv zos txog qhov no.

Nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, qhov teeb meem ntawm rickets tsis mob hnyav li ib puas xyoo dhau los, tab sis tseem, ib tug yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias kev tsis saib xyuas nrog tus kab mob no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tsis taus. Hmoov zoo, kev nkag mus rau hauv tus menyuam txoj kev loj hlob daim ntawv "rickets" twb dhau los ua kev zam rau txoj cai. Kev tiv thaiv thiab kev kawm txog kev noj qab haus huv tau ua nyob rau theem tsim nyog, uas ua kom paub nyeem ntawvcov niam txiv hluas, lawv ceev faj txog kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lawv tus menyuam. Txawm hais tias muaj teeb meem tshwm sim los, cov tshuaj tuaj yeem nrhiav tau hauv lub tsev muag tshuaj, thiab kev ua tiav ntawm kev kho mob tsuas yog nyob ntawm seb leej niam leej txiv ntawm tus neeg mob xav tau npaum li cas.

Pom zoo: