Viruses tsis rov tsim dua los ntawm binary fission. Rov qab nyob rau hauv 50s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, nws tau tsim hais tias kev yug me nyuam yog nqa tawm los ntawm txoj kev yug me nyuam (txhais los ntawm lus Askiv reproduce - ua ib daim ntawv, reproduce), uas yog, los ntawm reproducing nucleic acids, raws li zoo raws li protein synthesis, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub 50s ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo. kev sau ntawm virions. Cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub cell ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua party (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub nucleus los yog cytoplasm). Txoj kev sib cais ntawm tus kab mob no yog hu ua disjunctive. Nov yog qhov peb yuav tsom mus rau qhov nthuav dav ntxiv hauv peb tsab xov xwm.
txheej txheem tsim tawm
cov txheej txheem no muaj nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev rov ua dua ntawm cov kab mob thiab yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm qee theem. Xav txog lawv nyias.
phase
Kab mob tsis tuaj yeem sib ntxiv hauv qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom noj, vim lawv yog cov kab mob hauv lub cev nruj. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis zoo li chlamydia lossis rickettsia, thaum lub sijhawm yug me nyuam, cov kab mob hauv lub cell tsis tuaj yeem loj hlob thiab tsis sib faib los ntawm fission. Txhua yam ntawm tus kab mob no muaj xws li nucleic acids, nrog rau cov protein molecules uas yog synthesized nyob rau hauv lub "host" cell cais, nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub cell: nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm thiab nyob rau hauv lub nucleus. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem protein-synthesizing cell ua raws li ib tus kab mob genome, nrog rau nws NA.
Viral reproduction nyob rau hauv ib lub cell tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob peb theem, uas tau piav qhia hauv qab no:
- Thawj theem yog qhov adsorption ntawm tus kabmob, uas tau tham saum toj no, ntawm lub xovtooj ntawm tes, uas nkag siab rau tus kabmob no.
- Qhov thib ob yog kev nkag mus ntawm tus kab mob mus rau hauv cov tswv tsev cell los ntawm txoj kev viropexis.
- Qhov thib peb yog ib hom "undressing" ntawm virions, tso tawm nucleic acid los ntawm capsid thiab supercapsid. Nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kab mob, cov nucleic acid nkag mus rau hauv hlwb los ntawm fusion ntawm virion lub hnab ntawv thiab lub party cell. Hauv qhov no, theem peb thiab theem ob tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv ib qho.
Adsorption
theem ntawm tus kab mob no yog hais txog kev nkag mus ntawm tus kab mob mus rau hauv cov hlwb. Adsorption pib ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cellular nrog rau cov kab mob receptors. Txhais los ntawm Latin, lo lus "receptors" txhais tau tias "tau". Lawv yog tshwj xeeb rhiab formations uas perceive irritations. Receptors yog cov molecules lossis molecular complexes nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov hlwb, thiab tseem muaj peev xwm paub txog cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb, molecules lossislwm lub hlwb, khi lawv. Nyob rau hauv qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws virions, xws li receptors nyob rau ntawm lub plhaub txheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug spike-zoo li outgrowth los yog villus; nyob rau hauv yooj yim virions, lawv feem ntau yog nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub capsid.
Lub tshuab ntawm adsorption ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes yog nyob ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm receptors nrog lub npe hu ua complementary receptors ntawm "tus tswv" cell. Virion receptors thiab hlwb yog qee cov qauv tshwj xeeb uas nyob ntawm qhov chaw.
Adenoviruses thiab myxoviruses adsorb ncaj qha rau mucoprotein receptors, thaum arboviruses thiab picornaviruses adsorb rau lipoprotein receptors.
Nyob rau hauv myxovirus virion, neuraminidase rhuav tshem cov mucogphotein receptor thiab cleaves N-acetylneuraminic acids los ntawm oligosaccharide, uas muaj galactose thiab galactosamine. Lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm theem no yog thim rov qab, vim tias lawv cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab thiab ntsev. Adsorption ntawm virion yog tiv thaiv los ntawm heparin thiab sulfated polysaccharides, uas nqa ib tug tsis zoo nqi, tab sis lawv inhibitory nyhuv raug tshem tawm los ntawm ib co polykaryons (ecmolin, DEAE-dextran, protamine sulfate), uas neutralize tus nqi tsis zoo los ntawm sulfated polysaccharides.
Virion nkag mus rau "tus tswv" cell
Txoj kev uas tus kab mob nkag mus rau hauv lub cell rhiab yuav tsis zoo ib yam. Ntau tus virions tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv hlwb los ntawm pinocytosis, uas txhais tau tias "haus dej" hauv Greek."pib". Nrog rau txoj kev no, lub pinocytic vacuole zoo li kos cov virion ncaj qha rau hauv lub cell. Lwm cov virions tuaj yeem nkag mus rau ntawm tes ncaj qha los ntawm nws daim nyias nyias.
Kev sib cuag ntawm cov enzyme neuraminidase nrog cellular mucoproteins txhawb kev nkag mus ntawm virions rau hauv cell ntawm myxoviruses. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no ua pov thawj tias DNA thiab RNA ntawm virions tsis raug cais tawm ntawm lub plhaub sab nrauv, uas yog, cov virions nkag mus rau hauv cov hlwb los ntawm pinocytosis lossis viropexis. Txog niaj hnub no, qhov no tau lees paub rau tus kab mob me me, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab lwm yam kab mob uas xaiv nyob hauv cov tsiaj. Hais txog phages, lawv kis cov cell nrog nucleic acid. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kis kab mob yog raws li qhov tseeb tias cov virions uas muaj nyob rau hauv cell vacuoles yog hydrolyzed los ntawm enzymes (lipases, proteases), thaum lub sij hawm DNA tawm los ntawm phage membrane thiab nkag mus rau hauv lub cell.
Rau qhov kev sim, lub xovtooj ntawm tes tau kis tus kabmob nucleic acid uas tau cais tawm ntawm qee tus kabmob, thiab ib lub voj voog ntawm virion kev tsim tawm tau ua tiav. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntuj, kev kis tus kab mob no tsis tshwm sim.
Kev tsis sib haum
theem tom ntej ntawm tus kab mob kev tsim tawm yog kev tawg, uas yog kev tso tawm NK los ntawm capsid thiab lub plhaub sab nraud. Tom qab cov virion nkag mus rau hauv lub hlwb, lub capsid muaj qee qhov kev hloov pauv, tau txais rhiab heev rau cov cellular protease, ces nws raug rhuav tshem, ib txhij tso tawm. NK. Hauv qee cov kab mob bacteriophages, NA dawb nkag mus rau hauv cov hlwb. Tus kab mob phytopathogenic nkag mus los ntawm kev puas tsuaj hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm tes, thiab tom qab ntawd nws tau adsorbed ntawm lub cell sab hauv nrog kev tso tawm ib txhij ntawm NK.
RNA replication thiab viral protein synthesis
theem tom ntej ntawm tus kab mob rov ua dua yog kev sib txuas ntawm cov kab mob tshwj xeeb cov protein, uas tshwm sim nrog kev koom tes ntawm tus neeg xa xov liaison RNA (hauv qee cov kab mob lawv yog ib feem ntawm virions, thiab qee qhov lawv tau muab coj los ua ke xwb. hauv cov kab mob kis ncaj qha rau ntawm matrix ntawm virion DNA lossis RNA). Viral NK replication tshwm sim.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov kab mob RNA pib tom qab nkag ntawm nucleoproteins mus rau hauv lub cell, qhov chaw kis kab mob polysomes tsim los ntawm complexing RNA nrog ribosomes. Tom qab ntawd, cov proteins thaum ntxov kuj tau tsim los, uas yuav tsum muaj xws li cov kev tawm tsam ntawm cov cellular metabolism, nrog rau RNA polymerases uas tau txhais nrog niam txiv RNA molecule. Nyob rau hauv cytoplasm ntawm cov kab mob me tshaj plaws, los yog hauv cov nucleus, cov kab mob kis tau ob-stranded RNA yog tsim los ntawm complexing niam txiv ntxiv cov saw ("+" - RNA saw) nrog cov tshiab synthesized, nrog rau ntxiv nrog nws rho tawm saw ("-” - RNA chain). Kev sib txuas ntawm cov strands ntawm nucleic acid provokes qhov tsim ntawm ib leeg-stranded RNA qauv, uas yog hu ua replicate daim ntawv. Synthesis ntawm tus kab mob RNA yog nqa tawm los ntawm replication complexes, nyob rau hauv uas replication daim ntawv ntawm RNA, lub RNA polymerase enzymes, thiab polysomes koom.
Muaj 2 hom RNA polymerases. Raucov no muaj xws li: RNA polymerase I, uas catalyzes tsim ntawm daim ntawv replicate ncaj qha rau ntawm lub plus-strand template, raws li zoo raws li RNA polymerase II, uas koom nyob rau hauv synthesis ntawm ib leeg-stranded viral RNA ntawm lub replicate-type template. Synthesis ntawm nucleic acids nyob rau hauv me me kab mob tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm. Raws li rau tus kab mob khaub thuas, cov protein thiab RNA yog synthesized nyob rau hauv lub nucleus. RNA ces tso tawm los ntawm lub nucleus thiab nkag mus rau hauv lub cytoplasm, nyob rau hauv uas, ua ke nrog ribosomes, nws pib synthesize tus kab mob protein.
Tom qab cov virions nkag mus rau hauv lub hlwb, cov synthesis ntawm nucleic acid thiab cellular proteins yog suppressed nyob rau hauv lawv. Thaum lub sij hawm luam ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj DNA, mRNA kuj yog synthesized ntawm lub matrix nyob rau hauv lub nucleus, uas nqa cov ntaub ntawv rau protein synthesis. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kab mob sib xyaw ua ke yog nqa tawm ntawm theem ntawm cov cellular ribosome, thiab qhov kev tsim kho yuav yog cov nyiaj amino acid. Kev ua kom cov amino acids yog ua los ntawm cov enzymes, nrog kev pab ntawm mRNA lawv raug xa ncaj qha mus rau ribosomes (polysomes), uas lawv twb nyob rau hauv cov synthesized protein molecule.
Yog li, hauv cov kab mob kis, kev sib txuas ntawm nucleic acids thiab virion proteins yog ua los ntawm ib feem ntawm kev rov ua dua-transcriptive complex, uas yog tswj hwm los ntawm qee qhov system.
Virion morphogenesis
Kev tsim ntawm virions tuaj yeem tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm kev txiav txim nruj nruj ntawm cov qauv kab mob polypeptides, nrog rau lawv NA. Thiab qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm lub npe hu ua nws tus kheej ntawm cov protein molecules ze ntawm NC.
Virion formation
Kev tsim ntawm virion tshwm sim nrog kev koom tes ntawm qee yam ntawm cov qauv uas ua rau lub cell. Cov kab mob herpes, polio, thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob yog tsim nyob rau hauv cytoplasm, thaum adenoviruses yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub nucleus. Lub synthesis ntawm tus kab mob RNA, nrog rau kev tsim ntawm nucleocapsid, tshwm sim ncaj qha rau hauv lub nucleus, thiab hemagglutinin yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm. Tom qab ntawd, cov nucleocapsid txav los ntawm lub nucleus mus rau cytoplasm, nyob rau hauv uas tsim cov virion hnab ntawv yuav siv qhov chaw. Lub nucleocapsid yog them rau sab nraud nrog cov kab mob kis kab mob, thiab cov hemagglutinins thiab neuraminidase suav nrog hauv virion. Qhov no yog qhov tsim ntawm cov xeeb ntxwv, piv txwv li, tus kab mob khaub thuas tshwm sim.
Tshwj xeeb virion los ntawm "tus tswv" cell
Virus hais tawm los ntawm "tus tswv" ntawm tes ib txhij (thaum lub sijhawm rhuav tshem ntawm tes) lossis maj mam (tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm tes).
Nws yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no uas muaj cov kab mob rov ua dua tshiab. Virions raug tso tawm ntawm cov hlwb, feem ntau yog ob txoj hauv kev.
thawj txoj kev
thawj txoj kev qhia txog cov hauv qab no: tom qab qhov kev loj hlob ntawm virions ncaj qha rau hauv lub cell, lawv sib npaug, vacuoles tsim muaj, thiab tom qab ntawd cov cell membrane raug puas tsuaj. Thaum ua tiav cov txheej txheem no, cov virions raug tso tawm tag nrho tib lub sijhawm thiab tag nrho los ntawm cov hlwb (picornaviruses). Txoj kev no hu ua lytic.
thib ob txoj kev
Txoj kev thib ob cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem tso tawm virions thaum lawv loj tuaj hauv 2-6 teev raucytoplasmic membrane (myxoviruses thiab arboviruses). Kev tso tawm ntawm myxoviruses los ntawm lub cell yog yooj yim los ntawm neuraminidase, uas rhuav tshem cov cell membrane. Thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev no, 75-90% ntawm cov virions raug tso tawm spontaneously rau hauv kab lis kev cai nruab nrab, thiab cov hlwb maj mam tuag.
